Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhat Is High Blood Pressure?Timetable for Medication EffectsLifestyle ChangesDietUnderlying ConditionsWhen to See a Healthcare ProviderManaging Blood Pressure
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
What Is High Blood Pressure?
Timetable for Medication Effects
Lifestyle Changes
Diet
Underlying Conditions
When to See a Healthcare Provider
Managing Blood Pressure
Although mostblood pressure medicationsstart to work within hours of a dose, it can take weeks for blood pressure to fully stabilize to optimal levels. How long it takes for your blood pressure medication to work depends on several factors, including how high your blood pressure is, whether you smoke or drink alcohol, and other lifestyle choices.
Some research suggests that following a low-salt,DASH(Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet is as effective as blood pressure medication for some adults. And pairing your blood pressure medication with a DASH diet plan will likely lower your blood pressure faster than medication alone.
This article explains how long it takes for blood pressure medication to work, along with diet and lifestyle tips to help your blood pressure medication work faster.
Verywell / Mayya Agapova
High blood pressure(hypertension) develops when your heart has to pump blood through narrowed or blocked arteries with more force. As blood is pumped with more force, the pressure on the walls of your arteries increases, which can lead to serious damage throughout your body.
Systolic blood pressure—the top number in a blood pressure measurement—is the amount of pressure blood exerts on your artery walls with each heartbeat.Diastolic blood pressure—the bottom number—is the amount of pressure blood puts on your arteries between beats when the heart is at rest.
Systolic vs. Diastolic Blood Pressure
While many muscles work better when they have been working harder, the heart isn’t really one of those. Overworking your heart can result in hypertrophy, an overgrowth of muscle. This can lead to heart failure.
What’s Normal?Ideal blood pressure measurements can differ somewhat from person to person. Your healthcare provider will check your blood pressure and see if you fall within the normal range, or if your blood pressure is elevated. Measurements include:Normal blood pressure:less than 120/less than 80 millimeters of mercury (mmHg)At-risk/prehypertension:120–129/less than 80 mmHgHigh blood pressure/hypertension:130 or higher/80 or higher mmHg
What’s Normal?
Ideal blood pressure measurements can differ somewhat from person to person. Your healthcare provider will check your blood pressure and see if you fall within the normal range, or if your blood pressure is elevated. Measurements include:Normal blood pressure:less than 120/less than 80 millimeters of mercury (mmHg)At-risk/prehypertension:120–129/less than 80 mmHgHigh blood pressure/hypertension:130 or higher/80 or higher mmHg
Ideal blood pressure measurements can differ somewhat from person to person. Your healthcare provider will check your blood pressure and see if you fall within the normal range, or if your blood pressure is elevated. Measurements include:
Here’s How to Interpret Your Blood Pressure Chart
How Long Does It Take for Blood Pressure Medication to Work?
Most blood pressure medications start working within hours and continue to gradually improve blood pressure over time.
For example, the beta-blocker metoprolol tartrate (Lopressor) starts working within one hour of taking the oral tablet, with effects lasting about six to 12 hours depending on the dose.The full effects of the drug can be seen within a few weeks.
Similarly, the ACE inhibitorlisinopril(Zestril) starts working within one hour and reaches its peak effectiveness within six hours. It can also take two to four weeks of taking lisinopril for blood pressure to lower to an optimal range.
If you have severe symptoms from high blood pressure, your healthcare provider will probably have you admitted to the hospital, where you can receive medications that canlower your blood pressurealmost immediately, but this isn’t a good long-term strategy.
There are lifestyle factors that can increase your blood pressure—including obesity, a high-salt diet, and smoking. Modifying the risk factors that contribute to high blood pressure is another strategy that is usually used alongside medications to lower your blood pressure and prevent further cardiovascular disease.
Lower Your Levels Without Medication
While many people usemedicationsto lower their blood pressure, lifestyle changes are usually recommended too. Eating a healthy diet, maintaining your weight, and getting regular exercise are good ways to prevent high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease.
However, once you are diagnosed with hypertension, your treatment is likely to involve a combination of both lifestyle changes and medications.
A Word From VerywellBlood pressure medications are an important part of the management of high blood pressure and may take varying amounts of time to work. There are other important ways that you can directly influence your blood pressure, including with dietary changes, exercise, sleep, weight loss, quitting smoking, reducing alcohol intake, and stress reduction.—CHRISTOPHER LEE, MD, MEDICAL EXPERT BOARD
A Word From Verywell
Blood pressure medications are an important part of the management of high blood pressure and may take varying amounts of time to work. There are other important ways that you can directly influence your blood pressure, including with dietary changes, exercise, sleep, weight loss, quitting smoking, reducing alcohol intake, and stress reduction.—CHRISTOPHER LEE, MD, MEDICAL EXPERT BOARD
Blood pressure medications are an important part of the management of high blood pressure and may take varying amounts of time to work. There are other important ways that you can directly influence your blood pressure, including with dietary changes, exercise, sleep, weight loss, quitting smoking, reducing alcohol intake, and stress reduction.
—CHRISTOPHER LEE, MD, MEDICAL EXPERT BOARD
Dietary changescan have a big impact on your blood pressure. There are several types of diets that can help lower your blood pressure, including low-carbohydrate orMediterranean diets. One of the most effective steps you can take to lower your blood pressure with diet is to start a low-sodium, heart-healthy diet.
20 Types of Foods That Lower Blood Pressure
Exercise
You don’t have to be super fit to lower your blood pressure with exercise. In fact, even just increasing your heart rate with moderate exercise a few times a week can help.
Limiting Alcohol
Alcoholis known to cause blood pressure to increase, and you might be surprised at what the recommended limit is for daily alcohol intake. Recommendations are based generally on body size, but the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends no more than two drinks daily for men and one drink per day for women.
Can You Mix Alcohol With Blood Pressure Medication?Avoid drinking alcohol if you are taking blood pressure medication, particularly beta-blockers. Alcohol can send these medications into overdrive, causing a dangerous drop in blood pressure that can lead to dizziness, rapid heartbeat, and fainting.
Can You Mix Alcohol With Blood Pressure Medication?
Avoid drinking alcohol if you are taking blood pressure medication, particularly beta-blockers. Alcohol can send these medications into overdrive, causing a dangerous drop in blood pressure that can lead to dizziness, rapid heartbeat, and fainting.
Should You Drink Alcohol If You Have High Blood Pressure?
Quitting Smoking
Smoking cigarettesis associated with many negative health effects, and the formation of atherosclerosis—a narrowing of the arteries—is a big one.
Atherosclerosis is a major contributor to high blood pressure, and quitting smoking is just one of the ways that you can help prevent this condition and lower your blood pressure.
Reducing Sodium
According to the American Heart Association, people with hypertension who keep their sodium under 1,000 milligrams per day can effectively improve blood pressure and heart health.
Increasing Potassium
Taking potassium supplements or increasing the amount ofpotassiumyou include in your diet is one way to tackle high blood pressure.
Potassium supplements could be considered a medication, but you can also take in more potassium from foods like bananas, spinach, and broccoli. TheDASH dietis known for increasing your overall potassium intake.
Experts recommend aiming for 3,000–3,500 milligrams of potassium each day, but be careful about taking this in with supplements. Other conditions, like kidney disease, may not respond well to too much potassium.
Some blood pressure medications, specifically ACE inhibitors, can raise your potassium levels as well. Getting too much potassium can lead to dangerous heart rhythm problems and even cardiac arrest.
For this reason, if you are already taking blood pressure medication, you should not take potassium supplements unless your healthcare provider tells you to.
How Does Potassium Affect High Blood Pressure?
Reducing Stress
Getting enoughsleepand managing your stress can also have a positive impact on your blood pressure. Experts are just beginning to understand how important sleep andreducing stressare when it comes to preventing hypertension and heading off heart disease.
Sleep deprivation caused a significant increase in systolic blood pressure in participants in one study. Researchers highlight the importance of a focus on sleep and stress management when creating treatment plans for patients with hypertension.
Weight Loss
Being overweight is a risk factor for essentially every cardiovascular problem, including high blood pressure. Losing weight is often one of the first things your doctor will recommend when it comes toreducing blood pressurebecause it works. Losing just 10 pounds is enough to help lower your blood pressure.
Weight loss efforts in people with hypertension should focus on reducing the number of calories you consume while alsoincreasing exercise. These changes take time, but pounds lost have an almost direct and immediate effect on your blood pressure measurements.
In fact, an analysis of 25 research studies concluded that every 1 kilogram (2.2 pounds) of body weight lost leads to an approximately 1 mmHg decline in systolic blood pressure.
10 Signs That You Are at Risk of Stroke
Why Blood Pressure Is Still High on Medication
If you’re taking your blood pressure medication as prescribed and still have high blood pressure, there may be an underlying conditioncausing it. Health conditions that can cause high blood pressure include:
Sleep apnea:This is a sleeping problem where breathing stops for seconds at a time while sleeping. The drop in oxygen triggers reactions in the nervous system causing your heart rate to increase quickly and resulting in high blood pressure over time.
Kidney disease: Over time, untreated high blood pressure can lead to kidney disease and as kidney disease progresses or worsens, blood pressure increases further.
Renal artery stenosis:When plaque accumulates in the renal artery, it causes narrowing or blockage that leads to low oxygen supply to the kidney. The kidney responds to this in ways that lead to secreting more hormones that high blood pressure.
Coarctationof theaorta: The narrowing of the aorta forces the lower left heart chamber (the left ventricle) to work harder to push blood out, which causes blood pressure to rise.
Hormonal disorders:Conditions such ashypothyroidism,hyperthyroidism,Cushing’s disease, and adrenal gland disorders can cause disruptions in hormones that help regulate blood pressure.
Obesity:The way that obesity causes high blood pressure is complex and involves the nervous system, insulin resistance, changes to hormones that regulate blood pressure, and changes in kidney function.
Excessive alcohol intake:Over time excessive alcohol use can lead to the development of high blood pressure and other health conditions, such as liver disease, which also causes high blood pressure.
You should see a healthcare provider regularly for health screenings as part of a goodpreventive careprogram. Your healthcare provider can see trends developing with your blood pressure and other health factors and give you advice on how to head off serious problems.
If you don’t regularly see a healthcare provider and have a one-time high blood pressure reading, you should schedule an appointment with a healthcare provider for follow-up.
If you are experiencing symptoms like chestpainor dizziness, your blood pressure may be highly elevated and you should get emergency medical attention.
Ways to Manage Your Blood Pressure
If your blood pressure is rising gradually but not classified ashypertensionyet, making lifestyle changes can help prevent this condition and protect your heart health.
If you already have high blood pressure, you should see a healthcare provider. They will likely prescribe medication to lower your blood pressure immediately, then create a plan to help you achieve more long-term improvements. Treatment plans for high blood pressure usually focus on improving your overall health. These plans should include efforts like:
These changes won’t lower your blood pressure immediately the way medications will, but over time, your provider may be able toreduce or even stop medicationsif you can successfully lower your blood pressure with lifestyle changes.
Summary
Both prescription medications and lifestyle changes can help lower your blood pressure. Although most blood pressure medications begin to work within hours of your first dose, it can take weeks for them to fully take effect. There is no quick fix for high blood pressure, especially if you have other cardiovascular problems. Talk to your healthcare provider early about your risks and make sure to get regular health screenings.
Living With Hypertension
28 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Maris S, Williams J, Sun B, Brown S, Mitchell G, Conlin P.Interactions of the DASH diet with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.Curr Dev Nutr. 2019 Sep;3(9):1-7. doi:10.1093/cdn/nzz091Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.High blood pressure.Caturano A, Vetrano E, Galiero R, et al.Cardiac hypertrophy: From pathophysiological mechanisms to heart failure development.Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2022 May;23(5):165. doi:10.31083/j.rcm2305165Food and Drug Administration.Lopressor (metoprolol tartrate) tablet.K Health.How quickly does lisinopril lower blood pressure?.Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al.2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines.Hypertension.2017;71:e13–e115. doi:10.1161/HYP.0000000000000065National Institutes of Health.DASH eating plan.Juraschek SP, Miller ER, Weaver CM, Appel LJ.Effects of sodium reduction and the DASH diet in relation to baseline blood pressure.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;(23):2841–2848. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.10.011Huang G, Shi X, Gibson CA, Huang SC, Coudret NA, Ehlman MC.Controlled aerobic exercise training reduces resting blood pressure in sedentary older adults.Blood Press. 2013;22(6):386-94. doi:10.3109/08037051.2013.778003Pescatello L, MacDonald H, Lamberti L, Johnson B.Exercise for hypertension: A prescription update integrating existing recommendations with emerging research.Curr Hypertens Rep. 2015 Sep;17(11):87. doi:10.1007/s11906-015-0600-yCenters for Disease Control and Prevention.Preventing high blood pressure.Roerecke M, Kaczorowski J, Tobe S, Gmel G, Hasan O, Rehm J.The effect of a reduction in alcohol consumption on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Lancet Pub Health. 2017 Feb;2(2):108-120. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30003-8K Health.Beta-blockers and alcohol: Is it safe to mix?.Gallucci G, Tartarone A, Lerose R, Lalinga A, Capobianco A.Cardiovascular risk of smoking and benefits of smoking cessation.J Thorac Dis. 2020 Jul;12(7):3866-3876. doi:10.21037/jtd.2020.02.47American Heart Association.Shaking the salt habit to lower high blood pressure.Harvard Health.Should I take a potassium supplement?.Farias A, de Lima Cavalcanti M, de Passos Junior M, del Vechio Koike B.The association between sleep deprivation and arterial pressure variations: A systematic literature review.Sleep Med X. 2022 Dec;4(1):100042. doi:10.1016/j.sleepx.2022.100042American Heart Association.Managing weight to control high blood pressure.Sabaka P, Dukat A, Gajdosik J, Bendzala M, Caprnda M, Simko F.The effects of body weight loss and gain on arterial hypertension control: An observational prospective study.Eur J Med Res. 2017 Oct;22(1):43. doi:10.1186/s40001-017-0286-5American Heart Association.Resistant hypertension - high blood pressure that’s hard to treat.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Resistant hypertension.Ruzicka M, Knoll G, Leenen FHH, Leech J, Aaron SD, Hiremath S.Effects of CPAP on Blood Pressure and Sympathetic Activity in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus, Chronic Kidney Disease, and Resistant Hypertension.CJC Open. 2020;2(4):258-264. Published 2020 Mar 27. doi:10.1016/j.cjco.2020.03.010National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.High blood pressure and kidney disease.Penn Medicine.Renovascular hypertension.Law MA, Tivakaran VS.Coarctation of the Aorta. National Library of Medicine StatPearls.Koch C, Papadopoulou-Marketou N, Chrousos GP.Overview of Endocrine Hypertension. National Library of Medicine.Shariq OA, McKenzie TJ.Obesity-related hypertension: a review of pathophysiology, management, and the role of metabolic surgery.Gland Surg. 2020;9(1):80-93. doi:10.21037/gs.2019.12.03Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Alcohol use and your health.
28 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Maris S, Williams J, Sun B, Brown S, Mitchell G, Conlin P.Interactions of the DASH diet with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.Curr Dev Nutr. 2019 Sep;3(9):1-7. doi:10.1093/cdn/nzz091Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.High blood pressure.Caturano A, Vetrano E, Galiero R, et al.Cardiac hypertrophy: From pathophysiological mechanisms to heart failure development.Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2022 May;23(5):165. doi:10.31083/j.rcm2305165Food and Drug Administration.Lopressor (metoprolol tartrate) tablet.K Health.How quickly does lisinopril lower blood pressure?.Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al.2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines.Hypertension.2017;71:e13–e115. doi:10.1161/HYP.0000000000000065National Institutes of Health.DASH eating plan.Juraschek SP, Miller ER, Weaver CM, Appel LJ.Effects of sodium reduction and the DASH diet in relation to baseline blood pressure.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;(23):2841–2848. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.10.011Huang G, Shi X, Gibson CA, Huang SC, Coudret NA, Ehlman MC.Controlled aerobic exercise training reduces resting blood pressure in sedentary older adults.Blood Press. 2013;22(6):386-94. doi:10.3109/08037051.2013.778003Pescatello L, MacDonald H, Lamberti L, Johnson B.Exercise for hypertension: A prescription update integrating existing recommendations with emerging research.Curr Hypertens Rep. 2015 Sep;17(11):87. doi:10.1007/s11906-015-0600-yCenters for Disease Control and Prevention.Preventing high blood pressure.Roerecke M, Kaczorowski J, Tobe S, Gmel G, Hasan O, Rehm J.The effect of a reduction in alcohol consumption on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Lancet Pub Health. 2017 Feb;2(2):108-120. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30003-8K Health.Beta-blockers and alcohol: Is it safe to mix?.Gallucci G, Tartarone A, Lerose R, Lalinga A, Capobianco A.Cardiovascular risk of smoking and benefits of smoking cessation.J Thorac Dis. 2020 Jul;12(7):3866-3876. doi:10.21037/jtd.2020.02.47American Heart Association.Shaking the salt habit to lower high blood pressure.Harvard Health.Should I take a potassium supplement?.Farias A, de Lima Cavalcanti M, de Passos Junior M, del Vechio Koike B.The association between sleep deprivation and arterial pressure variations: A systematic literature review.Sleep Med X. 2022 Dec;4(1):100042. doi:10.1016/j.sleepx.2022.100042American Heart Association.Managing weight to control high blood pressure.Sabaka P, Dukat A, Gajdosik J, Bendzala M, Caprnda M, Simko F.The effects of body weight loss and gain on arterial hypertension control: An observational prospective study.Eur J Med Res. 2017 Oct;22(1):43. doi:10.1186/s40001-017-0286-5American Heart Association.Resistant hypertension - high blood pressure that’s hard to treat.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Resistant hypertension.Ruzicka M, Knoll G, Leenen FHH, Leech J, Aaron SD, Hiremath S.Effects of CPAP on Blood Pressure and Sympathetic Activity in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus, Chronic Kidney Disease, and Resistant Hypertension.CJC Open. 2020;2(4):258-264. Published 2020 Mar 27. doi:10.1016/j.cjco.2020.03.010National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.High blood pressure and kidney disease.Penn Medicine.Renovascular hypertension.Law MA, Tivakaran VS.Coarctation of the Aorta. National Library of Medicine StatPearls.Koch C, Papadopoulou-Marketou N, Chrousos GP.Overview of Endocrine Hypertension. National Library of Medicine.Shariq OA, McKenzie TJ.Obesity-related hypertension: a review of pathophysiology, management, and the role of metabolic surgery.Gland Surg. 2020;9(1):80-93. doi:10.21037/gs.2019.12.03Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Alcohol use and your health.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Maris S, Williams J, Sun B, Brown S, Mitchell G, Conlin P.Interactions of the DASH diet with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.Curr Dev Nutr. 2019 Sep;3(9):1-7. doi:10.1093/cdn/nzz091Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.High blood pressure.Caturano A, Vetrano E, Galiero R, et al.Cardiac hypertrophy: From pathophysiological mechanisms to heart failure development.Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2022 May;23(5):165. doi:10.31083/j.rcm2305165Food and Drug Administration.Lopressor (metoprolol tartrate) tablet.K Health.How quickly does lisinopril lower blood pressure?.Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al.2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines.Hypertension.2017;71:e13–e115. doi:10.1161/HYP.0000000000000065National Institutes of Health.DASH eating plan.Juraschek SP, Miller ER, Weaver CM, Appel LJ.Effects of sodium reduction and the DASH diet in relation to baseline blood pressure.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;(23):2841–2848. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.10.011Huang G, Shi X, Gibson CA, Huang SC, Coudret NA, Ehlman MC.Controlled aerobic exercise training reduces resting blood pressure in sedentary older adults.Blood Press. 2013;22(6):386-94. doi:10.3109/08037051.2013.778003Pescatello L, MacDonald H, Lamberti L, Johnson B.Exercise for hypertension: A prescription update integrating existing recommendations with emerging research.Curr Hypertens Rep. 2015 Sep;17(11):87. doi:10.1007/s11906-015-0600-yCenters for Disease Control and Prevention.Preventing high blood pressure.Roerecke M, Kaczorowski J, Tobe S, Gmel G, Hasan O, Rehm J.The effect of a reduction in alcohol consumption on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Lancet Pub Health. 2017 Feb;2(2):108-120. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30003-8K Health.Beta-blockers and alcohol: Is it safe to mix?.Gallucci G, Tartarone A, Lerose R, Lalinga A, Capobianco A.Cardiovascular risk of smoking and benefits of smoking cessation.J Thorac Dis. 2020 Jul;12(7):3866-3876. doi:10.21037/jtd.2020.02.47American Heart Association.Shaking the salt habit to lower high blood pressure.Harvard Health.Should I take a potassium supplement?.Farias A, de Lima Cavalcanti M, de Passos Junior M, del Vechio Koike B.The association between sleep deprivation and arterial pressure variations: A systematic literature review.Sleep Med X. 2022 Dec;4(1):100042. doi:10.1016/j.sleepx.2022.100042American Heart Association.Managing weight to control high blood pressure.Sabaka P, Dukat A, Gajdosik J, Bendzala M, Caprnda M, Simko F.The effects of body weight loss and gain on arterial hypertension control: An observational prospective study.Eur J Med Res. 2017 Oct;22(1):43. doi:10.1186/s40001-017-0286-5American Heart Association.Resistant hypertension - high blood pressure that’s hard to treat.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Resistant hypertension.Ruzicka M, Knoll G, Leenen FHH, Leech J, Aaron SD, Hiremath S.Effects of CPAP on Blood Pressure and Sympathetic Activity in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus, Chronic Kidney Disease, and Resistant Hypertension.CJC Open. 2020;2(4):258-264. Published 2020 Mar 27. doi:10.1016/j.cjco.2020.03.010National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.High blood pressure and kidney disease.Penn Medicine.Renovascular hypertension.Law MA, Tivakaran VS.Coarctation of the Aorta. National Library of Medicine StatPearls.Koch C, Papadopoulou-Marketou N, Chrousos GP.Overview of Endocrine Hypertension. National Library of Medicine.Shariq OA, McKenzie TJ.Obesity-related hypertension: a review of pathophysiology, management, and the role of metabolic surgery.Gland Surg. 2020;9(1):80-93. doi:10.21037/gs.2019.12.03Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Alcohol use and your health.
Maris S, Williams J, Sun B, Brown S, Mitchell G, Conlin P.Interactions of the DASH diet with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.Curr Dev Nutr. 2019 Sep;3(9):1-7. doi:10.1093/cdn/nzz091
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.High blood pressure.
Caturano A, Vetrano E, Galiero R, et al.Cardiac hypertrophy: From pathophysiological mechanisms to heart failure development.Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2022 May;23(5):165. doi:10.31083/j.rcm2305165
Food and Drug Administration.Lopressor (metoprolol tartrate) tablet.
K Health.How quickly does lisinopril lower blood pressure?.
Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al.2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines.Hypertension.2017;71:e13–e115. doi:10.1161/HYP.0000000000000065
National Institutes of Health.DASH eating plan.
Juraschek SP, Miller ER, Weaver CM, Appel LJ.Effects of sodium reduction and the DASH diet in relation to baseline blood pressure.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;(23):2841–2848. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.10.011
Huang G, Shi X, Gibson CA, Huang SC, Coudret NA, Ehlman MC.Controlled aerobic exercise training reduces resting blood pressure in sedentary older adults.Blood Press. 2013;22(6):386-94. doi:10.3109/08037051.2013.778003
Pescatello L, MacDonald H, Lamberti L, Johnson B.Exercise for hypertension: A prescription update integrating existing recommendations with emerging research.Curr Hypertens Rep. 2015 Sep;17(11):87. doi:10.1007/s11906-015-0600-y
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Preventing high blood pressure.
Roerecke M, Kaczorowski J, Tobe S, Gmel G, Hasan O, Rehm J.The effect of a reduction in alcohol consumption on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Lancet Pub Health. 2017 Feb;2(2):108-120. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30003-8
K Health.Beta-blockers and alcohol: Is it safe to mix?.
Gallucci G, Tartarone A, Lerose R, Lalinga A, Capobianco A.Cardiovascular risk of smoking and benefits of smoking cessation.J Thorac Dis. 2020 Jul;12(7):3866-3876. doi:10.21037/jtd.2020.02.47
American Heart Association.Shaking the salt habit to lower high blood pressure.
Harvard Health.Should I take a potassium supplement?.
Farias A, de Lima Cavalcanti M, de Passos Junior M, del Vechio Koike B.The association between sleep deprivation and arterial pressure variations: A systematic literature review.Sleep Med X. 2022 Dec;4(1):100042. doi:10.1016/j.sleepx.2022.100042
American Heart Association.Managing weight to control high blood pressure.
Sabaka P, Dukat A, Gajdosik J, Bendzala M, Caprnda M, Simko F.The effects of body weight loss and gain on arterial hypertension control: An observational prospective study.Eur J Med Res. 2017 Oct;22(1):43. doi:10.1186/s40001-017-0286-5
American Heart Association.Resistant hypertension - high blood pressure that’s hard to treat.
Johns Hopkins Medicine.Resistant hypertension.
Ruzicka M, Knoll G, Leenen FHH, Leech J, Aaron SD, Hiremath S.Effects of CPAP on Blood Pressure and Sympathetic Activity in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus, Chronic Kidney Disease, and Resistant Hypertension.CJC Open. 2020;2(4):258-264. Published 2020 Mar 27. doi:10.1016/j.cjco.2020.03.010
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.High blood pressure and kidney disease.
Penn Medicine.Renovascular hypertension.
Law MA, Tivakaran VS.Coarctation of the Aorta. National Library of Medicine StatPearls.
Koch C, Papadopoulou-Marketou N, Chrousos GP.Overview of Endocrine Hypertension. National Library of Medicine.
Shariq OA, McKenzie TJ.Obesity-related hypertension: a review of pathophysiology, management, and the role of metabolic surgery.Gland Surg. 2020;9(1):80-93. doi:10.21037/gs.2019.12.03
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Alcohol use and your health.
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