Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsOTC MedicationsPrescriptionsAdditional TherapiesHome RemediesComplementary TherapiesFrequently Asked QuestionsNext in Fibromyalgia GuideWhat Is Fibromyalgia?
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
OTC Medications
Prescriptions
Additional Therapies
Home Remedies
Complementary Therapies
Frequently Asked Questions
Next in Fibromyalgia Guide
Treatments forfibromyalgiaare focused on easing symptoms; there is no cure. Because no two cases of fibromyalgia are alike, treatment plans must be multi-faceted and tailored to the types and severity of symptoms you are experiencing.
Fibromyalgia is a painful condition. Treatments may involve over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription drugs, physical and supportive therapies, stress reduction, lifestyle changes, and complementary treatments that can reduce your pain and restore your quality of life.
This article outlines treatment options for fibromyalgia and how they can help you manage your symptoms and start to feel better.
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Over-the-Counter (OTC) Therapies
Pain is the defining feature of fibromyalgia, and treatment focuses on managing it. The goal of medication therapy is to treat the diverse range of fibromyalgiasymptomswith as few drugs as possible while getting the best result.
Pain Relievers
Over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics—pain relievers—like Tylenol (acetaminophen) may provide relief of acute fibromyalgia pain with few, if any, side effects.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)like Advil (ibuprofen) and Aleve (naproxen) may offer pain relief, but shouldn’t be used for long periods. Fibromyalgia is not an inflammatory disease. Regular use of most NSAIDs may increase the risk of gastric bleeding, stomach ulcers, kidney impairment, and cardiovascular disease.
As part of your treatment plan, your healthcare provider may prescribe one or more other medications to help you manage your symptoms and minimize side effects. These may include analgesics, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, and other types of oral medication.
If OTC NSAIDs do not work for you, your healthcare provider may consider a prescription-strength version. Prescription NSAIDs like Celebrex (celecoxib) or Voltaren (diclofenac) also carry the same risks as their OTC counterparts, but may be appropriate for short-term relief if kept at the lowest possible effective dose.
Opioid medications are generally not recommended for fibromyalgia treatment, except in severe cases. Your healthcare provider could consider a low-dose prescription of Ultram (tramadol) for the short-term use of acutefibromyalgia flaresif other painkillers have failed to provide relief.Drugs like Vicodin (hydrocodone) andOxyContin (oxycodone)are no longer recommended.
Opioid medications are generally not recommended for fibromyalgia treatment, except in severe cases. Your healthcare provider could consider a low-dose prescription of Ultram (tramadol) for the short-term use of acutefibromyalgia flaresif other painkillers have failed to provide relief.
Drugs like Vicodin (hydrocodone) andOxyContin (oxycodone)are no longer recommended.
Antidepressants
Antidepressants do more than just treat your mood. They are also used to alleviate pain, fatigue, and depression, and can also help you sleep.
FDA-Approved AntidepressantsCymbalta (duloxetine): Initial dose is 30 mg per day, increasing to a target dose of 60 milligrams per day.Savella (milnacipran): Initial dose is 12.5 milligrams taken once daily, increasing to 50 milligrams taken twice daily. (A total maximum daily dose of 200 milligrams may be used in severe cases.)
FDA-Approved Antidepressants
Cymbalta (duloxetine): Initial dose is 30 mg per day, increasing to a target dose of 60 milligrams per day.Savella (milnacipran): Initial dose is 12.5 milligrams taken once daily, increasing to 50 milligrams taken twice daily. (A total maximum daily dose of 200 milligrams may be used in severe cases.)
Side effects may include nausea, dry mouth, constipation, decreased appetite, drowsiness, increased sweating, sexual problems, and agitation.
Other antidepressants are commonly prescribed off-label to treat fibromyalgia, including SSRIs such as Celexa (citalopram), Lexapro (escitalopram), Paxil (paroxetine), and Zoloft (sertraline).
While older-generation tricyclic antidepressants are less commonly used, lower-doseElavil (amitriptyline)has proven effective as a sleep aid while helping to ease chronic pain and depression.(Sleeping pills are generally avoided for anything but short-term relief as prolonged use can lead to dependence.)
Anticonvulsants
Other anticonvulsants, such asNeurontin (gabapentin), offer a similar mechanism of action and may work just as effectively. Vimpat (lacosamide) and Keppra (levetiracetam) have also been used.
Muscle Relaxants
Muscle relaxantsalso seem to help in certain cases, and scientists are not exactly sure why, though it could be related to how fibromyalgia interferes with restorative sleep.
Asunrefreshing sleepis a common symptom of fibromyalgia, it has been suggested that the restoration of normal sleep patterns may reduce a person’s sensitivity to pain.By contrast, sleep deprivation is known to trigger often profound pain symptoms.
Because muscle relaxers can cause drowsiness, they are typically taken at night just before bedtime.
The two muscle relaxants commonly used to treat fibromyalgia are Flexeril (cyclobenzaprine) and Zanaflex (tizanidine). Side effects may include dry mouth, dizziness, nausea, and blurred vision.
Other Medications
If fibromyalgia is causing you gastrointestinal symptoms like constipation or diarrhea, your healthcare provider may recommend other medications. These could include laxatives,antidiarrhealssuch as Imodium (loperamide) or Lomotil (diphenoxylate), andantispasmodicslike Norpramin (desipramine).
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)is common in people with fibromyalgia and is believed to share similar disease pathways.
Experimental Medications
A number of pharmaceutical companies are seeking FDA approval of new fibromyalgia drugs, some of which are showing more promise than others.
Effirma (flupirtine):This non-opioid medication has been long used in Europe to treat fibromyalgia. However, the European Medicines Agency restricted its use in 2013 due to the high risk of liver toxicity.As such, it can no longer be used for more than two weeks. While submitted for approval to the FDA in 2008, the drug has yet to receive approval in the United States.
In addition to medications, your healthcare provider may refer you to specialists to help overcome any physical or emotional challenges you may be facing.
While we tend to think of fibromyalgia as a disease of the nerves, it is actually a multi-dimensional condition in which depression, anxiety, and ill health all play a part.
To this end, you may benefit from seeing the following specialists:
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Home Remedies and Lifestyle
Healthy lifestyle choices, like being active and watching what you eat, can play a role in helping to relieve symptoms of fibromyalgia.
Exercise
According to the American College of Rheumatology,exerciseis one of the most effective treatments for fibromyalgia.So even though your instincts may tell you not to move for fear of triggering pain, not moving will only make things worse.
By working within your limits and gradually building your strength and flexibility, you will progressively decrease your sensitivity to pain.Working on an exercise plan with your physical therapist is a great way to get started.
As an added bonus, exercise stimulates the production ofendorphins, hormones that not only have an analgesic effect but can also elevate your mood.
Healthy Diet and Weight Loss
Diet and weight lossare also important. Carrying excess weight adds to the structural burden on your muscles and joints. It also reduces the efficiency of your cardiovascular system and leaves you all the more tired and fatigued.
Taking steps to improve your diet improves your overall health, which in turn can help your symptoms. One small study showed that patients with fibromyalgia who adopted aFODMAP dietwere able to lose weight and improve their symptoms.
Alcohol, a depressant, should also be pared back and may even need to be avoided. It also can help toquit cigarettesas numerousstudieshave linked smoking to increased pain intensity and worse sleep in people with fibromyalgia.
Dietary Changes May HelpWhile there is no specific fibromyalgia “diet,” most healthcare providers will endorse a well-balanced diet plan comprised of:Fruits, vegetables, and whole grainsLow-fat dairy and lean proteinHealthy fats, such as olive oilAvoidance of caffeine, a central nervous system stimulantAvoidance of processed foods, fried foods, and refined sugar
Dietary Changes May Help
While there is no specific fibromyalgia “diet,” most healthcare providers will endorse a well-balanced diet plan comprised of:Fruits, vegetables, and whole grainsLow-fat dairy and lean proteinHealthy fats, such as olive oilAvoidance of caffeine, a central nervous system stimulantAvoidance of processed foods, fried foods, and refined sugar
While there is no specific fibromyalgia “diet,” most healthcare providers will endorse a well-balanced diet plan comprised of:
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
People faced with chronic diseases will often turn to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as a means to take charge of their physical, psychological, and spiritual health. This is especially true for a condition like fibromyalgia in which the cause is not fully understood.
If pursuing an alternative means of treatment, be sure to tell your healthcare provider about it to ensure that it neither interferes with your treatment (as herbal remedies likeSt. John’s Wortcan sometimes do) nor causes you any harm. The fact that something is “natural” doesn’t mean that is inherently safe.
Mind-Body Therapies
Among some of the more helpful mind-body practices:
Complementary Medications
Summary
Fibromyalgia is a complex condition for which there is no cure. However, treatments are available to help bring relief from pain symptoms, help you rest, and maintain a reasonable quality of life. Treatments include medications, exercise, diet and lifestyle changes, and even complementary therapies. Your healthcare provider can work with you to develop a plan to meet your personal goals and live well.
A Word From Verywell
Fibromyalgia is can be a frustrating condition because scientists still have much to learn about the disorder and how to treat it. Moreover, some fibromyalgia treatments work very well for some people and not at all for others.
To this end, you need to have patience and work with your healthcare provider to find the treatment or treatments that work best for you as an individual. Sometimes, it can seem like a process of trial and error, but, with persistence, you can tailor a holistic treatment plan based on your personal goals and lifestyle.
If you decide to explore complementary or alternative therapies, be sure to keep your healthcare provider in the loop so that they can track your response and monitor for any possible side effects or interactions.
Frequently Asked QuestionsIt is suspected that processed foods, sugar, gluten, and unhealthy fats can trigger fibromyalgia symptoms. However, there is limited scientific evidence to confirm that. Research suggests that eating a diet high in antioxidants and rich in magnesium, selenium, and vitamins D and B12 can ease symptoms.Either. Moist heat can help to relieve aches and stiffness associated with fibromyalgia pain, while ice can ease acute pain during flare-ups.Tylenol is recommended for over-the-counter pain relief with fibromyalgia. While Advil and Aleve can also relieve pain, they are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which carry a risk of gastric bleeding and other side effects.Fibromyalgia is not an inflammatory disease, so NSAIDs may not be as helpful as they are for other types of pain.It may. A small study published in 2018 found medical cannabis helped to ease fibromyalgia symptoms including pain, fatigue, and depression. During the course of the study, half of the participants were able to stop all other medications used for treating fibromyalgia symptoms.
It is suspected that processed foods, sugar, gluten, and unhealthy fats can trigger fibromyalgia symptoms. However, there is limited scientific evidence to confirm that. Research suggests that eating a diet high in antioxidants and rich in magnesium, selenium, and vitamins D and B12 can ease symptoms.
Either. Moist heat can help to relieve aches and stiffness associated with fibromyalgia pain, while ice can ease acute pain during flare-ups.
Tylenol is recommended for over-the-counter pain relief with fibromyalgia. While Advil and Aleve can also relieve pain, they are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which carry a risk of gastric bleeding and other side effects.Fibromyalgia is not an inflammatory disease, so NSAIDs may not be as helpful as they are for other types of pain.
Tylenol is recommended for over-the-counter pain relief with fibromyalgia. While Advil and Aleve can also relieve pain, they are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which carry a risk of gastric bleeding and other side effects.
Fibromyalgia is not an inflammatory disease, so NSAIDs may not be as helpful as they are for other types of pain.
It may. A small study published in 2018 found medical cannabis helped to ease fibromyalgia symptoms including pain, fatigue, and depression. During the course of the study, half of the participants were able to stop all other medications used for treating fibromyalgia symptoms.
22 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Kia S, Choy E.Update on treatment guideline in fibromyalgia syndrome with focus on pharmacology.Biomedicines. 2017;5(2):20. doi:10.3390/biomedicines5020020Hauser W, Wolfe F, Tolle T, Uceyler N, Sommer C.The role of antidepressants in the management of fibromyalgia syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.CNS Drugs. 2012;26(4):297-307. doi:10.2165/11598970-000000000-00000Santarsieri D, Schwartz TL.Antidepressant efficacy and side-effect burden: A quick guide for clinicians.Drugs Context. 2015;4:212290. doi:10.7573/dic.212290Moore RA, Derry S, Aldington D, Cole P, Wiffen PJ.Amitriptyline for fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Group, ed.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;2019(5). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011824Üçeyler N, Sommer C, Walitt B, Häuser W.Anticonvulsants for fibromyalgia. In: The Cochrane Collaboration, ed.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2013:CD010782. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010782MedlinePlus.Pregabalin.Lyrica Medication Guide. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Choy EH.The role of sleep in pain and fibromyalgia.Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2015;11(9):513-20. doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2015.56Pridgen WL, Duffy C, Gendreau JF, Gendreau RM.A famciclovir + celecoxib combination treatment is safe and efficacious in the treatment of fibromyalgia.J Pain Res. 2017;10:451-460. doi:10.2147/JPR.S127288European Medicines Agency.Flupirtine-containing medicines.Nijs J, Mannerkorpi K, Descheemaeker F, Van houdenhove B.Primary care physical therapy in people with fibromyalgia: Opportunities and boundaries within a monodisciplinary setting.Phys Ther. 2010;90(12):1815-22. doi:10.2522/ptj.20100046American College of Rheumatology.Fibromyalgia.Busch AJ, Webber SC, Brachaniec M, et al.Exercise therapy for fibromyalgia.Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2011;15(5):358-67. doi:10.1007/s11916-011-0214-2Okifuji A, Donaldson GW, Barck L, Fine PG.Relationship between fibromyalgia and obesity in pain, function, mood, and sleep.J Pain. 2010;11(12):1329-37. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2010.03.006Marum AP, Moreira C, Carus PT, Saraiva F, Guerreiro CS.A low fermentable oligo-di-mono-saccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet is a balanced therapy for fibromyalgia with nutritional and symptomatic benefits.Nutr Hosp. 2017;34(3):667. doi:10.20960/nh.703Goesling J, Brummett CM, Meraj TS, Moser SE, Hassett AL, Ditre JW.Associations between pain, current tobacco smoking, depression, and fibromyalgia status among treatment-seeking chronic pain patients.Pain Med. 2015;16(7):1433-1442. doi:10.1111/pme.12747Theadom A, Cropley M, Smith HE, Feigin VL, Mcpherson K.Mind and body therapy for fibromyalgia.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(8). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001980.pub3Casanueva B, Rodero B, Quintial C, Llorca J, González-Gay MA.Short-term efficacy of topical capsaicin therapy in severely affected fibromyalgia patients.Rheumatol Int. 2013;33(10):2665-2670.Weinberg-wolf H, Fagan NA, Anderson GM, Tringides M, Dal monte O, Chang SWC.The effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan on attention and central serotonin neurochemistry in the rhesus macaque.Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018;43(7):1589-1598. doi:10.1038/s41386-017-0003-7Habib G, Artul S.Medical cannabis for the treatment of fibromyalgia.JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology. 2018;24(5):255-258. doi:10.1097/RHU.0000000000000702Bjørklund G, Dadar M, Chirumbolo S, Aaseth J.Fibromyalgia and nutrition: Therapeutic possibilities?Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;103:531-538. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.056Habib G, Artul S.Medical cannabis for the treatment of fibromyalgia.J Clin Rheumatol. 2018;24(5):255-258. doi:10.1097/RHU.0000000000000702Additional ReadingNational Center on Complementary and Integrative Health.Mind and body practices for fibromyalgia: What the science says.Pridgen W, Duffy C, Gendreau J. et al.A famciclovir + celecoxib combination treatment is safe and efficacious in the treatment of fibromyalgia.Pain Res.2017;10:451-460. doi:10.2147/JPR.S127288.Sanam, K. and Choy, E.Update on treatment guideline in fibromyalgia syndrome with focus on pharmacology.Biomedicines. 2017; 5(2):20. doi:10.3390/biomedicines5020020.
22 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Kia S, Choy E.Update on treatment guideline in fibromyalgia syndrome with focus on pharmacology.Biomedicines. 2017;5(2):20. doi:10.3390/biomedicines5020020Hauser W, Wolfe F, Tolle T, Uceyler N, Sommer C.The role of antidepressants in the management of fibromyalgia syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.CNS Drugs. 2012;26(4):297-307. doi:10.2165/11598970-000000000-00000Santarsieri D, Schwartz TL.Antidepressant efficacy and side-effect burden: A quick guide for clinicians.Drugs Context. 2015;4:212290. doi:10.7573/dic.212290Moore RA, Derry S, Aldington D, Cole P, Wiffen PJ.Amitriptyline for fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Group, ed.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;2019(5). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011824Üçeyler N, Sommer C, Walitt B, Häuser W.Anticonvulsants for fibromyalgia. In: The Cochrane Collaboration, ed.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2013:CD010782. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010782MedlinePlus.Pregabalin.Lyrica Medication Guide. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Choy EH.The role of sleep in pain and fibromyalgia.Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2015;11(9):513-20. doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2015.56Pridgen WL, Duffy C, Gendreau JF, Gendreau RM.A famciclovir + celecoxib combination treatment is safe and efficacious in the treatment of fibromyalgia.J Pain Res. 2017;10:451-460. doi:10.2147/JPR.S127288European Medicines Agency.Flupirtine-containing medicines.Nijs J, Mannerkorpi K, Descheemaeker F, Van houdenhove B.Primary care physical therapy in people with fibromyalgia: Opportunities and boundaries within a monodisciplinary setting.Phys Ther. 2010;90(12):1815-22. doi:10.2522/ptj.20100046American College of Rheumatology.Fibromyalgia.Busch AJ, Webber SC, Brachaniec M, et al.Exercise therapy for fibromyalgia.Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2011;15(5):358-67. doi:10.1007/s11916-011-0214-2Okifuji A, Donaldson GW, Barck L, Fine PG.Relationship between fibromyalgia and obesity in pain, function, mood, and sleep.J Pain. 2010;11(12):1329-37. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2010.03.006Marum AP, Moreira C, Carus PT, Saraiva F, Guerreiro CS.A low fermentable oligo-di-mono-saccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet is a balanced therapy for fibromyalgia with nutritional and symptomatic benefits.Nutr Hosp. 2017;34(3):667. doi:10.20960/nh.703Goesling J, Brummett CM, Meraj TS, Moser SE, Hassett AL, Ditre JW.Associations between pain, current tobacco smoking, depression, and fibromyalgia status among treatment-seeking chronic pain patients.Pain Med. 2015;16(7):1433-1442. doi:10.1111/pme.12747Theadom A, Cropley M, Smith HE, Feigin VL, Mcpherson K.Mind and body therapy for fibromyalgia.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(8). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001980.pub3Casanueva B, Rodero B, Quintial C, Llorca J, González-Gay MA.Short-term efficacy of topical capsaicin therapy in severely affected fibromyalgia patients.Rheumatol Int. 2013;33(10):2665-2670.Weinberg-wolf H, Fagan NA, Anderson GM, Tringides M, Dal monte O, Chang SWC.The effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan on attention and central serotonin neurochemistry in the rhesus macaque.Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018;43(7):1589-1598. doi:10.1038/s41386-017-0003-7Habib G, Artul S.Medical cannabis for the treatment of fibromyalgia.JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology. 2018;24(5):255-258. doi:10.1097/RHU.0000000000000702Bjørklund G, Dadar M, Chirumbolo S, Aaseth J.Fibromyalgia and nutrition: Therapeutic possibilities?Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;103:531-538. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.056Habib G, Artul S.Medical cannabis for the treatment of fibromyalgia.J Clin Rheumatol. 2018;24(5):255-258. doi:10.1097/RHU.0000000000000702Additional ReadingNational Center on Complementary and Integrative Health.Mind and body practices for fibromyalgia: What the science says.Pridgen W, Duffy C, Gendreau J. et al.A famciclovir + celecoxib combination treatment is safe and efficacious in the treatment of fibromyalgia.Pain Res.2017;10:451-460. doi:10.2147/JPR.S127288.Sanam, K. and Choy, E.Update on treatment guideline in fibromyalgia syndrome with focus on pharmacology.Biomedicines. 2017; 5(2):20. doi:10.3390/biomedicines5020020.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Kia S, Choy E.Update on treatment guideline in fibromyalgia syndrome with focus on pharmacology.Biomedicines. 2017;5(2):20. doi:10.3390/biomedicines5020020Hauser W, Wolfe F, Tolle T, Uceyler N, Sommer C.The role of antidepressants in the management of fibromyalgia syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.CNS Drugs. 2012;26(4):297-307. doi:10.2165/11598970-000000000-00000Santarsieri D, Schwartz TL.Antidepressant efficacy and side-effect burden: A quick guide for clinicians.Drugs Context. 2015;4:212290. doi:10.7573/dic.212290Moore RA, Derry S, Aldington D, Cole P, Wiffen PJ.Amitriptyline for fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Group, ed.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;2019(5). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011824Üçeyler N, Sommer C, Walitt B, Häuser W.Anticonvulsants for fibromyalgia. In: The Cochrane Collaboration, ed.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2013:CD010782. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010782MedlinePlus.Pregabalin.Lyrica Medication Guide. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Choy EH.The role of sleep in pain and fibromyalgia.Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2015;11(9):513-20. doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2015.56Pridgen WL, Duffy C, Gendreau JF, Gendreau RM.A famciclovir + celecoxib combination treatment is safe and efficacious in the treatment of fibromyalgia.J Pain Res. 2017;10:451-460. doi:10.2147/JPR.S127288European Medicines Agency.Flupirtine-containing medicines.Nijs J, Mannerkorpi K, Descheemaeker F, Van houdenhove B.Primary care physical therapy in people with fibromyalgia: Opportunities and boundaries within a monodisciplinary setting.Phys Ther. 2010;90(12):1815-22. doi:10.2522/ptj.20100046American College of Rheumatology.Fibromyalgia.Busch AJ, Webber SC, Brachaniec M, et al.Exercise therapy for fibromyalgia.Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2011;15(5):358-67. doi:10.1007/s11916-011-0214-2Okifuji A, Donaldson GW, Barck L, Fine PG.Relationship between fibromyalgia and obesity in pain, function, mood, and sleep.J Pain. 2010;11(12):1329-37. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2010.03.006Marum AP, Moreira C, Carus PT, Saraiva F, Guerreiro CS.A low fermentable oligo-di-mono-saccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet is a balanced therapy for fibromyalgia with nutritional and symptomatic benefits.Nutr Hosp. 2017;34(3):667. doi:10.20960/nh.703Goesling J, Brummett CM, Meraj TS, Moser SE, Hassett AL, Ditre JW.Associations between pain, current tobacco smoking, depression, and fibromyalgia status among treatment-seeking chronic pain patients.Pain Med. 2015;16(7):1433-1442. doi:10.1111/pme.12747Theadom A, Cropley M, Smith HE, Feigin VL, Mcpherson K.Mind and body therapy for fibromyalgia.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(8). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001980.pub3Casanueva B, Rodero B, Quintial C, Llorca J, González-Gay MA.Short-term efficacy of topical capsaicin therapy in severely affected fibromyalgia patients.Rheumatol Int. 2013;33(10):2665-2670.Weinberg-wolf H, Fagan NA, Anderson GM, Tringides M, Dal monte O, Chang SWC.The effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan on attention and central serotonin neurochemistry in the rhesus macaque.Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018;43(7):1589-1598. doi:10.1038/s41386-017-0003-7Habib G, Artul S.Medical cannabis for the treatment of fibromyalgia.JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology. 2018;24(5):255-258. doi:10.1097/RHU.0000000000000702Bjørklund G, Dadar M, Chirumbolo S, Aaseth J.Fibromyalgia and nutrition: Therapeutic possibilities?Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;103:531-538. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.056Habib G, Artul S.Medical cannabis for the treatment of fibromyalgia.J Clin Rheumatol. 2018;24(5):255-258. doi:10.1097/RHU.0000000000000702
Kia S, Choy E.Update on treatment guideline in fibromyalgia syndrome with focus on pharmacology.Biomedicines. 2017;5(2):20. doi:10.3390/biomedicines5020020
Hauser W, Wolfe F, Tolle T, Uceyler N, Sommer C.The role of antidepressants in the management of fibromyalgia syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.CNS Drugs. 2012;26(4):297-307. doi:10.2165/11598970-000000000-00000
Santarsieri D, Schwartz TL.Antidepressant efficacy and side-effect burden: A quick guide for clinicians.Drugs Context. 2015;4:212290. doi:10.7573/dic.212290
Moore RA, Derry S, Aldington D, Cole P, Wiffen PJ.Amitriptyline for fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care Group, ed.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;2019(5). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011824
Üçeyler N, Sommer C, Walitt B, Häuser W.Anticonvulsants for fibromyalgia. In: The Cochrane Collaboration, ed.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2013:CD010782. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010782
MedlinePlus.Pregabalin.
Lyrica Medication Guide. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Choy EH.The role of sleep in pain and fibromyalgia.Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2015;11(9):513-20. doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2015.56
Pridgen WL, Duffy C, Gendreau JF, Gendreau RM.A famciclovir + celecoxib combination treatment is safe and efficacious in the treatment of fibromyalgia.J Pain Res. 2017;10:451-460. doi:10.2147/JPR.S127288
European Medicines Agency.Flupirtine-containing medicines.
Nijs J, Mannerkorpi K, Descheemaeker F, Van houdenhove B.Primary care physical therapy in people with fibromyalgia: Opportunities and boundaries within a monodisciplinary setting.Phys Ther. 2010;90(12):1815-22. doi:10.2522/ptj.20100046
American College of Rheumatology.Fibromyalgia.
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National Center on Complementary and Integrative Health.Mind and body practices for fibromyalgia: What the science says.
Pridgen W, Duffy C, Gendreau J. et al.A famciclovir + celecoxib combination treatment is safe and efficacious in the treatment of fibromyalgia.Pain Res.2017;10:451-460. doi:10.2147/JPR.S127288.
Sanam, K. and Choy, E.Update on treatment guideline in fibromyalgia syndrome with focus on pharmacology.Biomedicines. 2017; 5(2):20. doi:10.3390/biomedicines5020020.
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