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Home Remedies/Lifestyle
OTC Therapies
Prescriptions
Procedures
Complementary Medicine
Frequently Asked Questions
Next in Eczema Guide
There is no cure foratopic dermatitis(eczema), but there are treatments that can help manage this common inflammatory skin condition. Regardless of thestage of the disease, self-care is important to relieve currentsymptomsand prevent future episodes and skin infections.
This article discusses the different types of treatment for eczema. This includes over-the-counter therapies, prescriptions, specialist-driven procedures, and complementary medicine.
Verywell / Michela Buttignol
Home Remedies and Lifestyle
It could also include things you do, like scratching or getting stressed. Lifestyle and personal care choices play a central role in preventing or managing acute episodes of eczema, which are called flares.
The following home remedies that may offer some relief.
Avoidance of Triggers
There are a wide variety oftriggersthat can cause an eczema flare. These can vary from one person to the next and may include:
Unfortunately, it is often difficult to know which triggers are causing your flares. You may want to keep a diary to record exposures to suspected triggers, especially when eczema starts to flare.
Avoiding triggers is often easier said than done. It involves buy-in from your family and a clear set of rules to avoid accidental exposures. This may include reading ingredient labels if you have sensitivities, dressing appropriately for the weather, and using stress-management techniques.
How I Identified and Manage My Eczema Triggers
Skin Cleansers and Body Washes
If you have eczema, one of the worst things you can do is wash with traditional bar soaps. They are not only harsh but can strip away many of the skin’s natural oils. These oils are known as a natural moisturizing factor, or NMF, which are meant to protect the skin.
Choose an eczema-friendly soap or cleanser designed specifically for dry, sensitive skin. An ever-expanding range is available on store shelves. The best of them carry the seal of acceptance from theNational Eczema Association.
For infants, toddlers, and young children, you can choose to avoid cleansing products and opt for plain water baths only. Older children, teens, and adults may also benefit from soaping the hands, armpits, and groin rather than the entire body.
Antibacterial gels are ideal for cleaning hands, since their alcohol base does not reduce NMF.
“Soak-and-Seal” Baths
Water constantly evaporates from the deeper layers of the skin, an effect known as transepidermal water loss (TEWL). When you oversaturate the skin, this effect increases, drawing out even more water and leaving it tight and dry.
For people with eczema, these concerns are more than cosmetic. Bathing helps loosen skin scales and reduce itch, but it needs to be done safely with the “soak-and-seal” technique. To do this:
If you are experiencing a severe flare, you may want to avoid cleansers altogether and just use water.
Best Ways to Hydrate Skin If You Have Eczema
Bleach Baths
If your eczema is severe, a twice-weekly dilutebleach bathmay help control symptoms, particularly if you have recurrent skin infections.Research remains split on how well it works. However, done correctly, a bleach bath is generally considered safe and may help neutralize bacteria and other infectious agents on the skin.
A bleach bath can be made with 1/4-cup to 1/2-cup of 5% household bleach to 40 gallons of lukewarm water. You should soak for no longer than 10 minutes and moisturize immediately after rinsing and toweling off. Never submerge your head in a bleach bath, and rinse your eyes immediately if you get water in them.
A bleach bath should never be used for children without your pediatrician’s approval. People with severe cracking may want to avoid bleach baths since they can be painful if the skin is broken.
Sun Exposure
Many people with eczema claim thatsunlighthelps improve mild to moderate symptoms of the disease. It is believed that sun exposure increases the production ofvitamin Din the skin. This releases anti-inflammatory compounds (calledcathelicidins) that reduce local redness or discoloration and swelling.
Natural sunlight is generally considered safe if limited to no more than 10 to 30 minutes of exposure several times per week. When first starting out, five minutes may be enough to see how well you tolerate sunlight. If there is no redness or discoloration, tingling, or pain, you can gradually increase your time in the sun over the course of days and weeks.
When it comes to sun exposure, more is not always better. Too much sun can actually trigger an eczema flare while increasing the risk of sun damage andskin cancer.
When outdoors, always wear sunscreen with anSPF ratingof 15 or higher. This allows enough ultraviolet (UV) radiation to penetrate the skin to have a therapeutic effect, but not enough to cause burning.
There is some evidence that the zinc oxide used in some mineral sunscreens may bebeneficial for eczema. If your skin condition is severe, use sunscreen intended for sensitive skin or babies.
Home Remedies for Eczema You Should Try
Over-the-Counter (OTC) Therapies
The most important over-the-counter (OTC) therapy for eczema is moisturizer. Daily moisturizing isessentialto eczema treatment, regardless of the severity of your case.
The addition of a medication may be recommended if moisturizing alone doesn’t improve your skin. Mild to moderate eczema can often be managed with OTC medications.
Moisturizers
Itching and dry skin (xerosis) characterize eczema at every stage of the disease. At the same time, dry skin can trigger a flare if left untreated.
Not only is dry skin itchier, but it compromises the barrier function of the skin. This allows bacteria, fungi, and viruses easy access to vulnerable tissues. Even if these microbes do not establish an active infection, they can incite theinflammationneeded to trigger a flare.
Routinely moisturizing with the right ointment, cream, orlotioncan help rehydrate the skin and restore its barrier function:
Among the broad categories of skin moisturizers you can select from:
Studies have also shown that moisturizers withceramidesand urea may be beneficial to people with eczema because they appear to enhance hydration and the healing of an active eczema rash.
Whatever option you use, avoid moisturizers with fragrances and dyes, which can be irritating. In addition, while healing, avoid cosmetics or choose products that are fragrance-free and hypoallergenic. Moisturize before applying makeup and reapply moisturizer when needed.
Moisturize at least three times daily, applying the product in a thick layer and rubbing in a downward motion. Avoid rubbing in circles or up-and-down because this can generate heat and irritate inflamed skin.
8 Best Moisturizers for Treating Eczema
Hydrocortisone Cream
OTC hydrocortisone is sold at drugstores in strengths of 0.5% and 1%. After cleansing, a thin layer is applied to the affected skin and gently rubbed in. A moisturizer can then be applied to lock in moisture.
Common side effects include stinging, burning, redness or discoloration, and dryness. Acne,folliculitis(“hair bumps”), stretch marks, discoloration, and skin atrophy (thinning) may also occur, especially when hydrocortisone is overused.
While technically safe to use on the face, OTC hydrocortisone cream is only intended for occasional, short-term use. It should be used with extreme caution around the eyes. Most people won’t experience any side effects if a low-potency hydrocortisone cream is used for less than four weeks.
Anti-Itch Creams and Home Remedies for Kids
Antihistamines
Despite what some might tell you,antihistaminesdo not inherently relieve itching in people with eczema.
Antihistamines are most often recommended if itching is keeping you up at night. Older-generation antihistamines like Benadryl (diphenhydramine) have a sedating effect that can help you rest and may temper systemic inflammation.
If an antihistamine is needed during the day, a non-drowsy formulation should be used, such as:
Topical antihistamines should be avoided, since they can irritate the skin and provoke an eczema flare.
When OTC Eczema Treatments Stop Working
In some cases, prescription medications may be appropriate as the first treatment you try. In others, they are considered only if eczema symptoms worsen or fail to respond to conservative treatment.
These drugs are sometimes used on their own or in combination with other treatments.
Topical Steroids
Topical steroidsare intended for the short-term treatment of acute eczema symptoms. They are not used to prevent flares or as a substitute for a moisturizer.
These drugs are available as ointments, lotions, and creams, as well as specialized solutions for the scalp and beard areas.
The following are examples of commonly used topical steroids (class 6 is the weakest, and class 1 the strongest):
These drugs should always be used in the lowest effective potency for the shortest amount of time to avoidside effects. If used inappropriately, you may be at a higher risk for side effects, including skin atrophy, easy bruising, stretch marks, and spider veins (telangiectasia).
As such, stronger topical steroids are typically only prescribed in the first-line treatment of moderate to severe eczema.
The overuse or prolonged use of topical steroids can have potentially serious consequences. This includesirreversible skin atrophy,pustular psoriasis, andcorticosteroid withdrawal.
Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors
Elidel (pimecrolimus) and Protopic (tacrolimus)are the two TCIs currently approved for use in the treatment of eczema.They are used as second-line therapy for mild to moderate eczema in adults or children 2 years of age and older.
Unlike topical steroids, Elidel and Protopic are not absorbed into deeper tissues and do not cause skin thinning. As such, they can be used safely on the face and other delicate skin. Common side effects include skin discoloration, headache, acne, nausea, folliculitis, and flu-like symptoms.
In 2006, the FDA issued aboxed warningadvising health professionals and consumers that Elidel and Protopic may increase the risk of skin cancer and lymphoma. However, this warning is somewhat controversial, because the majority of recent large-scale studies do not provide evidence to support the relationship.
Topical Phosphodiesterase (PDE-4) Inhibitors
Eucrisa (crisaborole) and Zoryve (roflumilast) are FDA-approved to help prevent the discoloration, swelling, and itching that often accompanies atopic dermatitis. Eucrisa is approved for people 3 months and older, while Zoryve is approved for people 6 years of age and older.
Oral Steroids
On rare occasions, a short course oforal steroidsmay be prescribed to control a severe eczema flare. These are generally only recommended if eczema symptoms are resistant to other therapies or when other treatment options are limited.
Few healthcare providers will ever consider using an oral steroid in children with eczema, no matter how severe.
Extreme caution should be exercised in all cases of oral steroid use. The prolonged use of steroids (30 days or more) can increase the risk ofsepsis,thromboembolism, and bone fracture.It can also cause a “rebound effect” in which symptoms will re-emerge violently once the treatment is stopped.
To avoid this, the steroid dose would begradually tapered downover the course of weeks or months.
Stronger oral immunosuppressants like cyclosporine, methotrexate, and Imuran (azathioprine) have also been tried. However, there is little solid evidence to support their use for this purpose.
Antibiotics
In some cases, eczema can compromise the skin and allow bacteria to establish an infection. Secondary bacterial skin infections are common among people with eczema (most especiallyStaphylococcus aureusinfections). They can be treated withtopical or oral antibiotics.
Topical antibiotics are usually enough to treat minor local infections. Oral antibiotics may be needed for infections involving larger areas of the skin. Cephalosporins, nafcillin, and vancomycin are among the antibiotics most commonly used.
The duration of therapy can vary depending on the severity of symptoms. It generally does not exceed 14 days due to the risk ofantibiotic resistance.
Antibiotics can only treat bacterial infections. Fungal infections likeringwormcan be treated with antifungal drugs (like miconazole cream). Viral infections likeherpes simplexcan be treated with antivirals (like acyclovir).
JAK Inhibitors
In September 2021, the FDA approved Opzelura (ruxolitinib) for the treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis.It is recommended for those whose symptoms do not properly respond to other topical prescription therapies. Opzelura was the firstJAK inhibitorapproved for atopic dermatitis treatment in the United States, making it the first treatment of its kind.
The FDA has since approved Cibinqo (abrocitinib) and Rinvoq (upadacitinib) for the treatment of refractory, moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis in those whose disease is not well controlled with other systemic medications, including biologics.Cibniqo and Rinvoq are approved for adults and children 12 years and older.
Off-Label Medications
Leukotriene inhibitors, such as Singulair (montelukast) or Accolate (zafirlukast), may be used off-label for the treatment of eczema. However, the benefits of such use have yet to be established.
They might be used to treat eczema when symptoms are severe and resistant to any other form of therapy.
Specialist-Driven Procedures
There are a handful of procedures that may benefit people with severe, recurrent, or treatment-resistant eczema symptoms. These are not used on their own but are typically combined with other therapies.
Phototherapy
Phototherapy, also known as light therapy, functions similarly to sun exposure. It involves controlled bursts of UVA or UVB radiation delivered either in a dermatologist’s office or specialized clinic.
Phototherapy is typically added to the treatment plan when topical therapies prove less than effective.
Phototherapy can reduce itch and inflammation associated with eczema and usually requires multiple treatments. Common side effects include skin dryness, redness or discoloration, and mild sunburn. In rare cases, phototherapy can cause skin eruptions, liver spots (lentigines), and the reactivation of a herpes infection.
Wet Wrap Therapy
Wet wrap therapy is sometimes recommended for people with severe, difficult-to-treat eczema. The aim of wet wrap therapy is to help rehydrate the skin while enhancing the absorption of topical drugs. A bottom wet layer provides steady hydration, while a top dry layer helps lock in moisture.
Wet wrap therapy is individualized but typically involves the following steps:
Immunotherapy
Immunotherapyis meant to minimize the effects of allergy. Most types of eczema arenotallergies, but symptoms can flare when you’re around allergens that can trigger an allergic reaction.
There are two types of immunotherapy:
To determine what shots or drops you need, anallergistwill conduct a skin prick test to identify your specific allergens. Allergy shots cannot treat food allergies.
Immunotherapy is sometimes used in the treatment of eczema. However, a 2016 review of studies in theCochrane Database of Systematic Reviewsfound no convincing evidence that allergy shots or drops were effective in reducing symptoms for children or adults.
How Allergy Shots Compare to Allergy Drops
Biologics
Biologics include Dupixent (dupilumab), which was approved in 2017 for cases of moderate-to-severe eczema. It is an injectable monoclonal antibody. It blocks a receptor to inhibit inflammation. Adbry (tralokinumab-ldrm) and Ebglyss (lebrikizumab-lbkz) are other biologic medications approved for eczema.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Although there’s not a lot of scientific evidence to support the use of complementary and alternative therapies for eczema, there are a few that have shown promise.
Coconut Oil
Coconut oil is sometimes used as a natural moisturizer for eczema and appears to have an occlusive effect. This means it seals off water molecules so they are retained in the skin.
It is also gentle on the skin and has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties that may be useful in treating the disease.
A 2014 study found that children with eczema experienced improved skin hydration and fewer symptoms after applying coconut oil to the skin for eight weeks.
A number of other plant oils, such as sunflower oil and shea butter, also have moisturizing qualities. Olive oil, on the other hand, may dry the skin and further diminish its barrier function.
Vitamin D
Vitamin D plays a central role in the effects of sun exposure on eczema. It makes sense, then, thatvitamin D supplementstaken orally may also help relieve eczema symptoms.
A 2016 review of studies published in the journalNutrientssupported this hypothesis. It demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency was more common in people with eczema. Supplementation in those with a deficiency resulted in an improvement in symptoms.
Other studies have shown little benefit to supplementation. However, with high rates ofvitamin D deficiencyin the United States, it may be beneficial even if it doesn’t directly improve eczema.
Probiotics
Probioticsare live bacteria sold in supplement form. They’re found naturally in fermented foods like yogurt, miso, and kefir. They help support healthy gut flora and aid with digestion.
While other studies have shown little or no effect, probiotics do not appear to cause any harm. It may even help improvemilk allergysymptoms (a common eczema trigger) in some children; more research is needed.
Speak with your healthcare provider before trying any complementary therapy. They can help ensure that it’s safe and doesn’t interfere with your treatment or any of your medications.
What to Eat When You Have Eczema
Summary
Over-the-counter moisturizing creams are important for rehydrating the skin. Hydrocortisone creams can also help heal skin inflammation. Prescription medicines and procedures may be recommended for moderate-to-severe cases.
A Word From Verywell
Although eczema cannot be cured, it can be successfully controlled with the right combination of treatments. Proper skin care with a consistent moisturizing routine is a big part of the treatment plan.
Many patients find the need to try different treatment options or even change their treatment regimen over time. Your healthcare provider can help guide you and will likely use a step-wise approach, seeing if some options work before trying others that may have more risks.
In some cases, other specialists—such as adermatologist, allergist, ornutritionist—may be needed to unlock the right combination of individualized treatments. Persistence and patience are key to finding the regimen that works best for you.
17 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Eczema Association.Bathing and eczema.Piquero-Casals J, Morgado-Carrasco D, Granger C, Trullàs C, Jesús-Silva A, Krutmann J.Urea in dermatology: A review of its emollient, moisturizing, keratolytic, skin barrier enhancing and antimicrobial properties.Dermatology and Therapy. 2021;11(6):1905-1915. doi:10.1007/s13555-021-00611-yAmerican Osteopathic College of Dermatology.Eczema.Coondoo A, Phiske M, Verma S, Lahiri K.Side-effects of topical steroids: A long overdue revisit.Indian Dermatology Online Journal. 2014;5(4):416. doi:10.4103/2229-5178.142483American Osteopathic College of Dermatology.Tacrolimus and pimecrolimus.Waljee AK, Rogers MA, Lin P, et al.Short term use of oral corticosteroids and related harms among adults in the United States: Population based cohort study.BMJ. 2017;357:j1415. doi:10.1136/bmj.j1415National Eczema Association.Incyte announces U.S. FDA Approval of Opzelura (ruxolitinib) cream, a topical JAK inhibitor, for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD).Food and Drug Administration.Rinvoq (upadacitinib) extended-release tablets.Food and Drug Administration.Cibinqo (abrocitinib) tablets.Ferguson L, Futamura M, Vakirlis E, et al.Leukotriene receptor antagonists for eczema.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018;2018(10). doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011224.pub2National Eczema Association.Prescription phototherapy.Lee J, Park CO, Lee KH.Specific immunotherapy in atopic dermatitis.Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research. 2015;7(3):221. doi:10.4168/aair.2015.7.3.221Tam H, Calderon MA, Manikam L, et al.Specific allergy immunotherapy for the treatment of atopic eczema.Allergy. 2016;71(9):1345-1356. doi:10.1111/all.12932Evangelista MT, Abad-Casintahan F, Lopez-Villafuerte L.The effect of topical virgin coconut oil on SCORAD index, transepidermal water loss, and skin capacitance in mild to moderate pediatric atopic dermatitis: A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial.International Journal of Dermatology. 2013;53(1):100-108. doi:10.1111/ijd.12339Kim M, Kim S-N, Lee Y, Choe Y, Ahn K.Vitamin D status and efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in atopic dermatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrients. 2016;8(12):789. doi:10.3390/nu8120789National Eczema Association.Eczema causes and triggers.American Academy of Dermatology Association.How to treat eczema in babies.
17 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Eczema Association.Bathing and eczema.Piquero-Casals J, Morgado-Carrasco D, Granger C, Trullàs C, Jesús-Silva A, Krutmann J.Urea in dermatology: A review of its emollient, moisturizing, keratolytic, skin barrier enhancing and antimicrobial properties.Dermatology and Therapy. 2021;11(6):1905-1915. doi:10.1007/s13555-021-00611-yAmerican Osteopathic College of Dermatology.Eczema.Coondoo A, Phiske M, Verma S, Lahiri K.Side-effects of topical steroids: A long overdue revisit.Indian Dermatology Online Journal. 2014;5(4):416. doi:10.4103/2229-5178.142483American Osteopathic College of Dermatology.Tacrolimus and pimecrolimus.Waljee AK, Rogers MA, Lin P, et al.Short term use of oral corticosteroids and related harms among adults in the United States: Population based cohort study.BMJ. 2017;357:j1415. doi:10.1136/bmj.j1415National Eczema Association.Incyte announces U.S. FDA Approval of Opzelura (ruxolitinib) cream, a topical JAK inhibitor, for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD).Food and Drug Administration.Rinvoq (upadacitinib) extended-release tablets.Food and Drug Administration.Cibinqo (abrocitinib) tablets.Ferguson L, Futamura M, Vakirlis E, et al.Leukotriene receptor antagonists for eczema.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018;2018(10). doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011224.pub2National Eczema Association.Prescription phototherapy.Lee J, Park CO, Lee KH.Specific immunotherapy in atopic dermatitis.Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research. 2015;7(3):221. doi:10.4168/aair.2015.7.3.221Tam H, Calderon MA, Manikam L, et al.Specific allergy immunotherapy for the treatment of atopic eczema.Allergy. 2016;71(9):1345-1356. doi:10.1111/all.12932Evangelista MT, Abad-Casintahan F, Lopez-Villafuerte L.The effect of topical virgin coconut oil on SCORAD index, transepidermal water loss, and skin capacitance in mild to moderate pediatric atopic dermatitis: A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial.International Journal of Dermatology. 2013;53(1):100-108. doi:10.1111/ijd.12339Kim M, Kim S-N, Lee Y, Choe Y, Ahn K.Vitamin D status and efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in atopic dermatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrients. 2016;8(12):789. doi:10.3390/nu8120789National Eczema Association.Eczema causes and triggers.American Academy of Dermatology Association.How to treat eczema in babies.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
National Eczema Association.Bathing and eczema.Piquero-Casals J, Morgado-Carrasco D, Granger C, Trullàs C, Jesús-Silva A, Krutmann J.Urea in dermatology: A review of its emollient, moisturizing, keratolytic, skin barrier enhancing and antimicrobial properties.Dermatology and Therapy. 2021;11(6):1905-1915. doi:10.1007/s13555-021-00611-yAmerican Osteopathic College of Dermatology.Eczema.Coondoo A, Phiske M, Verma S, Lahiri K.Side-effects of topical steroids: A long overdue revisit.Indian Dermatology Online Journal. 2014;5(4):416. doi:10.4103/2229-5178.142483American Osteopathic College of Dermatology.Tacrolimus and pimecrolimus.Waljee AK, Rogers MA, Lin P, et al.Short term use of oral corticosteroids and related harms among adults in the United States: Population based cohort study.BMJ. 2017;357:j1415. doi:10.1136/bmj.j1415National Eczema Association.Incyte announces U.S. FDA Approval of Opzelura (ruxolitinib) cream, a topical JAK inhibitor, for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD).Food and Drug Administration.Rinvoq (upadacitinib) extended-release tablets.Food and Drug Administration.Cibinqo (abrocitinib) tablets.Ferguson L, Futamura M, Vakirlis E, et al.Leukotriene receptor antagonists for eczema.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018;2018(10). doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011224.pub2National Eczema Association.Prescription phototherapy.Lee J, Park CO, Lee KH.Specific immunotherapy in atopic dermatitis.Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research. 2015;7(3):221. doi:10.4168/aair.2015.7.3.221Tam H, Calderon MA, Manikam L, et al.Specific allergy immunotherapy for the treatment of atopic eczema.Allergy. 2016;71(9):1345-1356. doi:10.1111/all.12932Evangelista MT, Abad-Casintahan F, Lopez-Villafuerte L.The effect of topical virgin coconut oil on SCORAD index, transepidermal water loss, and skin capacitance in mild to moderate pediatric atopic dermatitis: A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial.International Journal of Dermatology. 2013;53(1):100-108. doi:10.1111/ijd.12339Kim M, Kim S-N, Lee Y, Choe Y, Ahn K.Vitamin D status and efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in atopic dermatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrients. 2016;8(12):789. doi:10.3390/nu8120789National Eczema Association.Eczema causes and triggers.American Academy of Dermatology Association.How to treat eczema in babies.
National Eczema Association.Bathing and eczema.
Piquero-Casals J, Morgado-Carrasco D, Granger C, Trullàs C, Jesús-Silva A, Krutmann J.Urea in dermatology: A review of its emollient, moisturizing, keratolytic, skin barrier enhancing and antimicrobial properties.Dermatology and Therapy. 2021;11(6):1905-1915. doi:10.1007/s13555-021-00611-y
American Osteopathic College of Dermatology.Eczema.
Coondoo A, Phiske M, Verma S, Lahiri K.Side-effects of topical steroids: A long overdue revisit.Indian Dermatology Online Journal. 2014;5(4):416. doi:10.4103/2229-5178.142483
American Osteopathic College of Dermatology.Tacrolimus and pimecrolimus.
Waljee AK, Rogers MA, Lin P, et al.Short term use of oral corticosteroids and related harms among adults in the United States: Population based cohort study.BMJ. 2017;357:j1415. doi:10.1136/bmj.j1415
National Eczema Association.Incyte announces U.S. FDA Approval of Opzelura (ruxolitinib) cream, a topical JAK inhibitor, for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD).
Food and Drug Administration.Rinvoq (upadacitinib) extended-release tablets.
Food and Drug Administration.Cibinqo (abrocitinib) tablets.
Ferguson L, Futamura M, Vakirlis E, et al.Leukotriene receptor antagonists for eczema.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018;2018(10). doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011224.pub2
National Eczema Association.Prescription phototherapy.
Lee J, Park CO, Lee KH.Specific immunotherapy in atopic dermatitis.Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research. 2015;7(3):221. doi:10.4168/aair.2015.7.3.221
Tam H, Calderon MA, Manikam L, et al.Specific allergy immunotherapy for the treatment of atopic eczema.Allergy. 2016;71(9):1345-1356. doi:10.1111/all.12932
Evangelista MT, Abad-Casintahan F, Lopez-Villafuerte L.The effect of topical virgin coconut oil on SCORAD index, transepidermal water loss, and skin capacitance in mild to moderate pediatric atopic dermatitis: A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial.International Journal of Dermatology. 2013;53(1):100-108. doi:10.1111/ijd.12339
Kim M, Kim S-N, Lee Y, Choe Y, Ahn K.Vitamin D status and efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in atopic dermatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrients. 2016;8(12):789. doi:10.3390/nu8120789
National Eczema Association.Eczema causes and triggers.
American Academy of Dermatology Association.How to treat eczema in babies.
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