Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhat Is Neurotherapy?Who Neurotherapy HelpsProcessTypesOutcomesWarningsProviders
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
What Is Neurotherapy?
Who Neurotherapy Helps
Process
Types
Outcomes
Warnings
Providers
Neurotherapy technology and methods aren’t set in stone. Because neurotechnology is constantly evolving and still experimental, treatments and procedures are also ever-changing.
Read on to learn more about this therapeutic technique, the conditions it treats, and warnings.
William Taufic / Getty Images
Neurotherapy uses neurotechnology for therapeutic application. It uses a person’s brainwave activity to help them understand how they can self-regulate their state of mind to address mental health conditions, headaches, sleep disorders, substance use disorders, and more.
There are two primary forms of neurotherapy: neurofeedback, which uses the brain’s waves to teach patients to regulate, and neurostimulation, which uses magnetic or electrical impulses to alter brainwaves.
Neurotherapy is used to treat a wide range of conditions, such as:
Neurotherapy can be used for people who don’t respond to pharmaceutical treatment as a supplemental or alternative way to treat a condition.
History of NeurotherapyIn 1962, Dr. Joe Kamiya identified that people could self-regulate their alpha brainwave rhythms in the presence of neurofeedback.The earliest form of neurotherapy waselectroencephalogram(EEG) biofeedback. EEG neurofeedback was first used during the 1970s.
History of Neurotherapy
In 1962, Dr. Joe Kamiya identified that people could self-regulate their alpha brainwave rhythms in the presence of neurofeedback.The earliest form of neurotherapy waselectroencephalogram(EEG) biofeedback. EEG neurofeedback was first used during the 1970s.
How Neurotherapy Works
Neurofeedback and neurostimulation work in different ways.
Neurofeedback
Duringneurofeedbacktraining, real-time brain activity is monitored using technological tools such aselectroencephalography(EEG-NF) or functionalmagnetic resonance imaging(fMRI-NF). With practice, neurofeedback teaches people how to self-regulate their brainwave activity. Over time, neurofeedback may also “rewire” the brain.
For example, alpha brainwaves are associated with a calm and relaxed state of mind, whereas beta brainwaves are associated with attention and focus. So, if lowering anxiety is the goal, neurotherapy teaches someone how to create alpha brainwaves on demand. Conversely, to address ADHD symptoms, someone would practice creating beta brainwaves.
During a session, a patient sits comfortably with electrodes attached painlessly to the scalp, measuring their brainwaves. The patient is asked to perform some simple tasks, and based on the brain’s waves, there is positive feedback to reinforce the desired outcome.
Neurostimulation
Neurostimulationtherapies use low-voltage electromagnetic or direct electric currents to modify brain activity and stimulate specific brain regions.Non-invasive neurostimulation devices such astranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are placed above the head and do not penetrate the skin.
TMS might feel like tapping on the area of the scalp that is being targeted. tDCS feels a little like tingling or warmth in the area that is being stimulated.
Although some neurotherapeutic stimulation devices are implanted during surgery, most are non-invasive and portable.
There are several types of neurotherapy available.
Types of neurostimulation or neuromodulation include:
Some types of neurofeedback are:
In addition to neurofeedback and neurostimulation devices, researchers at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) have developed a first-of-its-kind video game calledNeuroRacerthat is FDA-approved to treat ADHD in children ages 8 to 12.
What Is the FDA’s Breakthrough Devices Program?The U.S. Food and Drug Administration’sBreakthrough Devices Programfast-tracks the development of specific medical devices and neurotechnologies without compromising the agency’s commitment to promote and protect public health.
What Is the FDA’s Breakthrough Devices Program?
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration’sBreakthrough Devices Programfast-tracks the development of specific medical devices and neurotechnologies without compromising the agency’s commitment to promote and protect public health.
What Research Says About Neurotherapy
Researchers note that more evidence is needed to recommend neurotherapies as a first line of treatment. However, there is demonstrated value as a complementary or alternative therapy, meaning some of these therapies should not be used as the first line of treatment.For example, in a patient with anxiety, there is far more evidence for treatments likecognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)than for neurofeedback, so evidence-based medicine would indicate that CBT should be the first line of treatment.
Costs of NeurotherapyCosts for different neurotherapy treatments can vary widely depending on the treatment and where in the country you live. Some insurance will cover treatments like TMS. For others, a session can cost anywhere from $100-$300 and often at least 10 sessions are recommended.
Costs of Neurotherapy
Costs for different neurotherapy treatments can vary widely depending on the treatment and where in the country you live. Some insurance will cover treatments like TMS. For others, a session can cost anywhere from $100-$300 and often at least 10 sessions are recommended.
Although the earliest neurofeedback studies were conducted over a half-century ago, there’s still much debate about the legitimacy of many types of neurotherapy. There aren’t enough studies to be confident that every type of neurotherapy will have reliably positive outcomes.
A few studies have been done examining whether neurotherapy, particularly a game called NeuroRacer, can help patients with Alzheimer’s or dementia. While more research needs to be done, the data gathered so far is not compelling enough to come to any conclusions.In the case of NeuroRacer, which is a driving-based video game once thought to enhance cognitive function, any benefit is short-lived and unsustainable.
Most neurofeedback treatments are well-tolerated and low-risk. Neurostimulation procedures requiring surgery or anesthesia carry more risk.Always ensure that any neurostimulation device you use is FDA-approved, and speak with a healthcare provider about potential risks.
Be wary of products making lofty promises or overhyping the effectiveness of any direct-to-consumer neurotechnology sold for in-home use.Many of these products may be potentially dangerous.
Who to Ask About Neurotherapy
Locating a ProviderThe International Society for Neurofeedback & Research (ISNR) is a non-profit organization dedicated to advancing the use of neurotherapy to help people optimize brain function and improve symptoms of neurological or mental health disorders. ISNR has a searchable “Find a Provider” directory on its website.
Locating a Provider
The International Society for Neurofeedback & Research (ISNR) is a non-profit organization dedicated to advancing the use of neurotherapy to help people optimize brain function and improve symptoms of neurological or mental health disorders. ISNR has a searchable “Find a Provider” directory on its website.
Summary
Device-based neurotherapy is a growing field of therapeutics. It can help people improve brain function instead of or in conjunction with medications.
Neurofeedback is based on the principle that you can consciously alter the electrical activity in your brain. Neurostimulation uses neurotechnology to stimulate targeted brain areas with electricity.
The FDA’s breakthrough device program fast-tracks the development of pioneering technologies that have the potential to improve how our minds and brains work.
21 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Marzbani H, Marateb HR, Mansourian M.Neurofeedback: a comprehensive review on system design, methodology and clinical applications.Basic Clin Neurosci. 2016;7(2):143-158. doi:10.15412/J.BCN.03070208Marzbani H, Marateb H, Mansourian M.Methodological note: neurofeedback: a comprehensive review on system design, methodology and clinical applications.BCN. 2016;7(2). doi:10.15412/J.BCN.03070208Van Doren J, Arns M, Heinrich H, Vollebregt MA, Strehl U, Loo SK.Sustained effects of neurofeedback in ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019;28(3):293-305. doi:10.1007/s00787-018-1121-4White EK, Groeneveld KM, Tittle RK, et al.Combined neurofeedback and heart rate variability training for individuals with symptoms of anxiety and depression: a retrospective study.NR. 2017;4(1):37-55. doi:10.15540/nr.4.1.37van der Kolk BA, Hodgdon H, Gapen M, et al.A randomized controlled study of neurofeedback for chronic ptsd.PLoS ONE. 2016;11(12):e0166752. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166752Gabrielsen KB, Clausen T, Haugland SH, Hollup SA, Vederhus JK. Infralow neurofeedback in the treatment of substance use disorders: a randomized controlled trial.J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2022;47(3):E222-E229. doi:10.1503/jpn.210202Frederick JA.Psychophysics of EEG alpha state discrimination.Consciousness and Cognition. 2012;21(3):1345-1354. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2012.06.009Papoutsi M, Weiskopf N, Langbehn D, Reilmann R, Rees G, Tabrizi SJ.Stimulating neural plasticity with real-time fMRI neurofeedback in Huntington’s disease: a proof of concept study.Hum Brain Mapp. 2018;39(3):1339-1353. doi:10.1002/hbm.23921Edwards CA, Kouzani A, Lee KH, Ross EK.Neurostimulation devices for the treatment of neurologic disorders.Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2017;92(9):1427-1444. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.05.005Harvard Health Publishing.Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): Hope for stubborn depression.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Electroconvulsive therapy today.Klöbl M, Prillinger K, Diehm R, et al.Individual brain regulation as learned via neurofeedback is related to affective changes in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder.Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2023;17(1):6. doi:10.1186/s13034-022-00549-9U.S. Food and Drug Administration.FDA permits marketing of first game-based digital therapeutic to improve attention function in children with ADHD.Lamb DG, Porges EC, Lewis GF, Williamson JB.Non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation effects on hyperarousal and autonomic state in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder and history of mild traumatic brain injury: preliminary evidence.Front Med. 2017;4:124. doi:10.3389/fmed.2017.00124Georgia Tech.GammaCore non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) receives breakthrough device designation for treatment of PTSD.Nagappan A, Kalokairinou L, Wexler A.Ethical and legal considerations of alternative neurotherapies.AJOB neuroscience. 2021;12(4):257. doi:10.1080/21507740.2021.1896601David D, Cristea I, Hofmann SG.Why cognitive behavioral therapy is the current gold standard of psychotherapy.Front Psychiatry. 2018;9. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00004Trambaiolli LR, Cassani R, Mehler DMA, Falk TH.Neurofeedback and the aging brain: a systematic review of training protocols for dementia and mild cognitive impairment.Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:682683. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.682683Anguera JA, Schachtner JN, Simon AJ, et al.Long-term maintenance of multitasking abilities following video game training in older adults.Neurobiol Aging. 2021;103:22-30. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.02.023Lerner AJ, Wassermann EM, Tamir DI.Seizures from transcranial magnetic stimulation 2012–2016: Results of a survey of active laboratories and clinics.Clin Neurophysiol. 2019;130(8):1409-1416. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2019.03.016Coates McCall I, Lau C, Minielly N, Illes J.Owning ethical innovation: claims about commercial wearable brain technologies.Neuron. 2019;102(4):728-731. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.026
21 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Marzbani H, Marateb HR, Mansourian M.Neurofeedback: a comprehensive review on system design, methodology and clinical applications.Basic Clin Neurosci. 2016;7(2):143-158. doi:10.15412/J.BCN.03070208Marzbani H, Marateb H, Mansourian M.Methodological note: neurofeedback: a comprehensive review on system design, methodology and clinical applications.BCN. 2016;7(2). doi:10.15412/J.BCN.03070208Van Doren J, Arns M, Heinrich H, Vollebregt MA, Strehl U, Loo SK.Sustained effects of neurofeedback in ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019;28(3):293-305. doi:10.1007/s00787-018-1121-4White EK, Groeneveld KM, Tittle RK, et al.Combined neurofeedback and heart rate variability training for individuals with symptoms of anxiety and depression: a retrospective study.NR. 2017;4(1):37-55. doi:10.15540/nr.4.1.37van der Kolk BA, Hodgdon H, Gapen M, et al.A randomized controlled study of neurofeedback for chronic ptsd.PLoS ONE. 2016;11(12):e0166752. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166752Gabrielsen KB, Clausen T, Haugland SH, Hollup SA, Vederhus JK. Infralow neurofeedback in the treatment of substance use disorders: a randomized controlled trial.J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2022;47(3):E222-E229. doi:10.1503/jpn.210202Frederick JA.Psychophysics of EEG alpha state discrimination.Consciousness and Cognition. 2012;21(3):1345-1354. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2012.06.009Papoutsi M, Weiskopf N, Langbehn D, Reilmann R, Rees G, Tabrizi SJ.Stimulating neural plasticity with real-time fMRI neurofeedback in Huntington’s disease: a proof of concept study.Hum Brain Mapp. 2018;39(3):1339-1353. doi:10.1002/hbm.23921Edwards CA, Kouzani A, Lee KH, Ross EK.Neurostimulation devices for the treatment of neurologic disorders.Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2017;92(9):1427-1444. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.05.005Harvard Health Publishing.Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): Hope for stubborn depression.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Electroconvulsive therapy today.Klöbl M, Prillinger K, Diehm R, et al.Individual brain regulation as learned via neurofeedback is related to affective changes in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder.Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2023;17(1):6. doi:10.1186/s13034-022-00549-9U.S. Food and Drug Administration.FDA permits marketing of first game-based digital therapeutic to improve attention function in children with ADHD.Lamb DG, Porges EC, Lewis GF, Williamson JB.Non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation effects on hyperarousal and autonomic state in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder and history of mild traumatic brain injury: preliminary evidence.Front Med. 2017;4:124. doi:10.3389/fmed.2017.00124Georgia Tech.GammaCore non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) receives breakthrough device designation for treatment of PTSD.Nagappan A, Kalokairinou L, Wexler A.Ethical and legal considerations of alternative neurotherapies.AJOB neuroscience. 2021;12(4):257. doi:10.1080/21507740.2021.1896601David D, Cristea I, Hofmann SG.Why cognitive behavioral therapy is the current gold standard of psychotherapy.Front Psychiatry. 2018;9. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00004Trambaiolli LR, Cassani R, Mehler DMA, Falk TH.Neurofeedback and the aging brain: a systematic review of training protocols for dementia and mild cognitive impairment.Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:682683. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.682683Anguera JA, Schachtner JN, Simon AJ, et al.Long-term maintenance of multitasking abilities following video game training in older adults.Neurobiol Aging. 2021;103:22-30. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.02.023Lerner AJ, Wassermann EM, Tamir DI.Seizures from transcranial magnetic stimulation 2012–2016: Results of a survey of active laboratories and clinics.Clin Neurophysiol. 2019;130(8):1409-1416. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2019.03.016Coates McCall I, Lau C, Minielly N, Illes J.Owning ethical innovation: claims about commercial wearable brain technologies.Neuron. 2019;102(4):728-731. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.026
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Marzbani H, Marateb HR, Mansourian M.Neurofeedback: a comprehensive review on system design, methodology and clinical applications.Basic Clin Neurosci. 2016;7(2):143-158. doi:10.15412/J.BCN.03070208Marzbani H, Marateb H, Mansourian M.Methodological note: neurofeedback: a comprehensive review on system design, methodology and clinical applications.BCN. 2016;7(2). doi:10.15412/J.BCN.03070208Van Doren J, Arns M, Heinrich H, Vollebregt MA, Strehl U, Loo SK.Sustained effects of neurofeedback in ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019;28(3):293-305. doi:10.1007/s00787-018-1121-4White EK, Groeneveld KM, Tittle RK, et al.Combined neurofeedback and heart rate variability training for individuals with symptoms of anxiety and depression: a retrospective study.NR. 2017;4(1):37-55. doi:10.15540/nr.4.1.37van der Kolk BA, Hodgdon H, Gapen M, et al.A randomized controlled study of neurofeedback for chronic ptsd.PLoS ONE. 2016;11(12):e0166752. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166752Gabrielsen KB, Clausen T, Haugland SH, Hollup SA, Vederhus JK. Infralow neurofeedback in the treatment of substance use disorders: a randomized controlled trial.J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2022;47(3):E222-E229. doi:10.1503/jpn.210202Frederick JA.Psychophysics of EEG alpha state discrimination.Consciousness and Cognition. 2012;21(3):1345-1354. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2012.06.009Papoutsi M, Weiskopf N, Langbehn D, Reilmann R, Rees G, Tabrizi SJ.Stimulating neural plasticity with real-time fMRI neurofeedback in Huntington’s disease: a proof of concept study.Hum Brain Mapp. 2018;39(3):1339-1353. doi:10.1002/hbm.23921Edwards CA, Kouzani A, Lee KH, Ross EK.Neurostimulation devices for the treatment of neurologic disorders.Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2017;92(9):1427-1444. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.05.005Harvard Health Publishing.Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): Hope for stubborn depression.Johns Hopkins Medicine.Electroconvulsive therapy today.Klöbl M, Prillinger K, Diehm R, et al.Individual brain regulation as learned via neurofeedback is related to affective changes in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder.Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2023;17(1):6. doi:10.1186/s13034-022-00549-9U.S. Food and Drug Administration.FDA permits marketing of first game-based digital therapeutic to improve attention function in children with ADHD.Lamb DG, Porges EC, Lewis GF, Williamson JB.Non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation effects on hyperarousal and autonomic state in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder and history of mild traumatic brain injury: preliminary evidence.Front Med. 2017;4:124. doi:10.3389/fmed.2017.00124Georgia Tech.GammaCore non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) receives breakthrough device designation for treatment of PTSD.Nagappan A, Kalokairinou L, Wexler A.Ethical and legal considerations of alternative neurotherapies.AJOB neuroscience. 2021;12(4):257. doi:10.1080/21507740.2021.1896601David D, Cristea I, Hofmann SG.Why cognitive behavioral therapy is the current gold standard of psychotherapy.Front Psychiatry. 2018;9. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00004Trambaiolli LR, Cassani R, Mehler DMA, Falk TH.Neurofeedback and the aging brain: a systematic review of training protocols for dementia and mild cognitive impairment.Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:682683. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.682683Anguera JA, Schachtner JN, Simon AJ, et al.Long-term maintenance of multitasking abilities following video game training in older adults.Neurobiol Aging. 2021;103:22-30. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.02.023Lerner AJ, Wassermann EM, Tamir DI.Seizures from transcranial magnetic stimulation 2012–2016: Results of a survey of active laboratories and clinics.Clin Neurophysiol. 2019;130(8):1409-1416. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2019.03.016Coates McCall I, Lau C, Minielly N, Illes J.Owning ethical innovation: claims about commercial wearable brain technologies.Neuron. 2019;102(4):728-731. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.026
Marzbani H, Marateb HR, Mansourian M.Neurofeedback: a comprehensive review on system design, methodology and clinical applications.Basic Clin Neurosci. 2016;7(2):143-158. doi:10.15412/J.BCN.03070208
Marzbani H, Marateb H, Mansourian M.Methodological note: neurofeedback: a comprehensive review on system design, methodology and clinical applications.BCN. 2016;7(2). doi:10.15412/J.BCN.03070208
Van Doren J, Arns M, Heinrich H, Vollebregt MA, Strehl U, Loo SK.Sustained effects of neurofeedback in ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019;28(3):293-305. doi:10.1007/s00787-018-1121-4
White EK, Groeneveld KM, Tittle RK, et al.Combined neurofeedback and heart rate variability training for individuals with symptoms of anxiety and depression: a retrospective study.NR. 2017;4(1):37-55. doi:10.15540/nr.4.1.37
van der Kolk BA, Hodgdon H, Gapen M, et al.A randomized controlled study of neurofeedback for chronic ptsd.PLoS ONE. 2016;11(12):e0166752. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166752
Gabrielsen KB, Clausen T, Haugland SH, Hollup SA, Vederhus JK. Infralow neurofeedback in the treatment of substance use disorders: a randomized controlled trial.J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2022;47(3):E222-E229. doi:10.1503/jpn.210202
Frederick JA.Psychophysics of EEG alpha state discrimination.Consciousness and Cognition. 2012;21(3):1345-1354. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2012.06.009
Papoutsi M, Weiskopf N, Langbehn D, Reilmann R, Rees G, Tabrizi SJ.Stimulating neural plasticity with real-time fMRI neurofeedback in Huntington’s disease: a proof of concept study.Hum Brain Mapp. 2018;39(3):1339-1353. doi:10.1002/hbm.23921
Edwards CA, Kouzani A, Lee KH, Ross EK.Neurostimulation devices for the treatment of neurologic disorders.Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2017;92(9):1427-1444. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.05.005
Harvard Health Publishing.Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): Hope for stubborn depression.
Johns Hopkins Medicine.Electroconvulsive therapy today.
Klöbl M, Prillinger K, Diehm R, et al.Individual brain regulation as learned via neurofeedback is related to affective changes in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder.Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2023;17(1):6. doi:10.1186/s13034-022-00549-9
U.S. Food and Drug Administration.FDA permits marketing of first game-based digital therapeutic to improve attention function in children with ADHD.
Lamb DG, Porges EC, Lewis GF, Williamson JB.Non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation effects on hyperarousal and autonomic state in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder and history of mild traumatic brain injury: preliminary evidence.Front Med. 2017;4:124. doi:10.3389/fmed.2017.00124
Georgia Tech.GammaCore non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) receives breakthrough device designation for treatment of PTSD.
Nagappan A, Kalokairinou L, Wexler A.Ethical and legal considerations of alternative neurotherapies.AJOB neuroscience. 2021;12(4):257. doi:10.1080/21507740.2021.1896601
David D, Cristea I, Hofmann SG.Why cognitive behavioral therapy is the current gold standard of psychotherapy.Front Psychiatry. 2018;9. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00004
Trambaiolli LR, Cassani R, Mehler DMA, Falk TH.Neurofeedback and the aging brain: a systematic review of training protocols for dementia and mild cognitive impairment.Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:682683. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.682683
Anguera JA, Schachtner JN, Simon AJ, et al.Long-term maintenance of multitasking abilities following video game training in older adults.Neurobiol Aging. 2021;103:22-30. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.02.023
Lerner AJ, Wassermann EM, Tamir DI.Seizures from transcranial magnetic stimulation 2012–2016: Results of a survey of active laboratories and clinics.Clin Neurophysiol. 2019;130(8):1409-1416. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2019.03.016
Coates McCall I, Lau C, Minielly N, Illes J.Owning ethical innovation: claims about commercial wearable brain technologies.Neuron. 2019;102(4):728-731. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.026
Meet Our Medical Expert Board
Share Feedback
Was this page helpful?Thanks for your feedback!What is your feedback?OtherHelpfulReport an ErrorSubmit
Was this page helpful?
Thanks for your feedback!
What is your feedback?OtherHelpfulReport an ErrorSubmit
What is your feedback?
