Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsLifestyle FactorsPrescriptionsSpecialist ProceduresComplementary TherapiesFrequently Asked QuestionsNext in COPD GuideWhat Is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Lifestyle Factors
Prescriptions
Specialist Procedures
Complementary Therapies
Frequently Asked Questions
Next in COPD Guide
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), an irreversible form of lung disease, is treated with prescription drugs, lifestyle changes, rehabilitation therapies, and surgery in certain cases.
The right treatment plan can help you control yourCOPD symptomsand avoidexacerbations(flareups). These include shortness of breath, wheezing, cough, chest tightness, and excess mucus production.
This article describes the various treatment options your healthcare provider may prescribe if you have COPD. It also offers tips to improve your respiratory health and better manage COPD on a day-to-day basis.
Home Remedies and Lifestyle
When you have COPD, your lifestyle has a major impact on the severity and progression of your illness. Every treatment plan should start with healthy lifestyle changes. Medications alone should not be the sole focus of treatment.
Verywell / Catherine Song
Quit Smoking
Kicking the cigarette habit is the most important step you can take to manage COPD. Smoking is the leading cause of COPD and will invariably make COPD symptoms worse if you continue. For some people,smoking cessationis enough to help keep COPD symptoms at bay and prevent the disease from progressing.
It can be extremely difficult to quit, especially if you’ve been smoking for years.Treatment optionsinclude nicotine replacement therapy, including aids such as nicotine gum, inhalers, tablets, patches, or nasal sprays. Prescription medications used for smoking cessation includeWellbutrin (bupropion)andChantix (varenicline).
Smoking, COPD, and Quitting for Good
Regular Exercise
Getting regular exercise is always good for your overall health and wellbeing. For people with COPD, it can help optimize a person’slung functionand increase their lung capacity. It can also help maintain muscle strength and endurance.
Walkingis often a great way to start exercising if you have COPD.Resistance band trainingis also a great and affordable option. Talk to your healthcare provider about what types of exercise are best for you based on your current health and physical limitations.
Should I Exercise With Oxygen?According to the American Lung Association, if you use supplemental oxygen, you should exercise with it. Be sure to speak to your healthcare provider first as the flow rate will likely need to be adjusted for physical activity.
Should I Exercise With Oxygen?
According to the American Lung Association, if you use supplemental oxygen, you should exercise with it. Be sure to speak to your healthcare provider first as the flow rate will likely need to be adjusted for physical activity.
How and Why to Exercise With COPD
Breathing Exercises
Struggling to breathe requires excessive energy and exhausts yourdiaphragm(the large muscle below the lungs that helps enable respiration). Breathing exercises can strengthen the diaphragm if you have COPD and improve the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your body’s cells.
Your healthcare provider, physical therapist, or respiratory therapist can teach you breathing exercises to perform on your own at home. These includepursed-lip breathinganddiaphragmatic breathing(“belly breathing”).
Breathing Exercises for COPD
Get Enough Calories
Medications, fatigue, and difficulty breathing can lead to a reduced appetite and unintended weight loss. This can make your COPD symptoms worse and put you at a higher risk for infections (which, in turn, increases the risk of exacerbations).
Calorie Recommendations for COPDAccording to the COPD Foundation, a person with COPD needs anywhere from 430 to 720 extra calories per day to compensate for the extra energy needed for breathing.
Calorie Recommendations for COPD
According to the COPD Foundation, a person with COPD needs anywhere from 430 to 720 extra calories per day to compensate for the extra energy needed for breathing.
If you have experienced weight loss or a loss of appetite due to COPD, talk to your healthcare provider about ways to combatmalnutrition.
On the other hand, if you are overweight or have obesity, it is important to shed the extra pounds. Being overweight makes it harder to breathe whether you have COPD or not.
Vaccinations
Infections, especially lung infections, can lead to a health crisis if you have COPD. While vaccines neither treat nor prevent COPD, they can prevent infections that trigger acute exacerbations and contribute to the progression of COPD.
Vaccinations commonly recommended for COPD include:
How to Live Successfully With COPD
There are no over-the-counter (OTC) drugs used to treat COPD. While OTC inhalers likePrimatene Mistcan be used to treat mild symptoms in people with asthma, they arenot approved for people with COPD.
Prescription options include long-acting inhalers that are used on a regular basis to control COPD. Short-acting inhalers are used whenever symptoms flare up. Others drugs are used to treat respiratory infections.
Emphysema vs. COPD: Similarities and Differences
Bronchodilators
Bronchodilatorshelp relax the muscles in the airways. This makes it easier to breathe, reduces coughing, and improves or prevents acutedyspnea(shortness of breath).
These drugs are delivered to the lungs with aninhaler(equipped with an aerosol propellant) or anebulizer(a machine that converts the liquid drug into a fine, inhalable mist).
Short-acting bronchodilatorswork within seconds or minutes to relieve shortness of breath and provide relief for four to six hours. These include:
Long-acting bronchodilatorshelp keep your airways open and relaxed for 12 to 24 hours. Though the effects last longer, they don’t help in an emergency situation. Options include:
Combination inhalersdeliver two different long-acting agents. These are recommended for people with moderate to severe COPD who experience dyspnea and/or exercise intolerance. Examples include:
Inhaled Corticosteroids
Your healthcare provider may also prescribe a dailyinhaledcorticosteroid. These medications help reduce airwayinflammationas well as the frequency of exacerbations. They may be recommended for people who have one or more COPD exacerbations per year.
Inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of COPD include:
There are also combination inhalers that deliver one or two long-acting bronchodilators with a corticosteroid. These include:
When to Stop Inhaled CorticosteroidsIf you have not had a COPD exacerbation in the past year and do not have asthma, you should stop using inhaledsteroidsdue to the increased risk ofpneumonia.
When to Stop Inhaled Corticosteroids
If you have not had a COPD exacerbation in the past year and do not have asthma, you should stop using inhaledsteroidsdue to the increased risk ofpneumonia.
Inhalers for COPD
Oral Corticosteroids
During a COPD exacerbation, oral corticosteroids like prednisone can shorten your recovery time, improve your lung function, and relievelow blood oxygen(hypoxemia). The drugs may also reduce the risk of relapse, increase the effectiveness of inhaled medications, and shorten hospitalization times.
Oral steroids are recommended for short-term use only. Long-term use of drugs like prednisone can lead to serious complications. These includeosteoporosis(weakening of the bones), diabetes, eye problems (likeglaucomaorcataracts), and an increased risk of infections.
Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) Inhibitors
COPD can cause an overproduction of an enzyme calledphosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) that causes lung inflammation. PDE4 inhibitors block this enzyme and help to reduce COPD exacerbations in people withchronic bronchitis, a history of exacerbations, or severe to very severe COPD.
Daliresp (roflumilast) is currently the only PDE4 inhibitor used for the treatment of COPD. Side effects include diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal pain, disrupted sleep, nausea, loss of appetite, and headache.
Antibiotics
If you come down with a bacterial respiratory infection such as bronchitis orbacterial pneumonia, your healthcare provider may prescribe anantibioticto clear the infection. These medications act against bacteria, not viruses.
It is now recommended that antibiotics be used for exacerbations in people with mild to moderate COPD as well as those with severe COPD.Augmentin(amoxicillin/clavulanate), a drug of choice, is able to shorten the duration of symptoms and extend the time between COPD exacerbations.
If you are prescribed a course of antibiotics, it is important to take them to completion as prescribed even if you start to feel better. Failing to do so increases your risk of antibiotic resistance (in which the drugs are less able to clear the infection).
Biologics
A high eosinophil count in your blood can contribute to COPD. Dupixent (dupilumab) is a biologic medication made from living cells instead of synthetic chemicals. It is a monoclonal antibody that specifically targets certain parts of the immune system, blocking inflammation signals. This helps reduce flare-ups and improves breathing.
The FDA approved Dupixent as an add-on maintenance treatment for adults with inadequately controlled COPD and an eosinophilic phenotype. It is the first biologic approved for treating COPD.
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Surgeries and Specialist-Driven Procedures
A number of specialist procedures can be used to alleviate COPD symptoms or slow disease progression. While these treatments are not curative, they can enhance your respiratory function as well as your quality of life.
Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Pulmonary rehabilitation involves an assessment and an individualized program that includes physical exercise, breathing exercises, a nutrition plan, and counseling.
Your rehabilitation team may include respiratory therapists,physical therapists,occupational therapists,dietitians, and psychologists who will work cooperatively to optimize and track your breathing abilities.
Medicare and other forms of health insurance cover pulmonary rehabilitation for COPD if you meet certain requirements.
Oxygen Therapy
You may needsupplemental oxygentherapy if you have COPD. Some people need oxygen only at night or when going out, while others need it 24 hours a day.
When to Consider Oxygen Therapy for COPD
Lung Flute
The Lung Flute costs around $45, while the replacement reeds cost around $15. Depending on where you live, you may need a prescription to buy one.
Surgery
Depending on the extent of the lung damage, surgical resection (the partial removal of lung tissue) may not be an option. Instead, a lung transplant may be the only viable way to keep you alive.
Types of lung surgery for COPD include:
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
Yoga
A number of small studies suggest thatyogamay be beneficial for people who have COPD. One 2014 review in theJournal of Thoracic Diseasereported positive effects for people with COPD who practiced yoga for at least 12 weeks as part of their treatment plan. These individuals showed better lung function, less shortness of breath, and improved overall quality of life.
Acupuncture
Acupunctureis a form of traditional Chinese medicine that involves the placement of thin needles into specific parts of the body to heal.
A 2016 study published in the journalMedicinereported that people on COPD medications experienced less shortness of breath with exertion and a better quality of life after acupuncture was added to the treatment plan for a period of eight weeks.
A 2012 study inAcupuncture Medicineshowed similar results after 10 weeks.
Summary
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be treated with lifestyle changes, prescription medications, and specialist procedures aimed at improving lung function.
Recommended lifestyle changes include routine exercise, quitting cigarettes, and increasing your caloric intake if underweight. Prescription drug options include short- and long-acting bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, oral corticosteroids, and oral antibiotics. Pulmonary rehabilitation and devices like the Lung Flute can also be beneficial.
If these treatments are unable to provide relief due to extensive lung damage, lung surgery or a lung transplant may be advised.
A Word From Verywell
There are a variety of different treatments that are effective in managing COPD and preventing exacerbations. Even so, your treatment plan may need to be adjusted as the disease progresses, if certain medications start to lose their potency, or a drug causes intolerable side effects or toxicity.
See your healthcare provider regularly to have your blood tests done and your lung function monitored. By maintaining stable control of your symptoms, you will be better able to slow the progression of COPD and live a longer, more active life.
Long-term oxygen therapy is needed for people with severe COPD who have extremely low blood oxygen levels.Oxygen therapy can also be used on an as-needed basis for people with moderate COPD but is less beneficial for long-term use.A 2016 study in theNew England Journal of Medicinefound that long-term supplemental oxygen in people with moderate COPD neither improved survival nor decreased hospitalizations.
Long-term oxygen therapy is needed for people with severe COPD who have extremely low blood oxygen levels.
Oxygen therapy can also be used on an as-needed basis for people with moderate COPD but is less beneficial for long-term use.
A 2016 study in theNew England Journal of Medicinefound that long-term supplemental oxygen in people with moderate COPD neither improved survival nor decreased hospitalizations.
While over-the-counter inhalers like Primatene Mist and Asthmanefrin have attractive price tags, they are known tocause potentially serious side effectsliketachycardia(rapid heart rate) andarrhythmia(heart rhythm problems).Given the risks—and the fact that COPD often occurs with heart disease—products like these should never be used.
While over-the-counter inhalers like Primatene Mist and Asthmanefrin have attractive price tags, they are known tocause potentially serious side effectsliketachycardia(rapid heart rate) andarrhythmia(heart rhythm problems).
Given the risks—and the fact that COPD often occurs with heart disease—products like these should never be used.
27 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Qureshi H, Sharafkhaneh A, Hanania NA.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: latest evidence and clinical implications.Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2014;5(5):212-227. doi:10.1177/2040622314532862National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.COPD.American Cancer Society.Prescription medicines to help you quit tobacco.American Lung Association.Physical activity and COPD.Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.Pocket guide to COPD diagnosis, management, and prevention.Itoh M, Tsuji T, Nemoto K, Nakamura H, Aoshiba K.Undernutrition in patients with COPD and its treatment.Nutrients. 2013;5(4):1316-35. doi:10.3390/nu5041316COPD Foundation.Nutrition for someone with COPD.Restrepo MI, Sibila O, Anzueto A.Pneumonia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul). 2018;81(3):187-97. doi:10.4046/trd.2018.0030U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Primatene.Nici L, Mammen MJ, Charbek E, et al.Pharmacologic management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline.Am J Respir Criticla Care Med. 2020;201(9). doi:10.1164/rccm.202003-0625STRossi A, Khirani S, Cazzola M.Long-acting beta2-agonists (LABA) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: efficacy and safety.Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2008;3(4):521-529. doi:10.2147/copd.s1353Zhang J, Zheng J, Huang K, Chen Y, Yang J, Yao W.Use of glucocorticoids in patients with COPD exacerbations in China: a retrospective observational study.Ther Adv Respir Dis.2018;12:1753466618769514, doi:10.1177/1753466618769514Asher GN, Mounsey A.PURLs: Steroids for acute COPD—but for how long?J Fam Pract. 2014;63(1):29-32.Liu D, Ahmet A, Ward L, et al.A practical guide to the monitoring and management of the complications of systemic corticosteroid therapy.Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2013;9(1):30. doi:10.1186/1710-1492-9-30Nissly T, Prasad S.PURLs: Should you consider antibiotics for exacerbations of mild COPD?J Fam Pract.2014 Apr;63(4):E11–E13.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Dupixent.American Lung Association.The basics of pulmonary rehabilitation.Budhiraja R, Siddiqi TA, Quan SF.Sleep disorders in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: etiology, impact, and management.J Clin Sleep Med. 2015;11(3):259-270. doi:10.5664/jcsm.4540U.S. Food and Drug Administration.510(k) premarket notification.Huang W, Han R, Li L, He Y.Surgery for giant emphysematous bullae: case report and a short literature review.J Thorac Dis. 2014;6(6):E104-E107. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.04.39Kostron A, Horn-tutic M, Franzen D, et al.Repeated lung volume reduction surgery is successful in selected patients.Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2015;48(5):710-715. doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezu498Rampolla R.Lung transplantation: an overview of candidacy and outcomes.Ochsner J. 2014;14(4):641-8.Liu XC, Pan L, Hu Q, Dong WP, Yan JH, Dong L.Effects of yoga training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Thorac Dis. 2014;6(6):795-802. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.06.05Feng J, Wang X, Li X, Zhao D, Xu J.Acupuncture for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a multicenter, randomized, sham-controlled trial.Medicine(Baltimore).2016;95(40):e4879. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000004879Suzuki M, Namura K, Ohno Y, et al.Combined standard medication and acupuncture for COPD: a case series.Acupunct Med. 2012;30(2):96-102. doi:10.1136/acupmed-2011-010112Long-Term Oxygen Treatment Trial Research Group, Albert RK, Au DH, et al.A randomized trial of long-term oxygen for COPD with moderate desaturation.NEJM. 2016;375(17):1617-27. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1604344Rabe KF, Hurst JR, Suissa S.Cardiovascular disease and COPD: dangerous liaison?Eur Respir Rev.2018;27:180057. doi:10.1183/16000617.5057-2018
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Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Qureshi H, Sharafkhaneh A, Hanania NA.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: latest evidence and clinical implications.Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2014;5(5):212-227. doi:10.1177/2040622314532862National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.COPD.American Cancer Society.Prescription medicines to help you quit tobacco.American Lung Association.Physical activity and COPD.Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.Pocket guide to COPD diagnosis, management, and prevention.Itoh M, Tsuji T, Nemoto K, Nakamura H, Aoshiba K.Undernutrition in patients with COPD and its treatment.Nutrients. 2013;5(4):1316-35. doi:10.3390/nu5041316COPD Foundation.Nutrition for someone with COPD.Restrepo MI, Sibila O, Anzueto A.Pneumonia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul). 2018;81(3):187-97. doi:10.4046/trd.2018.0030U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Primatene.Nici L, Mammen MJ, Charbek E, et al.Pharmacologic management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline.Am J Respir Criticla Care Med. 2020;201(9). doi:10.1164/rccm.202003-0625STRossi A, Khirani S, Cazzola M.Long-acting beta2-agonists (LABA) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: efficacy and safety.Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2008;3(4):521-529. doi:10.2147/copd.s1353Zhang J, Zheng J, Huang K, Chen Y, Yang J, Yao W.Use of glucocorticoids in patients with COPD exacerbations in China: a retrospective observational study.Ther Adv Respir Dis.2018;12:1753466618769514, doi:10.1177/1753466618769514Asher GN, Mounsey A.PURLs: Steroids for acute COPD—but for how long?J Fam Pract. 2014;63(1):29-32.Liu D, Ahmet A, Ward L, et al.A practical guide to the monitoring and management of the complications of systemic corticosteroid therapy.Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2013;9(1):30. doi:10.1186/1710-1492-9-30Nissly T, Prasad S.PURLs: Should you consider antibiotics for exacerbations of mild COPD?J Fam Pract.2014 Apr;63(4):E11–E13.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Dupixent.American Lung Association.The basics of pulmonary rehabilitation.Budhiraja R, Siddiqi TA, Quan SF.Sleep disorders in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: etiology, impact, and management.J Clin Sleep Med. 2015;11(3):259-270. doi:10.5664/jcsm.4540U.S. Food and Drug Administration.510(k) premarket notification.Huang W, Han R, Li L, He Y.Surgery for giant emphysematous bullae: case report and a short literature review.J Thorac Dis. 2014;6(6):E104-E107. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.04.39Kostron A, Horn-tutic M, Franzen D, et al.Repeated lung volume reduction surgery is successful in selected patients.Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2015;48(5):710-715. doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezu498Rampolla R.Lung transplantation: an overview of candidacy and outcomes.Ochsner J. 2014;14(4):641-8.Liu XC, Pan L, Hu Q, Dong WP, Yan JH, Dong L.Effects of yoga training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Thorac Dis. 2014;6(6):795-802. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.06.05Feng J, Wang X, Li X, Zhao D, Xu J.Acupuncture for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a multicenter, randomized, sham-controlled trial.Medicine(Baltimore).2016;95(40):e4879. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000004879Suzuki M, Namura K, Ohno Y, et al.Combined standard medication and acupuncture for COPD: a case series.Acupunct Med. 2012;30(2):96-102. doi:10.1136/acupmed-2011-010112Long-Term Oxygen Treatment Trial Research Group, Albert RK, Au DH, et al.A randomized trial of long-term oxygen for COPD with moderate desaturation.NEJM. 2016;375(17):1617-27. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1604344Rabe KF, Hurst JR, Suissa S.Cardiovascular disease and COPD: dangerous liaison?Eur Respir Rev.2018;27:180057. doi:10.1183/16000617.5057-2018
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Qureshi H, Sharafkhaneh A, Hanania NA.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: latest evidence and clinical implications.Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2014;5(5):212-227. doi:10.1177/2040622314532862National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.COPD.American Cancer Society.Prescription medicines to help you quit tobacco.American Lung Association.Physical activity and COPD.Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.Pocket guide to COPD diagnosis, management, and prevention.Itoh M, Tsuji T, Nemoto K, Nakamura H, Aoshiba K.Undernutrition in patients with COPD and its treatment.Nutrients. 2013;5(4):1316-35. doi:10.3390/nu5041316COPD Foundation.Nutrition for someone with COPD.Restrepo MI, Sibila O, Anzueto A.Pneumonia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul). 2018;81(3):187-97. doi:10.4046/trd.2018.0030U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Primatene.Nici L, Mammen MJ, Charbek E, et al.Pharmacologic management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline.Am J Respir Criticla Care Med. 2020;201(9). doi:10.1164/rccm.202003-0625STRossi A, Khirani S, Cazzola M.Long-acting beta2-agonists (LABA) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: efficacy and safety.Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2008;3(4):521-529. doi:10.2147/copd.s1353Zhang J, Zheng J, Huang K, Chen Y, Yang J, Yao W.Use of glucocorticoids in patients with COPD exacerbations in China: a retrospective observational study.Ther Adv Respir Dis.2018;12:1753466618769514, doi:10.1177/1753466618769514Asher GN, Mounsey A.PURLs: Steroids for acute COPD—but for how long?J Fam Pract. 2014;63(1):29-32.Liu D, Ahmet A, Ward L, et al.A practical guide to the monitoring and management of the complications of systemic corticosteroid therapy.Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2013;9(1):30. doi:10.1186/1710-1492-9-30Nissly T, Prasad S.PURLs: Should you consider antibiotics for exacerbations of mild COPD?J Fam Pract.2014 Apr;63(4):E11–E13.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Dupixent.American Lung Association.The basics of pulmonary rehabilitation.Budhiraja R, Siddiqi TA, Quan SF.Sleep disorders in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: etiology, impact, and management.J Clin Sleep Med. 2015;11(3):259-270. doi:10.5664/jcsm.4540U.S. Food and Drug Administration.510(k) premarket notification.Huang W, Han R, Li L, He Y.Surgery for giant emphysematous bullae: case report and a short literature review.J Thorac Dis. 2014;6(6):E104-E107. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.04.39Kostron A, Horn-tutic M, Franzen D, et al.Repeated lung volume reduction surgery is successful in selected patients.Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2015;48(5):710-715. doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezu498Rampolla R.Lung transplantation: an overview of candidacy and outcomes.Ochsner J. 2014;14(4):641-8.Liu XC, Pan L, Hu Q, Dong WP, Yan JH, Dong L.Effects of yoga training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Thorac Dis. 2014;6(6):795-802. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.06.05Feng J, Wang X, Li X, Zhao D, Xu J.Acupuncture for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a multicenter, randomized, sham-controlled trial.Medicine(Baltimore).2016;95(40):e4879. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000004879Suzuki M, Namura K, Ohno Y, et al.Combined standard medication and acupuncture for COPD: a case series.Acupunct Med. 2012;30(2):96-102. doi:10.1136/acupmed-2011-010112Long-Term Oxygen Treatment Trial Research Group, Albert RK, Au DH, et al.A randomized trial of long-term oxygen for COPD with moderate desaturation.NEJM. 2016;375(17):1617-27. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1604344Rabe KF, Hurst JR, Suissa S.Cardiovascular disease and COPD: dangerous liaison?Eur Respir Rev.2018;27:180057. doi:10.1183/16000617.5057-2018
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Zhang J, Zheng J, Huang K, Chen Y, Yang J, Yao W.Use of glucocorticoids in patients with COPD exacerbations in China: a retrospective observational study.Ther Adv Respir Dis.2018;12:1753466618769514, doi:10.1177/1753466618769514
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U.S. Food and Drug Administration.510(k) premarket notification.
Huang W, Han R, Li L, He Y.Surgery for giant emphysematous bullae: case report and a short literature review.J Thorac Dis. 2014;6(6):E104-E107. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.04.39
Kostron A, Horn-tutic M, Franzen D, et al.Repeated lung volume reduction surgery is successful in selected patients.Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2015;48(5):710-715. doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezu498
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