Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhat Are Supplements?How to Choose a SupplementOther ConsiderationsDo You Need a Supplement?How Do RDNs Help?

Table of ContentsView All

View All

Table of Contents

What Are Supplements?

How to Choose a Supplement

Other Considerations

Do You Need a Supplement?

How Do RDNs Help?

Nutritional and medicinal supplements abound on the market, but choosing one takes some consideration. Although supplements may have beneficial effects, not all are safe, effective, or even necessary.

In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs. That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. When choosing a supplement, look for third-party tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or pharmacist.

What Are Dietary Supplements?

In 1994, Congress categorized dietary supplements as“foods”under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) unless they are specifically labeled as pharmaceutical drugs (intended to treat a disease).

DSHEA asserted that supplements are products containing dietaryingredients. Those ingredients can consist of the following:

Dietary supplements come in many forms, including capsules, gummies, liquids, pills, tablets, softgels, and powders.

Some conventional foods are also considered dietary supplements, like teas and bars.

Reading the label in front of the shelves in a pharmacy.d3sign / Getty Images

Reading the label in front of the shelves in a pharmacy

d3sign / Getty Images

How to Choose a High-Quality Supplement

Sometimes, we equate “natural” with “better.” And that can be true. However, having “natural” on the label does notalwaysmean a product is better or safer.

Significant considerations when choosing a high-quality supplement include, but aren’t limited to, the following:

Supplement WarningResearchers at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health examined adverse events in people 25 and younger reported to the Food and Drug Administration’s Adverse Event Reporting System. The adverse events included:HospitalizationDisabilityDeathMoreover, the following supplement categories had a three-fold increase in the risk for severe medical events compared to vitamins:Muscle buildingEnergyWeight lossThe use of these types of supplements is not advisable.

Supplement Warning

Researchers at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health examined adverse events in people 25 and younger reported to the Food and Drug Administration’s Adverse Event Reporting System. The adverse events included:HospitalizationDisabilityDeathMoreover, the following supplement categories had a three-fold increase in the risk for severe medical events compared to vitamins:Muscle buildingEnergyWeight lossThe use of these types of supplements is not advisable.

Researchers at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health examined adverse events in people 25 and younger reported to the Food and Drug Administration’s Adverse Event Reporting System. The adverse events included:

Moreover, the following supplement categories had a three-fold increase in the risk for severe medical events compared to vitamins:

The use of these types of supplements is not advisable.

So, what do manufacturers do to help ensure the quality and purity of their products to protect your health? Some employ third-party testers.

Third-Party Testers

Private organizations (or “third-party” testers) exist that test supplements for quality and purity. Third-party testing is not legally required. However, some manufacturers decide to undergo it.

Check your supplement label for a certificate of analysis (COA) from one of these third-party testers:

The testing process takes a lot of resources. Manufacturers sometimes need to increase product prices to defray certification costs.

Third-Party Testing of SupplementsThird-party testing involves labs that evaluate the following:Are listed ingredients actually present?Do amounts reflect what’s on the label?Are there contaminants?Does the product contain ingredients not listed on the label?Third-party testing doesnotensure that a product:Is effective or safe for everyone.Willnotinteract with other supplements or medications.

Third-Party Testing of Supplements

Third-party testing involves labs that evaluate the following:Are listed ingredients actually present?Do amounts reflect what’s on the label?Are there contaminants?Does the product contain ingredients not listed on the label?Third-party testing doesnotensure that a product:Is effective or safe for everyone.Willnotinteract with other supplements or medications.

Third-party testing involves labs that evaluate the following:

Third-party testing doesnotensure that a product:

What If a Third-Party Tester Didn’t Test My Product?

Did none of the above organizations test your supplement? You still have options!

The following include alternate avenues:

Other Considerations for Choosing a Supplement

There are several factors to consider when choosing a supplement.

If you’re considering taking nutrients or herbal supplements, discuss the following with your healthcare provider (HCP) orregistered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN):

AllergiesEnsure you’re not allergic to any ingredients in your supplements before taking them. Read your label carefully before use.If you think you’re having anallergic reaction, seek immediate medical attention. Symptoms may include breathing difficulties, itchiness, and rash.

Allergies

Ensure you’re not allergic to any ingredients in your supplements before taking them. Read your label carefully before use.If you think you’re having anallergic reaction, seek immediate medical attention. Symptoms may include breathing difficulties, itchiness, and rash.

Ensure you’re not allergic to any ingredients in your supplements before taking them. Read your label carefully before use.

If you think you’re having anallergic reaction, seek immediate medical attention. Symptoms may include breathing difficulties, itchiness, and rash.

Dosage

Knowing how much of a supplement to take can be daunting. There’s much to consider regarding dosage, including, but not limited to, the following factors:

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is an excellent resource for understanding your RDA or AI for nutrients like calcium, vitamin D, and more.

Botanicals and Herbal Supplements

Botanical medicines, also called “botanicals” or “phytomedicines,” include plants and their parts typically used for medicinal purposes. Botanicals encompass a broader category, which includes herbs. They may naturally contain some vitamins and minerals.

Consider the following before using botanicals:

It’s essential to follow the guidance of your healthcare provider when considering botanical medicines, their dosages, and more.

Interactions

Again, supplements can increase or decrease the effectiveness of prescription and over-the-counter medications.

Common supplement medication interactions include, but aren’t limited to, the following:

Pharmacists are marvelous resources for helping determine medication and supplement interactions. Reach out to your local pharmacist if you have questions.

You can also tap into resources like Examine.com for more information about interactions and more.

Friends, family, and advertisements may inspire you to try a specific supplement. In fact, the 2012 National Health Interview Survey suggested Americans spent $12.8 billion on natural product supplements (about $368 per person).

When you eat a balanced diet, you’ll likely be able to get most, if not all, of the nutrients you need.

However, supplementing may be a viable option if you’re navigating the following factors and your healthcare provider has determined you need it:

Supplement Use in Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, and ChildrenYour healthcare provider will help you carefully evaluate the safety and use of herbal medicines and supplements during pregnancy, breastfeeding, or in children.

Supplement Use in Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, and Children

Your healthcare provider will help you carefully evaluate the safety and use of herbal medicines and supplements during pregnancy, breastfeeding, or in children.

How Do Registered Dietitian Nutritionists (RDNs) Help?

RDNs (or RDs)are highly trained, credentialed nutrition experts who can conduct medical nutrition therapy (MNT). MNT involves a nutrition diagnosis, therapeutic interventions, counseling, and more.RDNs can help chart a course for your nutrition plan.

A candid conversation about nutrient deficiency questions with your healthcare provider is a good starting point. The following talking points can help you navigate a sound course forward:

Summary

Bring your supplement to your healthcare provider,registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or pharmacist. They can help with the following:

Additional pointers to keep in mind include the following:

24 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Food and Drug Administration.Questions and answers on dietary supplements.Or F, Kim Y, Simms J, Austin SB.Taking stock of dietary supplements' harmful effects on children, adolescents, and young adults.J Adolesc Health. 2019;65(4):455-461. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.03.005Consumer Reports.How to choose supplements wisely.Food and Drug Administration.Current good manufacturing practices (CGMPs) for dietary supplements.EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA), Turck D, Bohn T, et al.Guidance for establishing and applying tolerable upper intake levels for vitamins and essential minerals: draft for internal testing.EFSA J. 2022;20(1):e200102. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2022.e200102United States Anti-Doping Agency.Supplement guide.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Nutrient recommendations and databases.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Herbal medicine.Chrubasik-Hausmann S, Vlachojannis J, McLachlan AJ.Understanding drug interactions with St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatumL.): impact of hyperforin content.J Pharm Pharmacol. 2019;71(1):129-138. doi:10.1111/jphp.12858Agbabiaka TB, Spencer NH, Khanom S, et al.Prevalence of drug-herb and drug-supplement interactions in older adults: a cross-sectional survey.Br J Gen Pract. 2018;68(675):e711-e717. doi:10.3399/bjgp18X699101Awortwe C, Makiwane M, Reuter H, Muller C, Louw J, Rosenkranz B.Critical evaluation of causality assessment of herb-drug interactions in patients.Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;84(4):679-693. doi:10.1111/bcp.13490Nahin RL, Barnes PM, Stussman BJ.Expenditures on complementary health approaches: United States, 2012.Natl Health Stat Report. 2016;(95):1-11.Alkalay MJ.Nutrition in patients with lactose malabsorption, celiac disease, and related disorders.Nutrients. 2021;14(1):2. doi:10.3390/nu14010002Latt N, Dore G.Thiamine in the treatment of Wernicke encephalopathy in patients with alcohol use disorders.Intern Med J. 2014;44(9):911-5. doi:10.1111/imj.12522Nuzzo A, Czernichow S, Hertig A, et al.Prevention and treatment of nutritional complications after bariatric surgery.Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;6(3):238-251. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30331-9Westmoreland P, Krantz MJ, Mehler PS.Medical complications of anorexia nervosa and bulimia.Am J Med. 2016;129(1):30-7. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.06.031Leroy JL, Ruel M, Frongillo EA, et al.Measuring the food access dimension of food security: a critical review and mapping of indicators.Food Nutr Bull. 2015;36(2):167-95. doi:10.1177/0379572115587274Blonde L, Umpierrez GE, Reddy SS, et al.American Association of Clinical Endocrinology clinical practice guideline: developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan—2022 update.Endocr Pract. 2022;28(10):923-1049. doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2022.08.002Kiebalo T, Holotka J, Habura I, et al.Nutritional status in peritoneal dialysis: Nutritional guidelines, adequacy and the management of malnutrition.Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1715. doi:10.3390/nu12061715Serón-Arbeloa C, Labarta-Monzón L, Puzo-Foncillas J, et al.Malnutrition screening and assessment.Nutrients. 2022;14(12):2392. doi:10.3390/nu14122392Santander Ballestín S, Giménez Campos MI, Ballestín Ballestín J, et al.Is supplementation with micronutrients still necessary during pregnancy? A review.Nutrients. 2021;13(9):3134. doi:10.3390/nu13093134Sparling TM, Henschke N, Nesbitt RC, et al.The role of diet and nutritional supplementation in perinatal depression: a systematic review.Matern Child Nutr. 2017;13(1):10.1111/mcn.12235. doi:10.1111/mcn.12235Nebl J, Schuchardt JP, Ströhle A, et al.Micronutrient status of recreational runners with vegetarian or non-vegetarian dietary patterns.Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1146. doi:10.3390/nu11051146National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Diabetes diet, eating, & physical activity.Additional ReadingFood and Drug Administration.CFSAN Adverse event reporting system (CAERS).

24 Sources

Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Food and Drug Administration.Questions and answers on dietary supplements.Or F, Kim Y, Simms J, Austin SB.Taking stock of dietary supplements' harmful effects on children, adolescents, and young adults.J Adolesc Health. 2019;65(4):455-461. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.03.005Consumer Reports.How to choose supplements wisely.Food and Drug Administration.Current good manufacturing practices (CGMPs) for dietary supplements.EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA), Turck D, Bohn T, et al.Guidance for establishing and applying tolerable upper intake levels for vitamins and essential minerals: draft for internal testing.EFSA J. 2022;20(1):e200102. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2022.e200102United States Anti-Doping Agency.Supplement guide.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Nutrient recommendations and databases.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Herbal medicine.Chrubasik-Hausmann S, Vlachojannis J, McLachlan AJ.Understanding drug interactions with St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatumL.): impact of hyperforin content.J Pharm Pharmacol. 2019;71(1):129-138. doi:10.1111/jphp.12858Agbabiaka TB, Spencer NH, Khanom S, et al.Prevalence of drug-herb and drug-supplement interactions in older adults: a cross-sectional survey.Br J Gen Pract. 2018;68(675):e711-e717. doi:10.3399/bjgp18X699101Awortwe C, Makiwane M, Reuter H, Muller C, Louw J, Rosenkranz B.Critical evaluation of causality assessment of herb-drug interactions in patients.Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;84(4):679-693. doi:10.1111/bcp.13490Nahin RL, Barnes PM, Stussman BJ.Expenditures on complementary health approaches: United States, 2012.Natl Health Stat Report. 2016;(95):1-11.Alkalay MJ.Nutrition in patients with lactose malabsorption, celiac disease, and related disorders.Nutrients. 2021;14(1):2. doi:10.3390/nu14010002Latt N, Dore G.Thiamine in the treatment of Wernicke encephalopathy in patients with alcohol use disorders.Intern Med J. 2014;44(9):911-5. doi:10.1111/imj.12522Nuzzo A, Czernichow S, Hertig A, et al.Prevention and treatment of nutritional complications after bariatric surgery.Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;6(3):238-251. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30331-9Westmoreland P, Krantz MJ, Mehler PS.Medical complications of anorexia nervosa and bulimia.Am J Med. 2016;129(1):30-7. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.06.031Leroy JL, Ruel M, Frongillo EA, et al.Measuring the food access dimension of food security: a critical review and mapping of indicators.Food Nutr Bull. 2015;36(2):167-95. doi:10.1177/0379572115587274Blonde L, Umpierrez GE, Reddy SS, et al.American Association of Clinical Endocrinology clinical practice guideline: developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan—2022 update.Endocr Pract. 2022;28(10):923-1049. doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2022.08.002Kiebalo T, Holotka J, Habura I, et al.Nutritional status in peritoneal dialysis: Nutritional guidelines, adequacy and the management of malnutrition.Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1715. doi:10.3390/nu12061715Serón-Arbeloa C, Labarta-Monzón L, Puzo-Foncillas J, et al.Malnutrition screening and assessment.Nutrients. 2022;14(12):2392. doi:10.3390/nu14122392Santander Ballestín S, Giménez Campos MI, Ballestín Ballestín J, et al.Is supplementation with micronutrients still necessary during pregnancy? A review.Nutrients. 2021;13(9):3134. doi:10.3390/nu13093134Sparling TM, Henschke N, Nesbitt RC, et al.The role of diet and nutritional supplementation in perinatal depression: a systematic review.Matern Child Nutr. 2017;13(1):10.1111/mcn.12235. doi:10.1111/mcn.12235Nebl J, Schuchardt JP, Ströhle A, et al.Micronutrient status of recreational runners with vegetarian or non-vegetarian dietary patterns.Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1146. doi:10.3390/nu11051146National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Diabetes diet, eating, & physical activity.Additional ReadingFood and Drug Administration.CFSAN Adverse event reporting system (CAERS).

Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

Food and Drug Administration.Questions and answers on dietary supplements.Or F, Kim Y, Simms J, Austin SB.Taking stock of dietary supplements' harmful effects on children, adolescents, and young adults.J Adolesc Health. 2019;65(4):455-461. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.03.005Consumer Reports.How to choose supplements wisely.Food and Drug Administration.Current good manufacturing practices (CGMPs) for dietary supplements.EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA), Turck D, Bohn T, et al.Guidance for establishing and applying tolerable upper intake levels for vitamins and essential minerals: draft for internal testing.EFSA J. 2022;20(1):e200102. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2022.e200102United States Anti-Doping Agency.Supplement guide.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Nutrient recommendations and databases.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Herbal medicine.Chrubasik-Hausmann S, Vlachojannis J, McLachlan AJ.Understanding drug interactions with St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatumL.): impact of hyperforin content.J Pharm Pharmacol. 2019;71(1):129-138. doi:10.1111/jphp.12858Agbabiaka TB, Spencer NH, Khanom S, et al.Prevalence of drug-herb and drug-supplement interactions in older adults: a cross-sectional survey.Br J Gen Pract. 2018;68(675):e711-e717. doi:10.3399/bjgp18X699101Awortwe C, Makiwane M, Reuter H, Muller C, Louw J, Rosenkranz B.Critical evaluation of causality assessment of herb-drug interactions in patients.Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;84(4):679-693. doi:10.1111/bcp.13490Nahin RL, Barnes PM, Stussman BJ.Expenditures on complementary health approaches: United States, 2012.Natl Health Stat Report. 2016;(95):1-11.Alkalay MJ.Nutrition in patients with lactose malabsorption, celiac disease, and related disorders.Nutrients. 2021;14(1):2. doi:10.3390/nu14010002Latt N, Dore G.Thiamine in the treatment of Wernicke encephalopathy in patients with alcohol use disorders.Intern Med J. 2014;44(9):911-5. doi:10.1111/imj.12522Nuzzo A, Czernichow S, Hertig A, et al.Prevention and treatment of nutritional complications after bariatric surgery.Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;6(3):238-251. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30331-9Westmoreland P, Krantz MJ, Mehler PS.Medical complications of anorexia nervosa and bulimia.Am J Med. 2016;129(1):30-7. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.06.031Leroy JL, Ruel M, Frongillo EA, et al.Measuring the food access dimension of food security: a critical review and mapping of indicators.Food Nutr Bull. 2015;36(2):167-95. doi:10.1177/0379572115587274Blonde L, Umpierrez GE, Reddy SS, et al.American Association of Clinical Endocrinology clinical practice guideline: developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan—2022 update.Endocr Pract. 2022;28(10):923-1049. doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2022.08.002Kiebalo T, Holotka J, Habura I, et al.Nutritional status in peritoneal dialysis: Nutritional guidelines, adequacy and the management of malnutrition.Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1715. doi:10.3390/nu12061715Serón-Arbeloa C, Labarta-Monzón L, Puzo-Foncillas J, et al.Malnutrition screening and assessment.Nutrients. 2022;14(12):2392. doi:10.3390/nu14122392Santander Ballestín S, Giménez Campos MI, Ballestín Ballestín J, et al.Is supplementation with micronutrients still necessary during pregnancy? A review.Nutrients. 2021;13(9):3134. doi:10.3390/nu13093134Sparling TM, Henschke N, Nesbitt RC, et al.The role of diet and nutritional supplementation in perinatal depression: a systematic review.Matern Child Nutr. 2017;13(1):10.1111/mcn.12235. doi:10.1111/mcn.12235Nebl J, Schuchardt JP, Ströhle A, et al.Micronutrient status of recreational runners with vegetarian or non-vegetarian dietary patterns.Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1146. doi:10.3390/nu11051146National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Diabetes diet, eating, & physical activity.

Food and Drug Administration.Questions and answers on dietary supplements.

Or F, Kim Y, Simms J, Austin SB.Taking stock of dietary supplements' harmful effects on children, adolescents, and young adults.J Adolesc Health. 2019;65(4):455-461. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.03.005

Consumer Reports.How to choose supplements wisely.

Food and Drug Administration.Current good manufacturing practices (CGMPs) for dietary supplements.

EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA), Turck D, Bohn T, et al.Guidance for establishing and applying tolerable upper intake levels for vitamins and essential minerals: draft for internal testing.EFSA J. 2022;20(1):e200102. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2022.e200102

United States Anti-Doping Agency.Supplement guide.

National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Nutrient recommendations and databases.

Johns Hopkins Medicine.Herbal medicine.

Chrubasik-Hausmann S, Vlachojannis J, McLachlan AJ.Understanding drug interactions with St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatumL.): impact of hyperforin content.J Pharm Pharmacol. 2019;71(1):129-138. doi:10.1111/jphp.12858

Agbabiaka TB, Spencer NH, Khanom S, et al.Prevalence of drug-herb and drug-supplement interactions in older adults: a cross-sectional survey.Br J Gen Pract. 2018;68(675):e711-e717. doi:10.3399/bjgp18X699101

Awortwe C, Makiwane M, Reuter H, Muller C, Louw J, Rosenkranz B.Critical evaluation of causality assessment of herb-drug interactions in patients.Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;84(4):679-693. doi:10.1111/bcp.13490

Nahin RL, Barnes PM, Stussman BJ.Expenditures on complementary health approaches: United States, 2012.Natl Health Stat Report. 2016;(95):1-11.

Alkalay MJ.Nutrition in patients with lactose malabsorption, celiac disease, and related disorders.Nutrients. 2021;14(1):2. doi:10.3390/nu14010002

Latt N, Dore G.Thiamine in the treatment of Wernicke encephalopathy in patients with alcohol use disorders.Intern Med J. 2014;44(9):911-5. doi:10.1111/imj.12522

Nuzzo A, Czernichow S, Hertig A, et al.Prevention and treatment of nutritional complications after bariatric surgery.Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;6(3):238-251. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30331-9

Westmoreland P, Krantz MJ, Mehler PS.Medical complications of anorexia nervosa and bulimia.Am J Med. 2016;129(1):30-7. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.06.031

Leroy JL, Ruel M, Frongillo EA, et al.Measuring the food access dimension of food security: a critical review and mapping of indicators.Food Nutr Bull. 2015;36(2):167-95. doi:10.1177/0379572115587274

Blonde L, Umpierrez GE, Reddy SS, et al.American Association of Clinical Endocrinology clinical practice guideline: developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan—2022 update.Endocr Pract. 2022;28(10):923-1049. doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2022.08.002

Kiebalo T, Holotka J, Habura I, et al.Nutritional status in peritoneal dialysis: Nutritional guidelines, adequacy and the management of malnutrition.Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1715. doi:10.3390/nu12061715

Serón-Arbeloa C, Labarta-Monzón L, Puzo-Foncillas J, et al.Malnutrition screening and assessment.Nutrients. 2022;14(12):2392. doi:10.3390/nu14122392

Santander Ballestín S, Giménez Campos MI, Ballestín Ballestín J, et al.Is supplementation with micronutrients still necessary during pregnancy? A review.Nutrients. 2021;13(9):3134. doi:10.3390/nu13093134

Sparling TM, Henschke N, Nesbitt RC, et al.The role of diet and nutritional supplementation in perinatal depression: a systematic review.Matern Child Nutr. 2017;13(1):10.1111/mcn.12235. doi:10.1111/mcn.12235

Nebl J, Schuchardt JP, Ströhle A, et al.Micronutrient status of recreational runners with vegetarian or non-vegetarian dietary patterns.Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1146. doi:10.3390/nu11051146

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Diabetes diet, eating, & physical activity.

Food and Drug Administration.CFSAN Adverse event reporting system (CAERS).

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