Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsEvery Cancer Is DifferentGrowth SpeedDoubling TimeTime to SpreadTime to Develop
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Every Cancer Is Different
Growth Speed
Doubling Time
Time to Spread
Time to Develop
Many people wonder how fastlung cancergrows and how long it takes to spread. They also wonder how long lung cancer takes to develop, or when it first started.
Thegrowth rate of lung canceris not just a math question. It could affect treatment decisions in a new and evolving era of care. Some of these questions may include:
This article explores how other key factors besides growth rate may help answer common questions about lung cancer growth and spread.
ljubaphoto / Getty Images
Every person is different, and so is every cancer. Even two lung cancers of the same type and stage may behave quite differently at the molecular level.
Not every cancer grows at the same rate. Even if it did, and you were able to reliably estimate how fast your cancer would grow, you would still need more information. Each care decision is made based on multiple factors.
The timing between diagnosis and start of treatment can affect outcomes. In some cases, starting treatment right away may not be the right choice. It’s possible to have a better outcome if you wait a month for test results instead. That’s especially true if there’s a specific gene mutation that can be treated withtargeted therapy.
It’s important to understand lung cancer growth rates, but it’s not the only thing to know. Factors such as the type of lung cancer also contribute to how cancer will grow and spread.
How Fast Lung Cancer Grows
Proliferationdescribes how fast lung cancer cells grow. Doubling time is the amount of time it takes atumorto double in size.
The doubling time can help you understand how fast your cancer will grow, but it’s also important to look at the science of cancer cell growth. Unfortunately, there are limits to the math and models used to estimate cancer growth. This means estimates of the true growth rate may be far too high or too low. In other words, there is no simple formula.
The Science of Lung Cancer Cell Growth
A cancer cell no longer works like a normal cell. A normal lung cell becomes a cancer cell after a series of mutations in genes that control cell growth.
Chest X-Rays May Miss up to 25% of Lung Cancers
RecapThe genetic changes that lead to cancer can happen over a long period of time as cells mutate and divide.
Recap
The genetic changes that lead to cancer can happen over a long period of time as cells mutate and divide.
Not All Cells Divide at the Same Time
Growth rates and doubling time matter, but there are exceptions to every rule. Cancer growth estimates are based on exponential growth. For example, one cell becomes two, two become four, four then become eight, and so on. In real life, however, not all cells divide at the same rate and at the same time.
Different types of cancer have different “growth fractions.” Some cancers, such as childhood leukemias, have a very high growth fraction. This means a large number of cells are dividing at a specific time. Other cancers, like breast cancer, have a low growth fraction.
Cancer Cells vs. Normal Cells: How Are They Different?
Growth Rate Varies at Different Stages
Tumor growth may also change during different stages in the life of the cancer cells. Tumors are not just copies of the cells involved in out-of-control growth. There may be new mutations that change the tumor. Many people see this when new mutations make their cancers resist treatment that worked in the past.Some of the new mutations may cause cancer cells to grow and divide faster than the early cancer did.
Specific Growth Rate
Growth rate is the percent change in a tumor’s volume over a certain period of time, such as daily. Researchers use both growth rate and doubling time to help estimate how fast a tumor will grow. Again, that’s because the models used to estimate doubling time may give results that are faster or slower than the real growth.
RecapTo understand how lung cancer grows, you need to know how cancer cells work. Doctors use a few numbers:Growth fractionSpecific growth rateDoubling timePeople are unique, though, and the models don’t always capture how fast or slow the cancer is in real life.
To understand how lung cancer grows, you need to know how cancer cells work. Doctors use a few numbers:Growth fractionSpecific growth rateDoubling timePeople are unique, though, and the models don’t always capture how fast or slow the cancer is in real life.
To understand how lung cancer grows, you need to know how cancer cells work. Doctors use a few numbers:
People are unique, though, and the models don’t always capture how fast or slow the cancer is in real life.
Lung Cancer Doubling Time
Doctors may describe the doubling of a lung tumor in a couple of ways:
This just describes how long it takes the tumor to double in size. As we’ve seen, though, there are limits to the models used to estimate doubling time. That’s because:
Overall Doubling Time
Some studies have looked at the doubling time of lung cancer in people with different types andstages of the disease. One study compared the doubling time of breast cancer with that of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It found that the volume doubling time for lung cancer was 134 days. This was significantly faster than breast cancer, which was 252 days.
On average, lung cancers double in size in four to five months.
Doubling Time of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)
The doubling time ofnon-small cell lung cancercan vary based on several factors, including:
One study used computerized tomography (CT) scans taken an average of 25 days apart to look at growth rate. This is a imaging procedure that takes multiple X-rays and combines them into a detailed image of an internal structure. After the scans, the patients had surgery to remove the tumors.
The study found that the average doubling time was 191 days. Non-small cell tumors grew significantly slower than small cell lung tumors. Tumors in people who smoked had a faster doubling time than those in people who never smoked or had quit smoking.
An important finding was that patients who had tumors with a doubling time of more than 400 days did not necessarily have a better prognosis. In a third of patients with these tumors, the cancer spread to distant parts of the body.
A different study also looked at the doubling time of CT-detected lung cancer. Researchers put the tumors in three categories:
They then compared these doubling times with subtypes. They found that 86.7% of patients in the slow-growing group hadlungadenocarcinomaor a subtype formerly calledbronchioloalveolarcarcinoma. Only 20% of patients with these subtypes were in the rapid doubling group.
In contrast, 60% of patients in the rapid doubling group hadsquamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Only 3.3% of patients in the slow doubling group had this subtype.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung tends to have a more rapid doubling time than lung adenocarcinoma.
Studies have also looked at the doubling time of adenocarcinomas that areEGFR positive. Most people who have lung cancer with this mutation have little or no history of smoking. These studies have had mixed findings, with some showing a longer doubling time and others not.
Doubling Time of Small Cell Lung Cancer
NSCLC has four stages, butsmall cell lung cancerhas only two stages: limited stage andextensive stage.
Doubling time with small cell lung cancer has not been as well studied as that of NSCLC. It does appear to be both rapid and dependent on stage.
A 2012 study looked at initial CT image scans in people with small cell lung cancer. The average doubling time was 70 days for the primary tumor, and 51.1 days for affected lymph nodes. The doubling time was much faster with extensive stage disease than it was in limited stage disease. Extensive stage disease had a doubling time of 24 days while limited stage was 97.6 days.
Factors That Affect Growth Rate
There are a number of factors thatmayaffect the growth rate of lung cancer, including:
RecapDifferent cancer subtypes may grow at different rates. Other factors play a role, too, such as history of smoking.
Different cancer subtypes may grow at different rates. Other factors play a role, too, such as history of smoking.
Predictions Based on Doubling Times
Tumor doubling time is helpful when it can be used to predict the growth of a tumor. One study looked at the predicted survival times of people with inoperable lung cancer. It found that doubling time could be used to predict survival times.
Survival Without Treatment
Researchers sometimes look at doubling time to estimate how long a person might survive without treatment. Overall, it’s thought that current models aren’t able to accurately answer this question.
Lung Cancer Survival Without Treatment
Time to Spread (Metastasis)
Patients also want to know long it takes lung cancer to spread to other parts of the body. This is calledmetastasis. Since metastases are the reason for most cancer deaths, it’s an important question.
The answer is that it depends. The speed that cancer spreads may be tied closely with the type of lung cancer. While there are differences, it’s important to note that almost any lung cancer can potentially spread. An exception is stage 0 lung cancer or noninvasivecarcinoma in situ.
Almost any stage or size lung cancer has the potential to spread.
Small cell lung cancer can spread very early. Even very tiny small cell lung cancers may spread to the brain or other organs. In fact, brain-related symptoms are often the first sign of the disease.
Squamous cell carcinomas of the lung, however, may be quite large before they spread. Lung adenocarcinomas appear to be somewhere in the middle.
Overall, the mostcommon sites of lung cancer metastasesinclude:
Factors Other Than Growth Rate
The chance that a tumor will spread often depends on factors other than the growth rate or doubling time.
It was once thought that a tumor had to reach a certain size before it could spread. Researchers also believed it would spread to lymph nodes first, then onward from there. We now know this isn’t the case. Instead, tumors may have specific mutations that help them spread. The speed can also depend on how the cells travel through the body.
First, the cancer cells need to “escape.” Normal cells have molecules that hold them together. Different mutations in cancer cells can make it easier or harder to for them to break loose. Then they have to travel through either the blood, lymphatic system, or airways.
It takes longer for cancer to spread through the lymphatic system. The bloodstream, however, can “seed” cancer cells in other parts of the body much faster. Sometimes this can happen long before the tumor is found. Tumor cells in the bloodstream are common even in very early-stage NSCLC.
How Does Cancer Spread
Cancer Cells vs. Normal Cells: The Many Ways They Are Different
RecapDifferent cancers may spread at different rates. Some may break away from the tumor faster than others, or may be better at establishing themselves in distant parts of the body.
Different cancers may spread at different rates. Some may break away from the tumor faster than others, or may be better at establishing themselves in distant parts of the body.
Time to Recurrence
The size of a tumor at diagnosis and the number of positive lymph nodes are linked with the likelihood cancer will return. They can’t predict what will happen with individual people, though. Newer research is finding that cell variety or differences in the parts of a tumor may affect its ability to recur.
When Does Lung Cancer Begin?
Many patients want to know when their cancer first began. You may wonder if a stressful time in your life or specific chemical exposure “caused” your cancer. There isn’t a good answer to this question.
A 2017 study suggested that it takes along time for a lung cancer to develop, perhaps decades. This may be especially true for lung adenocarcinomas.
When Can Lung Cancer First Be Detected?
Lung cancer is most treatable in the early stages. Unfortunately, most people have an advanced-stage tumor when they are diagnosed.
It’s thought that chest X-rays can’t find lung cancer until it’s 10 mm to 20 mm in size. A chest CT, though, may find tumors as small as 6 mm, sometimes 4 mm.
The difference is clear. Medical providers now know that screening chest X-rays don’t save lives, but screening chest CT scans clearly do.
Lung Cancer Screening CriteriaThe U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends annual CT screenings for people who:Are 50 to 80 years oldHave a 20 pack-year history of smokingCurrently smoke or have quit smoking within the past 15 yearsAre healthy enough to tolerate and benefit from treatment if diagnosed with lung cancerThe American Cancer Society has similar recommendations but doesn’t limit screening to 15 years after quitting.
Lung Cancer Screening Criteria
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends annual CT screenings for people who:Are 50 to 80 years oldHave a 20 pack-year history of smokingCurrently smoke or have quit smoking within the past 15 yearsAre healthy enough to tolerate and benefit from treatment if diagnosed with lung cancerThe American Cancer Society has similar recommendations but doesn’t limit screening to 15 years after quitting.
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends annual CT screenings for people who:
The American Cancer Society has similar recommendations but doesn’t limit screening to 15 years after quitting.
Can Better Detection Mean a Cure?
With better screening, some people want to know if smaller tumors can be cured. In 2017, researchers created a simulation model to help answer this question. They found that in males, the most aggressive NSCLCs would need to be diagnosed 10 mm in size. In females, the diagnosis would need to be made at 15 mm. Without screening, the average size of a lung tumor at diagnosis is 33 mm.
Summary
The rate that lung cancer spreads is different for every patient. Doubling time can provide important information, but it isn’t the only thing that can predict growth rate.
Different subtypes of lung cancer may grow at different rates. Growth rates can also depend on factors like genetic mutations and history of smoking. Some cancers may also be better at spreading to distant parts of the body.
Lung cancer can be caught early on a CT scan. If you’re in a high risk group, talk to your doctor about lung cancer screening.
A Word From Verywell
Today, genomic testing is often done before newly diagnosed patients begin treatment. This may make patients worry that their cancer will spread while waiting for results, which can sometimes take two to four weeks.
Outcomes, or how a person does with the disease, are what is most important. Starting treatment right away before knowing the best treatment options can sometimes do more harm than good.
Cancer treatment is changing rapidly, and many new treatment options are available. This is why it’s important to find a doctor you trust. Another way to learn about your disease is to connect with thelung cancer communityand get support while facing uncertainty.
14 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Johnson KE, Howard G, Mo W, et al.Cancer cell population growth kinetics at low densities deviate from the exponential growth model and suggest an Allee effect. Read AF, ed.PLoS Biol. 2019;17(8):e3000399. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000399Tulpule A, Bivona TG.Acquired resistance in lung cancer.Annu Rev Cancer Biol. 2020;4(1):279-297. doi: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033502Osorio B, Yegya-Raman N, Kim S, et al.Clinical significance of pretreatment tumor growth rate for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer.Ann Transl Med. 2019;7(5):17-17. doi:10.21037/atm.2019.02.14Lin RS, Plevritis SK.Comparing the benefits of screening for breast cancer and lung cancer using a novel natural history model.Cancer Causes Control. 2012;23(1):175-85. doi:10.1007/s10552-011-9866-9Mackintosh JA, Marshall HM, Yang IA, Bowman RV, Fong KM.A retrospective study of volume doubling time in surgically resected non‐small cell lung cancer.Respirology. 2014;19(5):755-62. doi:10.1111/resp.12311Wilson DO, Ryan A, Fuhrman C, et al.Doubling times and CT screen–detected lung cancers in the Pittsburgh Lung Screening Study.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185(1):85-9. doi:10.1164/rccm.201107-1223OCZhang R, Chen B, Zhou Y, et al.Volume doubling time of lung adenocarcinomas considering epidermal growth factor receptor mutation status of exon 19 and 21: three-dimensional volumetric evaluation.J Thorac Dis. 2017;9(11):4387. doi:10.21037/jtd.2017.10.58Sharial M, Teo M, Doherty M, et al.Modern imaging technique assessment of small cell lung cancer doubling time.J Clin Oncol.doi:10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.e17561Pérez-Morales J, Lu H, Mu W, et al.Volume doubling time and radiomic features predict tumor behavior of screen-detected lung cancers.Cancer Biomark. 2022;33(4):489-501. doi:10.3233/CBM-210194Popper HH.Progression and metastasis of lung cancer.Cancer Metast Rev.35(1):75-91. doi:10.1007/s10555-016-9618-0Jamal-Hanjani M, Wilson GA, McGranahan N, Birkbak NJ.Tracking the evolution of non–small-cell lung cancer.N Engl J Med.376:2109-2121 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1616288US Preventive Services Task Force.Screening for lung cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.JAMA.2021;325(10):962–970. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.1117Wolf AMD, Oeffinger KC, Shih TY, et al.Screening for lung cancer: 2023 guideline update from the American Cancer Society.CA Cancer J Clin. 2023;10.3322/caac.21811. doi:10.3322/caac.21811Goldwasser DL.Estimation of the tumor size at cure threshold among aggressive non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs): evidence from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) program and the national lung screening trial (NLST).Int J Cancer.2017;140(6):1280-1292. doi:10.1002/ijc.30548Additional ReadingSuda K, Kim J, Murakami I, et al.Innate genetic evolution of lung cancers and spatial heterogeneity: analysis of treatment-naïve lesions.J Thorac Oncol.2018;13(10):1496-1507. doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2018.05.039Zhang L, Ren Z, Xu C, et al.Influencing factors and prognostic value of 18f-fdg pet/ct metabolic and volumetric parameters in non-small cell lung cancer.IJGM. 2021;14:3699-3706. doi: 10.2147/ijgm.s320744
14 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Johnson KE, Howard G, Mo W, et al.Cancer cell population growth kinetics at low densities deviate from the exponential growth model and suggest an Allee effect. Read AF, ed.PLoS Biol. 2019;17(8):e3000399. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000399Tulpule A, Bivona TG.Acquired resistance in lung cancer.Annu Rev Cancer Biol. 2020;4(1):279-297. doi: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033502Osorio B, Yegya-Raman N, Kim S, et al.Clinical significance of pretreatment tumor growth rate for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer.Ann Transl Med. 2019;7(5):17-17. doi:10.21037/atm.2019.02.14Lin RS, Plevritis SK.Comparing the benefits of screening for breast cancer and lung cancer using a novel natural history model.Cancer Causes Control. 2012;23(1):175-85. doi:10.1007/s10552-011-9866-9Mackintosh JA, Marshall HM, Yang IA, Bowman RV, Fong KM.A retrospective study of volume doubling time in surgically resected non‐small cell lung cancer.Respirology. 2014;19(5):755-62. doi:10.1111/resp.12311Wilson DO, Ryan A, Fuhrman C, et al.Doubling times and CT screen–detected lung cancers in the Pittsburgh Lung Screening Study.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185(1):85-9. doi:10.1164/rccm.201107-1223OCZhang R, Chen B, Zhou Y, et al.Volume doubling time of lung adenocarcinomas considering epidermal growth factor receptor mutation status of exon 19 and 21: three-dimensional volumetric evaluation.J Thorac Dis. 2017;9(11):4387. doi:10.21037/jtd.2017.10.58Sharial M, Teo M, Doherty M, et al.Modern imaging technique assessment of small cell lung cancer doubling time.J Clin Oncol.doi:10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.e17561Pérez-Morales J, Lu H, Mu W, et al.Volume doubling time and radiomic features predict tumor behavior of screen-detected lung cancers.Cancer Biomark. 2022;33(4):489-501. doi:10.3233/CBM-210194Popper HH.Progression and metastasis of lung cancer.Cancer Metast Rev.35(1):75-91. doi:10.1007/s10555-016-9618-0Jamal-Hanjani M, Wilson GA, McGranahan N, Birkbak NJ.Tracking the evolution of non–small-cell lung cancer.N Engl J Med.376:2109-2121 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1616288US Preventive Services Task Force.Screening for lung cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.JAMA.2021;325(10):962–970. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.1117Wolf AMD, Oeffinger KC, Shih TY, et al.Screening for lung cancer: 2023 guideline update from the American Cancer Society.CA Cancer J Clin. 2023;10.3322/caac.21811. doi:10.3322/caac.21811Goldwasser DL.Estimation of the tumor size at cure threshold among aggressive non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs): evidence from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) program and the national lung screening trial (NLST).Int J Cancer.2017;140(6):1280-1292. doi:10.1002/ijc.30548Additional ReadingSuda K, Kim J, Murakami I, et al.Innate genetic evolution of lung cancers and spatial heterogeneity: analysis of treatment-naïve lesions.J Thorac Oncol.2018;13(10):1496-1507. doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2018.05.039Zhang L, Ren Z, Xu C, et al.Influencing factors and prognostic value of 18f-fdg pet/ct metabolic and volumetric parameters in non-small cell lung cancer.IJGM. 2021;14:3699-3706. doi: 10.2147/ijgm.s320744
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Johnson KE, Howard G, Mo W, et al.Cancer cell population growth kinetics at low densities deviate from the exponential growth model and suggest an Allee effect. Read AF, ed.PLoS Biol. 2019;17(8):e3000399. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000399Tulpule A, Bivona TG.Acquired resistance in lung cancer.Annu Rev Cancer Biol. 2020;4(1):279-297. doi: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033502Osorio B, Yegya-Raman N, Kim S, et al.Clinical significance of pretreatment tumor growth rate for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer.Ann Transl Med. 2019;7(5):17-17. doi:10.21037/atm.2019.02.14Lin RS, Plevritis SK.Comparing the benefits of screening for breast cancer and lung cancer using a novel natural history model.Cancer Causes Control. 2012;23(1):175-85. doi:10.1007/s10552-011-9866-9Mackintosh JA, Marshall HM, Yang IA, Bowman RV, Fong KM.A retrospective study of volume doubling time in surgically resected non‐small cell lung cancer.Respirology. 2014;19(5):755-62. doi:10.1111/resp.12311Wilson DO, Ryan A, Fuhrman C, et al.Doubling times and CT screen–detected lung cancers in the Pittsburgh Lung Screening Study.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185(1):85-9. doi:10.1164/rccm.201107-1223OCZhang R, Chen B, Zhou Y, et al.Volume doubling time of lung adenocarcinomas considering epidermal growth factor receptor mutation status of exon 19 and 21: three-dimensional volumetric evaluation.J Thorac Dis. 2017;9(11):4387. doi:10.21037/jtd.2017.10.58Sharial M, Teo M, Doherty M, et al.Modern imaging technique assessment of small cell lung cancer doubling time.J Clin Oncol.doi:10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.e17561Pérez-Morales J, Lu H, Mu W, et al.Volume doubling time and radiomic features predict tumor behavior of screen-detected lung cancers.Cancer Biomark. 2022;33(4):489-501. doi:10.3233/CBM-210194Popper HH.Progression and metastasis of lung cancer.Cancer Metast Rev.35(1):75-91. doi:10.1007/s10555-016-9618-0Jamal-Hanjani M, Wilson GA, McGranahan N, Birkbak NJ.Tracking the evolution of non–small-cell lung cancer.N Engl J Med.376:2109-2121 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1616288US Preventive Services Task Force.Screening for lung cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.JAMA.2021;325(10):962–970. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.1117Wolf AMD, Oeffinger KC, Shih TY, et al.Screening for lung cancer: 2023 guideline update from the American Cancer Society.CA Cancer J Clin. 2023;10.3322/caac.21811. doi:10.3322/caac.21811Goldwasser DL.Estimation of the tumor size at cure threshold among aggressive non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs): evidence from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) program and the national lung screening trial (NLST).Int J Cancer.2017;140(6):1280-1292. doi:10.1002/ijc.30548
Johnson KE, Howard G, Mo W, et al.Cancer cell population growth kinetics at low densities deviate from the exponential growth model and suggest an Allee effect. Read AF, ed.PLoS Biol. 2019;17(8):e3000399. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000399
Tulpule A, Bivona TG.Acquired resistance in lung cancer.Annu Rev Cancer Biol. 2020;4(1):279-297. doi: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033502
Osorio B, Yegya-Raman N, Kim S, et al.Clinical significance of pretreatment tumor growth rate for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer.Ann Transl Med. 2019;7(5):17-17. doi:10.21037/atm.2019.02.14
Lin RS, Plevritis SK.Comparing the benefits of screening for breast cancer and lung cancer using a novel natural history model.Cancer Causes Control. 2012;23(1):175-85. doi:10.1007/s10552-011-9866-9
Mackintosh JA, Marshall HM, Yang IA, Bowman RV, Fong KM.A retrospective study of volume doubling time in surgically resected non‐small cell lung cancer.Respirology. 2014;19(5):755-62. doi:10.1111/resp.12311
Wilson DO, Ryan A, Fuhrman C, et al.Doubling times and CT screen–detected lung cancers in the Pittsburgh Lung Screening Study.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185(1):85-9. doi:10.1164/rccm.201107-1223OC
Zhang R, Chen B, Zhou Y, et al.Volume doubling time of lung adenocarcinomas considering epidermal growth factor receptor mutation status of exon 19 and 21: three-dimensional volumetric evaluation.J Thorac Dis. 2017;9(11):4387. doi:10.21037/jtd.2017.10.58
Sharial M, Teo M, Doherty M, et al.Modern imaging technique assessment of small cell lung cancer doubling time.J Clin Oncol.doi:10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.e17561
Pérez-Morales J, Lu H, Mu W, et al.Volume doubling time and radiomic features predict tumor behavior of screen-detected lung cancers.Cancer Biomark. 2022;33(4):489-501. doi:10.3233/CBM-210194
Popper HH.Progression and metastasis of lung cancer.Cancer Metast Rev.35(1):75-91. doi:10.1007/s10555-016-9618-0
Jamal-Hanjani M, Wilson GA, McGranahan N, Birkbak NJ.Tracking the evolution of non–small-cell lung cancer.N Engl J Med.376:2109-2121 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1616288
US Preventive Services Task Force.Screening for lung cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.JAMA.2021;325(10):962–970. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.1117
Wolf AMD, Oeffinger KC, Shih TY, et al.Screening for lung cancer: 2023 guideline update from the American Cancer Society.CA Cancer J Clin. 2023;10.3322/caac.21811. doi:10.3322/caac.21811
Goldwasser DL.Estimation of the tumor size at cure threshold among aggressive non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs): evidence from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) program and the national lung screening trial (NLST).Int J Cancer.2017;140(6):1280-1292. doi:10.1002/ijc.30548
Suda K, Kim J, Murakami I, et al.Innate genetic evolution of lung cancers and spatial heterogeneity: analysis of treatment-naïve lesions.J Thorac Oncol.2018;13(10):1496-1507. doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2018.05.039Zhang L, Ren Z, Xu C, et al.Influencing factors and prognostic value of 18f-fdg pet/ct metabolic and volumetric parameters in non-small cell lung cancer.IJGM. 2021;14:3699-3706. doi: 10.2147/ijgm.s320744
Suda K, Kim J, Murakami I, et al.Innate genetic evolution of lung cancers and spatial heterogeneity: analysis of treatment-naïve lesions.J Thorac Oncol.2018;13(10):1496-1507. doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2018.05.039
Zhang L, Ren Z, Xu C, et al.Influencing factors and prognostic value of 18f-fdg pet/ct metabolic and volumetric parameters in non-small cell lung cancer.IJGM. 2021;14:3699-3706. doi: 10.2147/ijgm.s320744
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