How Osteoarthritis Is Diagnosed

Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsIntake and ExaminationLabs and TestsImagingDiagnostic CriteriaDifferential DiagnosesFrequently Asked Questions

Table of ContentsView All

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Table of Contents

Intake and Examination

Labs and Tests

Imaging

Diagnostic Criteria

Differential Diagnoses

Frequently Asked Questions

Early, accurate diagnosis of osteoarthritis is necessary so that appropriatetreatment optionscan be considered. Your medical history, physical examination, and imaging studies help diagnose osteoarthritis. During the physical exam, your healthcare provider will check for joint swelling and range of motion. Imaging studies (X-rays) look for joint abnormalities andloss of cartilage. Your practitioner will also make assessments using blood tests to assess your general health and rule out other possible causes for joint problems.It’s important to note that anytime joint pain doesn’t go away after a few days, or keeps coming back intermittently over the course of several months, you should consider arthritis—regardless of your age. This is especially true if you have injured that joint at any point in time or have a job that requires repetitive motion, or if you are overweight, as this puts extra strain on the joints.kristian sekulic / E+ / Getty ImagesIntake and ExaminationTwo of the best diagnostic tools a healthcare provider has are her ears. Taking a thorough medical history and having a discussion about your symptoms, in addition to examining you physically, are very important to arrive at an osteoarthritis diagnosis.Medical HistoryYour medical history tells the healthcare provider about the onset of yourosteoarthritis symptoms, past treatments or surgeries, your family history of the disease, and other significant details about your condition.Typically, at the first appointment with your healthcare provider, you will be asked to fill out an extensive questionnaire about your medical history. You will also be asked about thesymptomsyou are experiencing, including when they commonly occur and what makes the symptoms worse or better.Your healthcare provider may ask:Where does it hurt, and how much?How long have you been having these symptoms?Is there a pattern?Are your joints stiff in the morning?Do you feel the pain with certain activities and exercises? If so, which ones?Have you changed the way you stand or walk due to the pain?Do you have any other symptoms?Be prepared in advance. Write down or record the information to bring with you so you won’t leave out important clues. While you may think some information should already be in your medical record, it is best to recap them. Past surgeries and injuries, including any recent injuries, are important to discuss during your examination.Physical ExamDuring the physical examination, your healthcare provider will assess each of your joints for pain, tenderness, and range of motion. Determining the pattern of affected joints has significance and can often distinguish betweenrheumatoid arthritisand osteoarthritis (for example, one knee or both knees affected).She will also do a full general exam to assess your heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys.The physical examination looks for evidence of:Mild to moderate firm swelling around the jointCrepituson movement: this is that crunching feeling, like the sound of bone rubbing on bone (if you have a “noisy knee,” that is crepitus)Limitedrange of motion: the joint can’t flex as far as it once didPain with movement of the joint, especially toward the end of its range of motionJoint tendernessMild inflammation and warmth over the jointOther physical evidence that your healthcare provider will look for includes:Weakness of muscles surrounding the affected jointTenderness of structures surrounding the jointJoint instability (with advanced osteoarthritis)Joint deformity, such as bony enlargement (with advanced osteoarthritis)Bony lumps, especially on the fingersUnequal leg lengthsAltered walking gaitYour initial physical examination establishes a baseline with your healthcare provider. When your practitioner repeats the physical examination on follow-up visits, changes for better or worse will be evident.It is wise to keep a log of your symptoms in between visits so you can discuss them fully with your healthcare provider during follow-ups.Labs and TestsRoutine laboratory tests are sometimes performed to rule out systemic diseases. In addition, healthcare providers sometimes test inflammatory markers, such asC-reactive proteinandsedimentation rate, to determine whether the joint discomfort is the product of a systemic inflammatory condition.When there is joint swelling,synovial fluid analysiscan determine whether effusion is inflammatory and rule out specific causes of joint inflammation, such as gout and infection.This test is performed in a physician’s office using aseptic precautions. Your healthcare provider may give you a local anesthetic to help numb the area first. A needle is used to draw synovial fluid from your joint. This synovial fluid is sent for a cell count, bacterial culture, and crystal deposition. Although it sounds unnerving, the process itself is fairly quick, and the procedure only mildly painful.ImagingX-raysare typically used to confirm the diagnosis of osteoarthritis. X-rays can reveal assymetric joint space narrowing,osteophytesat the joint margins, joint space narrowing, and subchondral bone sclerosis. Subchondral bone is the layer of bone that is just below thecartilage.X-Ray Evidence of OsteoarthritisWhilemagnetic resonance imaging (MRI)is a more sensitive imaging method, it is used less often than X-rays due to cost and availability. MRI scans show cartilage, bone, and ligaments.X-rays alone may give your healthcare provider the information he or she needs to treat your osteoarthritis appropriately, so you may not have an MRI done. In some cases, though, MRIs are done to give a more detailed picture of what is happening in the joint. MRIs can also be used to rule out osteoarthritis or diagnose other types of arthritis.Don’t be afraid to ask your healthcare provider why he or she is ordering an MRI. It’s important to have an active voice in the decisions being made about your health care.Diagnostic CriteriaYour healthcare provider will use all of this information to come to a diagnosis. The American College of Rheumatology has established classification criteria, described below, for primary osteoarthritis of the hand, hips, and knees.Osteoarthritis of the HandHandpain, aching, or stiffnessHard tissue enlargement of two or more of 10 selected jointsFewer than three swollen metacarpophalangeal jointsHard tissue enlargement of two or more distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints or deformity of two or more of 10 selected jointsThe 10 selected joints include:Second and third DIP joints of both handsSecond and third proximal interphalangeal joints of both handsFirst carpometacarpal joints of both handsOsteoarthritis of the HipHip painFemoral and/or acetabular osteophytes evident on X-ray or sedimentation rate less than or equal to 20 mm/hourJoint space narrowing evident on X-rayInternal hip rotation of less than or equal to 15 degrees, morning stiffness in the hip lasting less than or equal to one hour, and age of 50 years or older are additional criteria that are useful for diagnosing osteoarthritis of the hip.Osteoarthritis of the KneeKnee pain and at least three of the following six criteria:50 years of age or olderStiffness lasting less than 30 minutesCrepitusBony tendernessBony enlargementNo warmth to the touchLaboratory findings useful in assessing knee osteoarthritis includesedimentation rateless than 40 mm/hour,rheumatoid factorless than 1:40, and synovial fluid examination showing clear, viscous fluid with a white blood cell count less than 2,000/mm3.Differential DiagnosesPart of this process is differentiating osteoarthritis from other types of arthritis. It is also important to determine whether a patient has primary osteoarthritis or a secondary form of osteoarthritis associated with another disease or condition.Other issues that have symptoms similar to osteoarthritis include:Rheumatoid arthritisGoutLupusBlood tests can often be used to diagnose or rule out these health problems. In the majority of cases, though, diagnosing osteoarthritis is fairly straightforward.A Word From VerywellOsteoarthritis is an extremely common cause of joint pain. It is generally a straightforward diagnosis that your healthcare provider will make in their office without further testing. In some cases, your practitioner will utilize laboratory testing and imaging to rule out other underlying inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis.Frequently Asked QuestionsThe actualcause of osteoarthritis (OA)isn’t known, but the many risk factors for the disease are. They include wear-and-tear on the joints that occurs with age, injury, obesity,inflammation, and a family history of OA.Start with your primary care provider. Most doctors can diagnose and treat mild cases of OA. If your healthcare provider suspects you have very advanced osteoarthritis or that your joint pain and swelling may be due tosomething else, they can refer you to arheumatologist, a doctor who specializes in joint diseases. Anorthopedistalso may be involved in your care, as they will perform treatments such assteroid injections.On an X-ray, the space between the two bones that form a joint will be narrower or even nonexistent. This is because thecartilagethat would normally form a cushion between the bones is disintegrating or has worn away completely.No, but sometimes a healthcare provider will perform certain blood tests in order to rule out OA. Most such tests are used to differentiate osteoarthritis from rheumatoid arthritis (RA). They include tests for rheumatoid factor (RF),cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (CCP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), andC-reactive protein (CRP). A person withRAwill test positive for or have elevated levels of these in their blood.

It’s important to note that anytime joint pain doesn’t go away after a few days, or keeps coming back intermittently over the course of several months, you should consider arthritis—regardless of your age. This is especially true if you have injured that joint at any point in time or have a job that requires repetitive motion, or if you are overweight, as this puts extra strain on the joints.

kristian sekulic / E+ / Getty Images

Woman being evaluated for osteoarthritis

Two of the best diagnostic tools a healthcare provider has are her ears. Taking a thorough medical history and having a discussion about your symptoms, in addition to examining you physically, are very important to arrive at an osteoarthritis diagnosis.

Medical History

Your medical history tells the healthcare provider about the onset of yourosteoarthritis symptoms, past treatments or surgeries, your family history of the disease, and other significant details about your condition.

Typically, at the first appointment with your healthcare provider, you will be asked to fill out an extensive questionnaire about your medical history. You will also be asked about thesymptomsyou are experiencing, including when they commonly occur and what makes the symptoms worse or better.

Your healthcare provider may ask:

Be prepared in advance. Write down or record the information to bring with you so you won’t leave out important clues. While you may think some information should already be in your medical record, it is best to recap them. Past surgeries and injuries, including any recent injuries, are important to discuss during your examination.

Physical Exam

During the physical examination, your healthcare provider will assess each of your joints for pain, tenderness, and range of motion. Determining the pattern of affected joints has significance and can often distinguish betweenrheumatoid arthritisand osteoarthritis (for example, one knee or both knees affected).

She will also do a full general exam to assess your heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys.

The physical examination looks for evidence of:

Other physical evidence that your healthcare provider will look for includes:

Your initial physical examination establishes a baseline with your healthcare provider. When your practitioner repeats the physical examination on follow-up visits, changes for better or worse will be evident.

It is wise to keep a log of your symptoms in between visits so you can discuss them fully with your healthcare provider during follow-ups.

Routine laboratory tests are sometimes performed to rule out systemic diseases. In addition, healthcare providers sometimes test inflammatory markers, such asC-reactive proteinandsedimentation rate, to determine whether the joint discomfort is the product of a systemic inflammatory condition.

When there is joint swelling,synovial fluid analysiscan determine whether effusion is inflammatory and rule out specific causes of joint inflammation, such as gout and infection.

This test is performed in a physician’s office using aseptic precautions. Your healthcare provider may give you a local anesthetic to help numb the area first. A needle is used to draw synovial fluid from your joint. This synovial fluid is sent for a cell count, bacterial culture, and crystal deposition. Although it sounds unnerving, the process itself is fairly quick, and the procedure only mildly painful.

X-raysare typically used to confirm the diagnosis of osteoarthritis. X-rays can reveal assymetric joint space narrowing,osteophytesat the joint margins, joint space narrowing, and subchondral bone sclerosis. Subchondral bone is the layer of bone that is just below thecartilage.

X-Ray Evidence of Osteoarthritis

Whilemagnetic resonance imaging (MRI)is a more sensitive imaging method, it is used less often than X-rays due to cost and availability. MRI scans show cartilage, bone, and ligaments.

X-rays alone may give your healthcare provider the information he or she needs to treat your osteoarthritis appropriately, so you may not have an MRI done. In some cases, though, MRIs are done to give a more detailed picture of what is happening in the joint. MRIs can also be used to rule out osteoarthritis or diagnose other types of arthritis.

Don’t be afraid to ask your healthcare provider why he or she is ordering an MRI. It’s important to have an active voice in the decisions being made about your health care.

Your healthcare provider will use all of this information to come to a diagnosis. The American College of Rheumatology has established classification criteria, described below, for primary osteoarthritis of the hand, hips, and knees.

Osteoarthritis of the Hand

The 10 selected joints include:

Osteoarthritis of the Hip

Internal hip rotation of less than or equal to 15 degrees, morning stiffness in the hip lasting less than or equal to one hour, and age of 50 years or older are additional criteria that are useful for diagnosing osteoarthritis of the hip.

Osteoarthritis of the Knee

Knee pain and at least three of the following six criteria:

Laboratory findings useful in assessing knee osteoarthritis includesedimentation rateless than 40 mm/hour,rheumatoid factorless than 1:40, and synovial fluid examination showing clear, viscous fluid with a white blood cell count less than 2,000/mm3.

Part of this process is differentiating osteoarthritis from other types of arthritis. It is also important to determine whether a patient has primary osteoarthritis or a secondary form of osteoarthritis associated with another disease or condition.

Other issues that have symptoms similar to osteoarthritis include:

Blood tests can often be used to diagnose or rule out these health problems. In the majority of cases, though, diagnosing osteoarthritis is fairly straightforward.

A Word From Verywell

Osteoarthritis is an extremely common cause of joint pain. It is generally a straightforward diagnosis that your healthcare provider will make in their office without further testing. In some cases, your practitioner will utilize laboratory testing and imaging to rule out other underlying inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis.

Frequently Asked QuestionsThe actualcause of osteoarthritis (OA)isn’t known, but the many risk factors for the disease are. They include wear-and-tear on the joints that occurs with age, injury, obesity,inflammation, and a family history of OA.Start with your primary care provider. Most doctors can diagnose and treat mild cases of OA. If your healthcare provider suspects you have very advanced osteoarthritis or that your joint pain and swelling may be due tosomething else, they can refer you to arheumatologist, a doctor who specializes in joint diseases. Anorthopedistalso may be involved in your care, as they will perform treatments such assteroid injections.On an X-ray, the space between the two bones that form a joint will be narrower or even nonexistent. This is because thecartilagethat would normally form a cushion between the bones is disintegrating or has worn away completely.No, but sometimes a healthcare provider will perform certain blood tests in order to rule out OA. Most such tests are used to differentiate osteoarthritis from rheumatoid arthritis (RA). They include tests for rheumatoid factor (RF),cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (CCP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), andC-reactive protein (CRP). A person withRAwill test positive for or have elevated levels of these in their blood.

The actualcause of osteoarthritis (OA)isn’t known, but the many risk factors for the disease are. They include wear-and-tear on the joints that occurs with age, injury, obesity,inflammation, and a family history of OA.

Start with your primary care provider. Most doctors can diagnose and treat mild cases of OA. If your healthcare provider suspects you have very advanced osteoarthritis or that your joint pain and swelling may be due tosomething else, they can refer you to arheumatologist, a doctor who specializes in joint diseases. Anorthopedistalso may be involved in your care, as they will perform treatments such assteroid injections.

On an X-ray, the space between the two bones that form a joint will be narrower or even nonexistent. This is because thecartilagethat would normally form a cushion between the bones is disintegrating or has worn away completely.

No, but sometimes a healthcare provider will perform certain blood tests in order to rule out OA. Most such tests are used to differentiate osteoarthritis from rheumatoid arthritis (RA). They include tests for rheumatoid factor (RF),cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (CCP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), andC-reactive protein (CRP). A person withRAwill test positive for or have elevated levels of these in their blood.

8 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Hunter DJ, Felson DT.Osteoarthritis.BMJ. 2006;332(7542):639-42. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7542.639Altman R, Alarcón G, Appelrouth D, et al.The American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis of the hand.Arthritis Rheum.Damen J, Van rijn RM, Emans PJ, et al.Prevalence and development of hip and knee osteoarthritis according to American College of Rheumatology criteria in the CHECK cohort.Arthritis Res Ther. 2019;21(1):4. doi:10.1186/s13075-018-1785-7Peat G, Thomas E, Duncan R, Wood L, Hay E, Croft P.Clinical classification criteria for knee osteoarthritis: performance in the general population and primary care.Ann Rheum Dis.2006;65(10):1363-7. doi:10.1136/ard.2006.051482Chinese Orthopaedic Association.Diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis.Orthop Surg. 2010;2(1):1-6. doi:10.1111/j.1757-7861.2009.00055.xCleveland Clinic.What type of doctor treats arthritis?Hospital for Special Surgery.Imaging for osteoarthritis: An overview.LabTestsOnline.org.Osteoarthritis.Additional ReadingAggarwal R, Ringold S, Khanna D, et al.Distinctions Between Diagnostic and Classification Criteria?Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2015;67(7):891-7. doi: 10.1002/acr.22583Demehri S, Guermazi A, Kwoh CK.Diagnosis and Longitudinal Assessment of Osteoarthritis: Review of Available Imaging Techniques.Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2016 Nov;42(4):607-620. doi: 10.1016/j.rdc.2016.07.004Glyn-Jones S, Palmer AJ, Agricola R, et. al.Osteoarthritis.Lancet.2015 Jul 25;386(9991):376-87. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736%2814%2960802-3Kandahari AM, Yang X, Dighe AS, Pan D, Cui Q.Recognition of Immune Response for the Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoarthritis.J Immunol Res.2015;2015:192415. doi: 10.1155/2015/192415Mathiessen A, Cimmino MA, Hammer HB, et. al.Imaging of Osteoarthritis (OA): What Is New?Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol.2016 Aug;30(4):653-669. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2016.09.007

8 Sources

Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Hunter DJ, Felson DT.Osteoarthritis.BMJ. 2006;332(7542):639-42. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7542.639Altman R, Alarcón G, Appelrouth D, et al.The American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis of the hand.Arthritis Rheum.Damen J, Van rijn RM, Emans PJ, et al.Prevalence and development of hip and knee osteoarthritis according to American College of Rheumatology criteria in the CHECK cohort.Arthritis Res Ther. 2019;21(1):4. doi:10.1186/s13075-018-1785-7Peat G, Thomas E, Duncan R, Wood L, Hay E, Croft P.Clinical classification criteria for knee osteoarthritis: performance in the general population and primary care.Ann Rheum Dis.2006;65(10):1363-7. doi:10.1136/ard.2006.051482Chinese Orthopaedic Association.Diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis.Orthop Surg. 2010;2(1):1-6. doi:10.1111/j.1757-7861.2009.00055.xCleveland Clinic.What type of doctor treats arthritis?Hospital for Special Surgery.Imaging for osteoarthritis: An overview.LabTestsOnline.org.Osteoarthritis.Additional ReadingAggarwal R, Ringold S, Khanna D, et al.Distinctions Between Diagnostic and Classification Criteria?Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2015;67(7):891-7. doi: 10.1002/acr.22583Demehri S, Guermazi A, Kwoh CK.Diagnosis and Longitudinal Assessment of Osteoarthritis: Review of Available Imaging Techniques.Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2016 Nov;42(4):607-620. doi: 10.1016/j.rdc.2016.07.004Glyn-Jones S, Palmer AJ, Agricola R, et. al.Osteoarthritis.Lancet.2015 Jul 25;386(9991):376-87. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736%2814%2960802-3Kandahari AM, Yang X, Dighe AS, Pan D, Cui Q.Recognition of Immune Response for the Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoarthritis.J Immunol Res.2015;2015:192415. doi: 10.1155/2015/192415Mathiessen A, Cimmino MA, Hammer HB, et. al.Imaging of Osteoarthritis (OA): What Is New?Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol.2016 Aug;30(4):653-669. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2016.09.007

Hunter DJ, Felson DT.Osteoarthritis.BMJ. 2006;332(7542):639-42. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7542.639Altman R, Alarcón G, Appelrouth D, et al.The American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis of the hand.Arthritis Rheum.Damen J, Van rijn RM, Emans PJ, et al.Prevalence and development of hip and knee osteoarthritis according to American College of Rheumatology criteria in the CHECK cohort.Arthritis Res Ther. 2019;21(1):4. doi:10.1186/s13075-018-1785-7Peat G, Thomas E, Duncan R, Wood L, Hay E, Croft P.Clinical classification criteria for knee osteoarthritis: performance in the general population and primary care.Ann Rheum Dis.2006;65(10):1363-7. doi:10.1136/ard.2006.051482Chinese Orthopaedic Association.Diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis.Orthop Surg. 2010;2(1):1-6. doi:10.1111/j.1757-7861.2009.00055.xCleveland Clinic.What type of doctor treats arthritis?Hospital for Special Surgery.Imaging for osteoarthritis: An overview.LabTestsOnline.org.Osteoarthritis.

Hunter DJ, Felson DT.Osteoarthritis.BMJ. 2006;332(7542):639-42. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7542.639

Altman R, Alarcón G, Appelrouth D, et al.The American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis of the hand.Arthritis Rheum.

Damen J, Van rijn RM, Emans PJ, et al.Prevalence and development of hip and knee osteoarthritis according to American College of Rheumatology criteria in the CHECK cohort.Arthritis Res Ther. 2019;21(1):4. doi:10.1186/s13075-018-1785-7

Peat G, Thomas E, Duncan R, Wood L, Hay E, Croft P.Clinical classification criteria for knee osteoarthritis: performance in the general population and primary care.Ann Rheum Dis.2006;65(10):1363-7. doi:10.1136/ard.2006.051482

Chinese Orthopaedic Association.Diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis.Orthop Surg. 2010;2(1):1-6. doi:10.1111/j.1757-7861.2009.00055.x

Cleveland Clinic.What type of doctor treats arthritis?

Hospital for Special Surgery.Imaging for osteoarthritis: An overview.

LabTestsOnline.org.Osteoarthritis.

Aggarwal R, Ringold S, Khanna D, et al.Distinctions Between Diagnostic and Classification Criteria?Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2015;67(7):891-7. doi: 10.1002/acr.22583Demehri S, Guermazi A, Kwoh CK.Diagnosis and Longitudinal Assessment of Osteoarthritis: Review of Available Imaging Techniques.Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2016 Nov;42(4):607-620. doi: 10.1016/j.rdc.2016.07.004Glyn-Jones S, Palmer AJ, Agricola R, et. al.Osteoarthritis.Lancet.2015 Jul 25;386(9991):376-87. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736%2814%2960802-3Kandahari AM, Yang X, Dighe AS, Pan D, Cui Q.Recognition of Immune Response for the Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoarthritis.J Immunol Res.2015;2015:192415. doi: 10.1155/2015/192415Mathiessen A, Cimmino MA, Hammer HB, et. al.Imaging of Osteoarthritis (OA): What Is New?Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol.2016 Aug;30(4):653-669. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2016.09.007

Aggarwal R, Ringold S, Khanna D, et al.Distinctions Between Diagnostic and Classification Criteria?Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2015;67(7):891-7. doi: 10.1002/acr.22583

Demehri S, Guermazi A, Kwoh CK.Diagnosis and Longitudinal Assessment of Osteoarthritis: Review of Available Imaging Techniques.Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2016 Nov;42(4):607-620. doi: 10.1016/j.rdc.2016.07.004

Glyn-Jones S, Palmer AJ, Agricola R, et. al.Osteoarthritis.Lancet.2015 Jul 25;386(9991):376-87. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736%2814%2960802-3

Kandahari AM, Yang X, Dighe AS, Pan D, Cui Q.Recognition of Immune Response for the Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoarthritis.J Immunol Res.2015;2015:192415. doi: 10.1155/2015/192415

Mathiessen A, Cimmino MA, Hammer HB, et. al.Imaging of Osteoarthritis (OA): What Is New?Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol.2016 Aug;30(4):653-669. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2016.09.007

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