Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsLifestyleOTC MedicationsPrescriptionsSurgeries and ProceduresCAM TherapiesNext in Overactive Bladder GuideCoping With Overactive Bladder
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Table of Contents
Lifestyle
OTC Medications
Prescriptions
Surgeries and Procedures
CAM Therapies
Next in Overactive Bladder Guide
Surgery is rarely recommended but may be pursued if no other options are available and the person’s quality of life is severely impacted.
According to the American Urological Society, around 60% of people treated for OAB will experience the complete resolution of symptoms within a year. Although others may continue to have symptoms, their severity and frequency can usually be alleviated with treatment.
Signs and Symptoms of Overactive Bladder
Lifestyle plays a major role in the treatment of OAB irrespective of the underlying cause. Bychanging habits and behaviors that contribute to OAB, many people will experience far better relief than with any single medication or medical treatment.
Fluid Restriction
One of the simplest and most effective lifestyle changes is fluid restriction. This not only involves cutting back on fluids before bedtime, but also before times when you know you will be away from home or with others (such as during work, social functions, or shopping).
You will also need to cut out drinks and foods that are diuretic (promote urination) or irritate thebladder. These include:
High sodium intakecan also increase the frequency and volume of daytime andnighttime urination. It causes a buildup of fluids in peripheral tissues that is later shifted to the kidney, resulting in increased urination.Reducing salt intakeis one strategy that can help reduce this pattern (known as storage syndrome).
There is also evidence that eating higher quantities of dark leafy vegetables can alleviate storage syndrome, particularly in older adults.
What the Color of Urine Says About Your Health
Bladder Retraining
Bladder retraining is one of the first-line treatments of OAB. Also known as scheduled voiding, it is a behavior therapy used to shift the pattern, frequency, and severity of abnormal urination.
The goals of bladder retraining are to increase the length of time between voidings (emptying the bladder) and increase the amount of fluid your bladder can hold. It also can help alleviate leakage and the sense of urgency associated with OAB.
It typically starts with abladder diaryin which you record when you go to the bathroom and what events preceded severe urinary symptoms. By better understanding your urination patterns, you and your healthcare provider can formulate a schedule that can begin to alter them, usually over the course of six to 12 weeks.
Bladder retraining requires some preparation, including the use of mind-body therapies to better addressurinary urgency(the sudden, immediate urge to urinate). Thereafter, bladder retraining typically involves the following steps:
Is It Dangerous to Hold Your Pee?
Pelvic Floor Exercises
The deterioration of pelvic floor muscles contributes in part to OAB symptoms both in women and men. Pelvic floor muscles are the “hammock” of muscles that run from the pubic bone (pubis) in the front to the tailbone (coccyx) in the back.
In women, the pelvic floor muscles support the bladder,uterus, andcolonand are the structure through which theurethra,vagina, andanuspass. In men, the pelvic floor muscles support the bladder and colon and are the structure through which the urethra and anus pass.
The loss of pelvic muscle strength directly corresponds to an increase in the risk of leakage and urinary incontinence.
Kegel exercisescan help strengthen these muscles and train you to activate them whenever there is urinary urgency. The technique varies slightly between women and men but typically involves the following steps:
Steps 2 and 3 are repeated 11 more times for one set of 12 kegel exercises.
Kegel exercises should be performed three times daily—in the morning, afternoon, and evening—either in a lying, kneeling, sitting, or standing position with the legs slightly apart.
Over-the-Counter (OTC) Therapies
These include:
How Overactive Bladder Differs in Men
Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists (MRAs)
The MRAs commonly prescribed for OAB include:
Side effects are common and may include insomnia, nervousness, dizziness, daytime sleepiness, headache, blurred vision,dry mouth, constipation, nausea, and upset stomach. In some cases, MRAs can cause difficulty with urination and urinary retention (the inability to empty the bladder).
The risks tend to increase with higher doses and are more commonly seen with Ditropan and generic oxybutynin.The long-term use of MRAs is also linked to an increased risk ofdementia.
MRAs are moderately effective in treating OAB symptoms and are commonly used in tandem with lifestyle changes and bladder retraining. They are especially useful in the relief of frequent urination, which, for some people with OAB, can occur 12 or more times per day.
What Are the Causes of Excessive Urination?
Beta-3 Adrenergic Agonists
Another class of drugs used to treat OAB blocks a neurotransmitter called beta-3, whose receptors occur in the bladder andgallbladder. These drugs, called beta-3 adrenergic agonists, relax the detrusor muscle and increase the bladder capacity so that it can hold more urine without going into spasms.
The two beta-3 adrenergic agonists commonly used to treat OAB are:
These can be used on their own or combined with MRAs for more severe cases. Side effects include an increase in blood pressure in 10% of users, as well as dry mouth, headache, sinusitis, back pain, joint pain, and dizziness.
Urinary retention can also occur with beta-2 adrenergic agonists, the risk of which increases when combined with an MRA.
Prescription Drugs Commonly Used in Urology
Surgeries and Specialist-Driven Procedures
Botox
In some people, Botox use can trigger adverse urinary side effects, including:
Percutaneous Tibial Nerve Stimulation
Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) is a minimally invasive procedure used to alleviate urinary urgency, urinary frequency, and urge incontinence. In 2010, the FDA formally included OAB as an indication for treatment.
PTNS is a form of nerve stimulation. An acupuncture needle with attached electrical current is inserted into the ankle. It stimulates the peripheral endings of nerves innervating the bladder.
Although theexact mechanism of actionremains unclear, PTNS has proven to be safe and as effective as OAB medications in people with severe OAB. PTNS is performed once weekly on anoutpatient basisand involves a total of twelve 30-minute sessions. People tend to experience an improvement of urinary function within six weeks.
Sacral Neuromodulation
SNS requires surgery undergeneral anesthesiato implant the device in the area between the lower back and buttock. External leads are then connected to a permanent battery in a second outpatient procedure.
Side effects of the SNS procedure include:
What Is Neurogenic Bladder?
Surgery
Surgery is less commonly used in the treatment of OAB, with outcomes varying significantly from one person to the next. Even so, surgery may be an option when OAB symptoms are severe and when less-invasive options have failed to provide relief.
There are two types commonly used:
As with all surgeries, there is a risk of pain, infection, blood clots, and adverse reactions to the anesthesia. In rare cases,bowel obstructionand anincisional herniacan occur.
Surgery for OAB is always considered a last resort. Expert consultation is needed to weigh the potential benefits and risks of treatment.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
There are manycomplementary and alternative therapiesused to treat OAB. These includemind-body therapiesthat help minimize urinary urgency and symptoms of stress incontinence (see “Bladder Retraining” above).
Always speak with your healthcare provider before using a herbal remedy to treat OAB. The overuse of herbal remedies, especially imported ones, can expose you to substances that may be toxic to your liver and kidneys or interact with drugs you are taking.
7 Medicinal Herbs That Cause Liver Damage
A Word From Verywell
Overactive bladder is a common condition that affects around 1 in 4 women and 1 in 6 men in the United States at some point in their lives.While many cases can be effectively treated with lifestyle changes and short-term therapies, others may persist despite treatment.
In such cases, seek treatment from a specialist in urological conditions. These includeurologistsand specialists in female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery (FPMRS), who are urologists or gynecologists specially trained in female pelvic health.
These professionals are best qualified to diagnose the underlying causes of OAB and best apprised of the latest treatments and treatment approaches.
Symptoms of Overactive Bladder
25 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.American Urological Association.Diagnosis and treatment of non-neurogenic overactive bladder (OAB) in adults: an AUA/SUFU guideline.Balk EM, Rofeberg VN, Adam GP, Kimmel HJ, Trikalinos TA, Jeppson PC.Pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments for urinary incontinence in women: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of clinical outcomes.Ann Internal Med.2019;170(7):465-80. doi:10.7326/M18-3227Robinson D, Giarenis I, Cardoza L.You are what you eat: the impact of diet on overactive bladder and lower urinary tract symptoms.Maturitas.2014;79(1):8-13. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.06.009Alwis US, Monaghan TF, Haddad R, et al.Dietary considerations in the evaluation and management of nocturia.F1000Res. 2020;9:F1000 Faculty Rev-165. doi:10.12688/f1000research.21466.1Liu ZM, Wong CKM, Chan D, Ah Tse L, Yip B, Wong SYS.Fruit and vegetable intake in relation to lower urinary tract symptoms and erectile dysfunction among southern Chinese elderly men: a 4-year retrospective study of Mr OS Hong Kong.Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(4):e2557. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000002557Willis-Gray MG, Dieter AA, Geller EJ.Evaluation and management of overactive bladder: strategies for optimizing care.Res Rep Urol. 2016;8:113-22. doi:10.2147/RRU.S93636Marques A, Stothers L, Macnab A.The status of pelvic floor muscle training for women.Can Urol Assoc J. 2010;4(6):419-424. doi:10.5489/cuaj.10026National Library of Medicine: DailyMed.Oxytrol for Women—oxybutynin patch[drug label].Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceuticals.Package insert - Ditropan XL.Messler TM, Bachmann LM, Minder C, et al.Adverse event assessment of antimuscarinics for treating overactive bladder: a network meta-analytic approach.PLoS One. 2011 Feb 23;6(2):e16718. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016718Araklitis G, Cardozo L.Safety issues associated with using medication to treat overactive bladder.Exp Opinion Drug Safe.2017:16(11):1273-80. doi:10.1080/14740338.2017.1376646Sacomani CAR, de Almeida FC, Silvinato A, Bernardo WM.Overactive bladder—pharmacological treatment.Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2019;65(4):65.4.487. doi:10.1590/1806-9282.65.4.487Huang CK, Lin CC, Lin ATL.Effectiveness of antimuscarinics and a beta-3 adrenoceptor agonist in patients with overactive bladder in a real-world setting.Sci Rep.2020;10:11355. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-68170-4Astellas Pharma.Package insert - Myrbetriq.Orasanu B, Mahajan ST.The use of botulinum toxin for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome.Indian J Urol.2013;29(1):2-11. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.109975Allergen.Package label - Botox for injection.Staskin DR, Peters KM, MacDiarmid S, Shore N, de Groat WC.Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation: a clinically and cost effective addition to the overactive bladder algorithm of care.Curr Urol Rep. 2012;13(5):327-34. doi:10.1007/s11934-012-0274-9Yamashiro J, de Riese W, de Riese C.New implantable tibial nerve stimulation devices: review of published clinical results in comparison to established neuromodulation devices.Res Rep Urol.2019;11:351-7. doi:10.2147/RRU.S231954Abello A, Das AK.Electrical neuromodulation in the management of lower urinary tract dysfunction: evidence, experience and future prospects.Ther Adv Urol. 2018;10(5):165-73. doi:10.1177/1756287218756082Veeratterapillay R, Thorpe AC, Harding C.Augmentation cystoplasty: contemporary indications, techniques and complications.Indian J Urol.2013;29(4):322-7. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.120114Baseskioğlu B, Üre I.What is the best urinary diversion after laparoscopic radical cystectomy?.Cent European J Urol. 2014;67(1):16. doi:10.5173/ceju.2014.01.art3Chugtai B, Kavaler E, Lee R, Te A, Kaplan SA, Lowe F.Use of herbal supplements for overactive bladder.Rev Urol.2013;15(3):93-6.National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Saw palmetto. In: LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet].National Institute of Complementary and Integrative Health.Traditional Chinese medicine: what you need to know.Reynolds WS, Fowkes J, Dmochowsi R.The burden of overactive bladder on US public health.Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep. 2016 Mar;11(1):8-13. doi:10.1007/s11884-016-0344-9
25 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.American Urological Association.Diagnosis and treatment of non-neurogenic overactive bladder (OAB) in adults: an AUA/SUFU guideline.Balk EM, Rofeberg VN, Adam GP, Kimmel HJ, Trikalinos TA, Jeppson PC.Pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments for urinary incontinence in women: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of clinical outcomes.Ann Internal Med.2019;170(7):465-80. doi:10.7326/M18-3227Robinson D, Giarenis I, Cardoza L.You are what you eat: the impact of diet on overactive bladder and lower urinary tract symptoms.Maturitas.2014;79(1):8-13. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.06.009Alwis US, Monaghan TF, Haddad R, et al.Dietary considerations in the evaluation and management of nocturia.F1000Res. 2020;9:F1000 Faculty Rev-165. doi:10.12688/f1000research.21466.1Liu ZM, Wong CKM, Chan D, Ah Tse L, Yip B, Wong SYS.Fruit and vegetable intake in relation to lower urinary tract symptoms and erectile dysfunction among southern Chinese elderly men: a 4-year retrospective study of Mr OS Hong Kong.Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(4):e2557. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000002557Willis-Gray MG, Dieter AA, Geller EJ.Evaluation and management of overactive bladder: strategies for optimizing care.Res Rep Urol. 2016;8:113-22. doi:10.2147/RRU.S93636Marques A, Stothers L, Macnab A.The status of pelvic floor muscle training for women.Can Urol Assoc J. 2010;4(6):419-424. doi:10.5489/cuaj.10026National Library of Medicine: DailyMed.Oxytrol for Women—oxybutynin patch[drug label].Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceuticals.Package insert - Ditropan XL.Messler TM, Bachmann LM, Minder C, et al.Adverse event assessment of antimuscarinics for treating overactive bladder: a network meta-analytic approach.PLoS One. 2011 Feb 23;6(2):e16718. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016718Araklitis G, Cardozo L.Safety issues associated with using medication to treat overactive bladder.Exp Opinion Drug Safe.2017:16(11):1273-80. doi:10.1080/14740338.2017.1376646Sacomani CAR, de Almeida FC, Silvinato A, Bernardo WM.Overactive bladder—pharmacological treatment.Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2019;65(4):65.4.487. doi:10.1590/1806-9282.65.4.487Huang CK, Lin CC, Lin ATL.Effectiveness of antimuscarinics and a beta-3 adrenoceptor agonist in patients with overactive bladder in a real-world setting.Sci Rep.2020;10:11355. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-68170-4Astellas Pharma.Package insert - Myrbetriq.Orasanu B, Mahajan ST.The use of botulinum toxin for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome.Indian J Urol.2013;29(1):2-11. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.109975Allergen.Package label - Botox for injection.Staskin DR, Peters KM, MacDiarmid S, Shore N, de Groat WC.Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation: a clinically and cost effective addition to the overactive bladder algorithm of care.Curr Urol Rep. 2012;13(5):327-34. doi:10.1007/s11934-012-0274-9Yamashiro J, de Riese W, de Riese C.New implantable tibial nerve stimulation devices: review of published clinical results in comparison to established neuromodulation devices.Res Rep Urol.2019;11:351-7. doi:10.2147/RRU.S231954Abello A, Das AK.Electrical neuromodulation in the management of lower urinary tract dysfunction: evidence, experience and future prospects.Ther Adv Urol. 2018;10(5):165-73. doi:10.1177/1756287218756082Veeratterapillay R, Thorpe AC, Harding C.Augmentation cystoplasty: contemporary indications, techniques and complications.Indian J Urol.2013;29(4):322-7. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.120114Baseskioğlu B, Üre I.What is the best urinary diversion after laparoscopic radical cystectomy?.Cent European J Urol. 2014;67(1):16. doi:10.5173/ceju.2014.01.art3Chugtai B, Kavaler E, Lee R, Te A, Kaplan SA, Lowe F.Use of herbal supplements for overactive bladder.Rev Urol.2013;15(3):93-6.National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Saw palmetto. In: LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet].National Institute of Complementary and Integrative Health.Traditional Chinese medicine: what you need to know.Reynolds WS, Fowkes J, Dmochowsi R.The burden of overactive bladder on US public health.Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep. 2016 Mar;11(1):8-13. doi:10.1007/s11884-016-0344-9
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
American Urological Association.Diagnosis and treatment of non-neurogenic overactive bladder (OAB) in adults: an AUA/SUFU guideline.Balk EM, Rofeberg VN, Adam GP, Kimmel HJ, Trikalinos TA, Jeppson PC.Pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments for urinary incontinence in women: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of clinical outcomes.Ann Internal Med.2019;170(7):465-80. doi:10.7326/M18-3227Robinson D, Giarenis I, Cardoza L.You are what you eat: the impact of diet on overactive bladder and lower urinary tract symptoms.Maturitas.2014;79(1):8-13. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.06.009Alwis US, Monaghan TF, Haddad R, et al.Dietary considerations in the evaluation and management of nocturia.F1000Res. 2020;9:F1000 Faculty Rev-165. doi:10.12688/f1000research.21466.1Liu ZM, Wong CKM, Chan D, Ah Tse L, Yip B, Wong SYS.Fruit and vegetable intake in relation to lower urinary tract symptoms and erectile dysfunction among southern Chinese elderly men: a 4-year retrospective study of Mr OS Hong Kong.Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(4):e2557. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000002557Willis-Gray MG, Dieter AA, Geller EJ.Evaluation and management of overactive bladder: strategies for optimizing care.Res Rep Urol. 2016;8:113-22. doi:10.2147/RRU.S93636Marques A, Stothers L, Macnab A.The status of pelvic floor muscle training for women.Can Urol Assoc J. 2010;4(6):419-424. doi:10.5489/cuaj.10026National Library of Medicine: DailyMed.Oxytrol for Women—oxybutynin patch[drug label].Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceuticals.Package insert - Ditropan XL.Messler TM, Bachmann LM, Minder C, et al.Adverse event assessment of antimuscarinics for treating overactive bladder: a network meta-analytic approach.PLoS One. 2011 Feb 23;6(2):e16718. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016718Araklitis G, Cardozo L.Safety issues associated with using medication to treat overactive bladder.Exp Opinion Drug Safe.2017:16(11):1273-80. doi:10.1080/14740338.2017.1376646Sacomani CAR, de Almeida FC, Silvinato A, Bernardo WM.Overactive bladder—pharmacological treatment.Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2019;65(4):65.4.487. doi:10.1590/1806-9282.65.4.487Huang CK, Lin CC, Lin ATL.Effectiveness of antimuscarinics and a beta-3 adrenoceptor agonist in patients with overactive bladder in a real-world setting.Sci Rep.2020;10:11355. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-68170-4Astellas Pharma.Package insert - Myrbetriq.Orasanu B, Mahajan ST.The use of botulinum toxin for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome.Indian J Urol.2013;29(1):2-11. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.109975Allergen.Package label - Botox for injection.Staskin DR, Peters KM, MacDiarmid S, Shore N, de Groat WC.Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation: a clinically and cost effective addition to the overactive bladder algorithm of care.Curr Urol Rep. 2012;13(5):327-34. doi:10.1007/s11934-012-0274-9Yamashiro J, de Riese W, de Riese C.New implantable tibial nerve stimulation devices: review of published clinical results in comparison to established neuromodulation devices.Res Rep Urol.2019;11:351-7. doi:10.2147/RRU.S231954Abello A, Das AK.Electrical neuromodulation in the management of lower urinary tract dysfunction: evidence, experience and future prospects.Ther Adv Urol. 2018;10(5):165-73. doi:10.1177/1756287218756082Veeratterapillay R, Thorpe AC, Harding C.Augmentation cystoplasty: contemporary indications, techniques and complications.Indian J Urol.2013;29(4):322-7. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.120114Baseskioğlu B, Üre I.What is the best urinary diversion after laparoscopic radical cystectomy?.Cent European J Urol. 2014;67(1):16. doi:10.5173/ceju.2014.01.art3Chugtai B, Kavaler E, Lee R, Te A, Kaplan SA, Lowe F.Use of herbal supplements for overactive bladder.Rev Urol.2013;15(3):93-6.National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Saw palmetto. In: LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet].National Institute of Complementary and Integrative Health.Traditional Chinese medicine: what you need to know.Reynolds WS, Fowkes J, Dmochowsi R.The burden of overactive bladder on US public health.Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep. 2016 Mar;11(1):8-13. doi:10.1007/s11884-016-0344-9
American Urological Association.Diagnosis and treatment of non-neurogenic overactive bladder (OAB) in adults: an AUA/SUFU guideline.
Balk EM, Rofeberg VN, Adam GP, Kimmel HJ, Trikalinos TA, Jeppson PC.Pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments for urinary incontinence in women: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of clinical outcomes.Ann Internal Med.2019;170(7):465-80. doi:10.7326/M18-3227
Robinson D, Giarenis I, Cardoza L.You are what you eat: the impact of diet on overactive bladder and lower urinary tract symptoms.Maturitas.2014;79(1):8-13. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.06.009
Alwis US, Monaghan TF, Haddad R, et al.Dietary considerations in the evaluation and management of nocturia.F1000Res. 2020;9:F1000 Faculty Rev-165. doi:10.12688/f1000research.21466.1
Liu ZM, Wong CKM, Chan D, Ah Tse L, Yip B, Wong SYS.Fruit and vegetable intake in relation to lower urinary tract symptoms and erectile dysfunction among southern Chinese elderly men: a 4-year retrospective study of Mr OS Hong Kong.Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(4):e2557. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000002557
Willis-Gray MG, Dieter AA, Geller EJ.Evaluation and management of overactive bladder: strategies for optimizing care.Res Rep Urol. 2016;8:113-22. doi:10.2147/RRU.S93636
Marques A, Stothers L, Macnab A.The status of pelvic floor muscle training for women.Can Urol Assoc J. 2010;4(6):419-424. doi:10.5489/cuaj.10026
National Library of Medicine: DailyMed.Oxytrol for Women—oxybutynin patch[drug label].
Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceuticals.Package insert - Ditropan XL.
Messler TM, Bachmann LM, Minder C, et al.Adverse event assessment of antimuscarinics for treating overactive bladder: a network meta-analytic approach.PLoS One. 2011 Feb 23;6(2):e16718. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016718
Araklitis G, Cardozo L.Safety issues associated with using medication to treat overactive bladder.Exp Opinion Drug Safe.2017:16(11):1273-80. doi:10.1080/14740338.2017.1376646
Sacomani CAR, de Almeida FC, Silvinato A, Bernardo WM.Overactive bladder—pharmacological treatment.Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2019;65(4):65.4.487. doi:10.1590/1806-9282.65.4.487
Huang CK, Lin CC, Lin ATL.Effectiveness of antimuscarinics and a beta-3 adrenoceptor agonist in patients with overactive bladder in a real-world setting.Sci Rep.2020;10:11355. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-68170-4
Astellas Pharma.Package insert - Myrbetriq.
Orasanu B, Mahajan ST.The use of botulinum toxin for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome.Indian J Urol.2013;29(1):2-11. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.109975
Allergen.Package label - Botox for injection.
Staskin DR, Peters KM, MacDiarmid S, Shore N, de Groat WC.Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation: a clinically and cost effective addition to the overactive bladder algorithm of care.Curr Urol Rep. 2012;13(5):327-34. doi:10.1007/s11934-012-0274-9
Yamashiro J, de Riese W, de Riese C.New implantable tibial nerve stimulation devices: review of published clinical results in comparison to established neuromodulation devices.Res Rep Urol.2019;11:351-7. doi:10.2147/RRU.S231954
Abello A, Das AK.Electrical neuromodulation in the management of lower urinary tract dysfunction: evidence, experience and future prospects.Ther Adv Urol. 2018;10(5):165-73. doi:10.1177/1756287218756082
Veeratterapillay R, Thorpe AC, Harding C.Augmentation cystoplasty: contemporary indications, techniques and complications.Indian J Urol.2013;29(4):322-7. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.120114
Baseskioğlu B, Üre I.What is the best urinary diversion after laparoscopic radical cystectomy?.Cent European J Urol. 2014;67(1):16. doi:10.5173/ceju.2014.01.art3
Chugtai B, Kavaler E, Lee R, Te A, Kaplan SA, Lowe F.Use of herbal supplements for overactive bladder.Rev Urol.2013;15(3):93-6.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Saw palmetto. In: LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet].
National Institute of Complementary and Integrative Health.Traditional Chinese medicine: what you need to know.
Reynolds WS, Fowkes J, Dmochowsi R.The burden of overactive bladder on US public health.Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep. 2016 Mar;11(1):8-13. doi:10.1007/s11884-016-0344-9
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