Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsFast FactsRole of SGLT2 InhibitorsWhat Is Farxiga?Farxiga and Weight LossDosing GuidelinesSide EffectsWhen to Avoid FarxigaFrequently Asked Questions
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Fast Facts
Role of SGLT2 Inhibitors
What Is Farxiga?
Farxiga and Weight Loss
Dosing Guidelines
Side Effects
When to Avoid Farxiga
Frequently Asked Questions
Farxiga is used alongside diet and exercise and, in some cases, other medications to helpcontrol blood sugarin people withtype 2 diabetes.
This drug is also used as a treatment option to prevent worseningchronic kidney disease (CKD)and is also used to reduce the risk of hospitalization in those withheart failure.
As weight loss is a common side effect of certain diabetes medications, many people want to know if Farxiga will cause weight loss and, if so, how fast it will occur.
The short answer is that Farxiga may causesomeweight loss, though the amount and how quickly this occurs varies on various factors.
Continue reading to learn more about the safe use of Farxiga and its effects on weight.
Scott Olson / Getty Images
Fast Facts: Diabetes vs. CKD
The following statistics outline the prevalence of diabetes and CKD within the United States.
Diabetes statistics include:
CKD statistics include:
The Role of SGLT2 Inhibitors
They help the kidneys eliminate excess sugar in the urine. Increasing the amount of sugar that leaves the body helps improveblood sugar levels.
SGLT2 inhibitors may also cause some weight loss and a slight lowering ofblood pressure.
They can help improve outcomes in individuals who have conditions like heart failure, kidney disease, or heart disease.
SGLT2 inhibitors, which currently are only available as brand-name drugs, include:
Many of these medications are also available as combination medications.
Jardiance vs. Farxiga: Similarities and Differences
Combination SGLT2 Inhibitors
For example, the ingredient in Farxiga, dapagliflozin, can also be found in Qtern (dapagliflozin/saxagliptin), a brand-name product used for the treatment of high blood sugar in those with type 2 diabetes.
Farxiga is a brand-name medication that contains the active ingredient dapagliflozin. It is not available in generic form.
Farxiga is available as a tablet taken orally, in 5 milligrams (mg) and 10 mg. Farxiga is not approved for use in children or adolescents (people younger than 18 years old).
Uses
Farxiga is Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved in adults for the following:
Farxiga isnotapproved for the following:
Off-Label Use
Sometimes, healthcare providers may prescribe a drug to treat a condition for which the drug was not FDA-approved initially to treat. This is called off-label prescribing.
Healthcare providers may prescribe Farxiga off-label for weight loss.
Dapagliflozin in Other Products
The active ingredient in Farxiga, dapagliflozin, can also be found in the following combination medications:
This article focuses on the single-ingredient product, Farxiga.
As mentioned above, Farxiga is not FDA-approved for weight loss.Therefore, taking Farxiga for weight loss would be considered an off-label use.
These medications can eliminate about 75 grams (g) of glucose daily, equivalent to 300 calories.
Weight loss from SGLT2 inhibitors (like any other type of weight loss) may also affect lean body mass, so it is essential to talk to your healthcare provider about exercises you can do, such as strength training, to help preserve muscle.
The American Diabetes Association lists SGLT2 inhibitors, including Farxiga, as intermediate to high in terms of efficacy in lowering blood sugar.
For weight loss, SGLT2 inhibitors are ranked as intermediate in efficacy. They rank higher thanGlumetza (metformin), but lower than newer injectable drugs, such asMounjaro (tirzepatide).
How Fast Can I Lose Weight With Farxiga?
Because all bodies are different, it’s impossible to determine how fast individuals will lose weight.
Regarding the speed of weight loss, study results have revealed the following, in chronological order:
Study Takeaways
Overall, it’s difficult to pinpoint precisely how much a person could expect to lose with Farxiga, as various factors, such as preexisting medication conditions, height, weight, or lifestyle habits, may affect Farxiga’s ability to expedite weight loss.
People who make lifestyle changes like diet and exercise may see faster results. Always check with a healthcare provider before you change your diet and exercise regimen.
The AHA recommends increasing the amount and intensity gradually over time.
Farxiga should be used along with diet and exercise.
For all other indications, the dose of Farxiga is 10 mg orally once daily.
Safely Taking Farxiga
Here are some tips for safely taking Farxiga:
Side Effects & Safety
Like all drugs, Farxiga carries the potential for adverse effects.
Therefore, monitor yourself or a loved one for side effects, especially those that don’t go away or worsen over time.
If you’re concerned over your or a loved one’s ability to tolerate Farxiga effectively, speak with a healthcare provider; they may alter your dose.
Call 911 if your symptoms feel life-threatening or if you think you have a medical emergency.
Common Side Effects
Common side effects associated with the use of Farxiga include:
Severe Side Effects.
Serious side effects and their symptoms can include the following:
Farxiga is only appropriate for some people as not everyone is a candidate to take it. Before taking Farxiga, tell your healthcare provider about the following:
You should not take this medication if allergic to dapagliflozin or any inactive ingredients in Farxiga.
Other people who should not take Farxiga include:
Summary
Having high blood sugar over a long period can increase the risk of diabetes complications, such as nerve damage, kidney problems, and vision problems.
Keeping blood sugar tightly controlled helps to prevent these complications.
SGLT2 inhibitors, such as Farxiga, are one of many drugs used to help control blood sugar in people with type 2 diabetes, along with diet and exercise.
Farxiga also has other uses for kidney disease and heart failure. Farxiga may be associated with a modest amount of weight loss, with past studies indicating consistent use over several months to years can result in around 4 to 7 pounds lost.
As with any medication, there are benefits and risks to consider. Ask your healthcare provider for more information on Farxiga and whether the drug is appropriate.
Store Farxiga at room temperature (68-77 degrees F). Keep away from direct light, heat, and moisture. Do not store it in a bathroom or any area susceptible to high moisture levels.Keep the bottle tightly closed when not in use. Keep this medication out of reach or sight for children and pets.
Store Farxiga at room temperature (68-77 degrees F). Keep away from direct light, heat, and moisture. Do not store it in a bathroom or any area susceptible to high moisture levels.
Keep the bottle tightly closed when not in use. Keep this medication out of reach or sight for children and pets.
Having high blood sugar from diabetes causes damage to the kidneys over time. Also, many individuals with diabetes have high blood pressure, which can damage the kidneys.
Farxiga may help slow the progression of kidney disease in various ways, including decreasing pressure and blood flow in the kidneys, lowering blood pressure, and lowering blood sugar, uric acid, and triglyceride levels.
26 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.DailyMed.Label: Farxiga- dapagliflozin tablet, film coated.National Kidney Foundation.Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.MedlinePlus.Dapagliflozin.Williams DM, Nawaz A, Evans M.Drug therapy in obesity: a review of current and emerging treatments.DiabetesTher. 2020;11(6):1199-1216. doi:10.1007/s13300-020-00816-yCenters for Disease Control and Prevention.Type 2 diabetes.Diabetes Research Institute.Diabetes statistics.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Chronic kidney disease in the United States, 2023.Lopaschuk GD, Verma S.Mechanisms of cardiovascular benefits of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors: a state-of-the-art review.JACCBasicTranslSci. 2020;5(6):632-644. doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.02.004American Diabetes Association.Oral & injectable medications for type 2 diabetes.DailyMed.Label: Qtern- dapagliflozin and saxagliptin tablet, film coated.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Heart disease risk factors.Ferreira-Hermosillo A, Molina-Ayala MA, Molina-Guerrero D, et al.Efficacy of the treatment with dapagliflozin and metformin compared to metformin monotherapy for weight loss in patients with class III obesity: a randomized controlled trial.Trials. 2020;21(1):186. 2020. doi:10.1186/s13063-020-4121-xDailyMed.Label: Xigduo XR- dapagliflozin and metformin hydrochloride tablet, film coated, extended release.Iqbal N, Ambery P, Logue J, et al.Perspectives in weight control in diabetes – SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1–glucagon dual agonism.Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2023;199:110669. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110669Brown E, Wilding JPH, Barber TM, et al.Weight loss variability with SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity: mechanistic possibilities.Obesity (Silver Spring). 2019;20(6):816-828. doi:10.1111/obr.12841Sargeant JA, Henson J, King JA, et al.A review of the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on lean body mass in humans.Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2019;34(3):247-262. doi:10.3803/EnM.2019.34.3.247American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee.9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment:Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024.Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Suppl 1):S158-S178. doi:10.2337/dc24-S009Vasilakou D, Karagiannis T, Athanasiadou E, et al.Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(4):262-274. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-159-4-201308200-00007Grandy S, Hashemi M, Langkilde AM, et al.Changes in weight loss-related quality of life among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients treated with dapagliflozin.Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014;16(7):645-650. doi:10.1111/dom.12263Strojek, K., Yoon, KH., Hruba, V. et al.Dapagliflozin added to glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus sustains glycemic control and weight loss over 48 Weeks: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial.Diabetes Ther. 2014;5(1):267-283. doi:10.1007/s13300-014-0072-0Dhillon S.Dapagliflozin: a review in type 2 diabetes [published correction appears inDrugs. 2019;79(18):2013].Drugs. 2019;79(10):1135-1146. doi:10.1007/s40265-019-01148-3American Heart Association.American Heart Association recommendations for physical activity in adults and kids.MedlinePlus.Long-term complications of diabetes.Schork, A., Saynisch, J., Vosseler, A. et al.Effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on body composition, fluid status and renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in type 2 diabetes: a prospective study using bioimpedance spectroscopy.Cardiovasc Diabetol18, 46 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-019-0852-yCenters for Disease Control and Prevention.Chronic kidney disease.Nashar K, Khalil P.Clinical evaluation of dapagliflozin in the management of CKD: focus on patient selection and clinical perspectives.Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2022;15:289-308. doi:10.2147/IJNRD.S234282
26 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.DailyMed.Label: Farxiga- dapagliflozin tablet, film coated.National Kidney Foundation.Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.MedlinePlus.Dapagliflozin.Williams DM, Nawaz A, Evans M.Drug therapy in obesity: a review of current and emerging treatments.DiabetesTher. 2020;11(6):1199-1216. doi:10.1007/s13300-020-00816-yCenters for Disease Control and Prevention.Type 2 diabetes.Diabetes Research Institute.Diabetes statistics.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Chronic kidney disease in the United States, 2023.Lopaschuk GD, Verma S.Mechanisms of cardiovascular benefits of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors: a state-of-the-art review.JACCBasicTranslSci. 2020;5(6):632-644. doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.02.004American Diabetes Association.Oral & injectable medications for type 2 diabetes.DailyMed.Label: Qtern- dapagliflozin and saxagliptin tablet, film coated.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Heart disease risk factors.Ferreira-Hermosillo A, Molina-Ayala MA, Molina-Guerrero D, et al.Efficacy of the treatment with dapagliflozin and metformin compared to metformin monotherapy for weight loss in patients with class III obesity: a randomized controlled trial.Trials. 2020;21(1):186. 2020. doi:10.1186/s13063-020-4121-xDailyMed.Label: Xigduo XR- dapagliflozin and metformin hydrochloride tablet, film coated, extended release.Iqbal N, Ambery P, Logue J, et al.Perspectives in weight control in diabetes – SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1–glucagon dual agonism.Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2023;199:110669. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110669Brown E, Wilding JPH, Barber TM, et al.Weight loss variability with SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity: mechanistic possibilities.Obesity (Silver Spring). 2019;20(6):816-828. doi:10.1111/obr.12841Sargeant JA, Henson J, King JA, et al.A review of the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on lean body mass in humans.Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2019;34(3):247-262. doi:10.3803/EnM.2019.34.3.247American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee.9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment:Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024.Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Suppl 1):S158-S178. doi:10.2337/dc24-S009Vasilakou D, Karagiannis T, Athanasiadou E, et al.Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(4):262-274. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-159-4-201308200-00007Grandy S, Hashemi M, Langkilde AM, et al.Changes in weight loss-related quality of life among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients treated with dapagliflozin.Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014;16(7):645-650. doi:10.1111/dom.12263Strojek, K., Yoon, KH., Hruba, V. et al.Dapagliflozin added to glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus sustains glycemic control and weight loss over 48 Weeks: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial.Diabetes Ther. 2014;5(1):267-283. doi:10.1007/s13300-014-0072-0Dhillon S.Dapagliflozin: a review in type 2 diabetes [published correction appears inDrugs. 2019;79(18):2013].Drugs. 2019;79(10):1135-1146. doi:10.1007/s40265-019-01148-3American Heart Association.American Heart Association recommendations for physical activity in adults and kids.MedlinePlus.Long-term complications of diabetes.Schork, A., Saynisch, J., Vosseler, A. et al.Effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on body composition, fluid status and renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in type 2 diabetes: a prospective study using bioimpedance spectroscopy.Cardiovasc Diabetol18, 46 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-019-0852-yCenters for Disease Control and Prevention.Chronic kidney disease.Nashar K, Khalil P.Clinical evaluation of dapagliflozin in the management of CKD: focus on patient selection and clinical perspectives.Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2022;15:289-308. doi:10.2147/IJNRD.S234282
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
DailyMed.Label: Farxiga- dapagliflozin tablet, film coated.National Kidney Foundation.Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.MedlinePlus.Dapagliflozin.Williams DM, Nawaz A, Evans M.Drug therapy in obesity: a review of current and emerging treatments.DiabetesTher. 2020;11(6):1199-1216. doi:10.1007/s13300-020-00816-yCenters for Disease Control and Prevention.Type 2 diabetes.Diabetes Research Institute.Diabetes statistics.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Chronic kidney disease in the United States, 2023.Lopaschuk GD, Verma S.Mechanisms of cardiovascular benefits of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors: a state-of-the-art review.JACCBasicTranslSci. 2020;5(6):632-644. doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.02.004American Diabetes Association.Oral & injectable medications for type 2 diabetes.DailyMed.Label: Qtern- dapagliflozin and saxagliptin tablet, film coated.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Heart disease risk factors.Ferreira-Hermosillo A, Molina-Ayala MA, Molina-Guerrero D, et al.Efficacy of the treatment with dapagliflozin and metformin compared to metformin monotherapy for weight loss in patients with class III obesity: a randomized controlled trial.Trials. 2020;21(1):186. 2020. doi:10.1186/s13063-020-4121-xDailyMed.Label: Xigduo XR- dapagliflozin and metformin hydrochloride tablet, film coated, extended release.Iqbal N, Ambery P, Logue J, et al.Perspectives in weight control in diabetes – SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1–glucagon dual agonism.Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2023;199:110669. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110669Brown E, Wilding JPH, Barber TM, et al.Weight loss variability with SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity: mechanistic possibilities.Obesity (Silver Spring). 2019;20(6):816-828. doi:10.1111/obr.12841Sargeant JA, Henson J, King JA, et al.A review of the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on lean body mass in humans.Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2019;34(3):247-262. doi:10.3803/EnM.2019.34.3.247American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee.9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment:Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024.Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Suppl 1):S158-S178. doi:10.2337/dc24-S009Vasilakou D, Karagiannis T, Athanasiadou E, et al.Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(4):262-274. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-159-4-201308200-00007Grandy S, Hashemi M, Langkilde AM, et al.Changes in weight loss-related quality of life among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients treated with dapagliflozin.Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014;16(7):645-650. doi:10.1111/dom.12263Strojek, K., Yoon, KH., Hruba, V. et al.Dapagliflozin added to glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus sustains glycemic control and weight loss over 48 Weeks: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial.Diabetes Ther. 2014;5(1):267-283. doi:10.1007/s13300-014-0072-0Dhillon S.Dapagliflozin: a review in type 2 diabetes [published correction appears inDrugs. 2019;79(18):2013].Drugs. 2019;79(10):1135-1146. doi:10.1007/s40265-019-01148-3American Heart Association.American Heart Association recommendations for physical activity in adults and kids.MedlinePlus.Long-term complications of diabetes.Schork, A., Saynisch, J., Vosseler, A. et al.Effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on body composition, fluid status and renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in type 2 diabetes: a prospective study using bioimpedance spectroscopy.Cardiovasc Diabetol18, 46 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-019-0852-yCenters for Disease Control and Prevention.Chronic kidney disease.Nashar K, Khalil P.Clinical evaluation of dapagliflozin in the management of CKD: focus on patient selection and clinical perspectives.Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2022;15:289-308. doi:10.2147/IJNRD.S234282
DailyMed.Label: Farxiga- dapagliflozin tablet, film coated.
National Kidney Foundation.Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.
MedlinePlus.Dapagliflozin.
Williams DM, Nawaz A, Evans M.Drug therapy in obesity: a review of current and emerging treatments.DiabetesTher. 2020;11(6):1199-1216. doi:10.1007/s13300-020-00816-y
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Research Institute.Diabetes statistics.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Chronic kidney disease in the United States, 2023.
Lopaschuk GD, Verma S.Mechanisms of cardiovascular benefits of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors: a state-of-the-art review.JACCBasicTranslSci. 2020;5(6):632-644. doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.02.004
American Diabetes Association.Oral & injectable medications for type 2 diabetes.
DailyMed.Label: Qtern- dapagliflozin and saxagliptin tablet, film coated.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Heart disease risk factors.
Ferreira-Hermosillo A, Molina-Ayala MA, Molina-Guerrero D, et al.Efficacy of the treatment with dapagliflozin and metformin compared to metformin monotherapy for weight loss in patients with class III obesity: a randomized controlled trial.Trials. 2020;21(1):186. 2020. doi:10.1186/s13063-020-4121-x
DailyMed.Label: Xigduo XR- dapagliflozin and metformin hydrochloride tablet, film coated, extended release.
Iqbal N, Ambery P, Logue J, et al.Perspectives in weight control in diabetes – SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1–glucagon dual agonism.Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2023;199:110669. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110669
Brown E, Wilding JPH, Barber TM, et al.Weight loss variability with SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity: mechanistic possibilities.Obesity (Silver Spring). 2019;20(6):816-828. doi:10.1111/obr.12841
Sargeant JA, Henson J, King JA, et al.A review of the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on lean body mass in humans.Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2019;34(3):247-262. doi:10.3803/EnM.2019.34.3.247
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee.9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment:Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024.Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Suppl 1):S158-S178. doi:10.2337/dc24-S009
Vasilakou D, Karagiannis T, Athanasiadou E, et al.Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(4):262-274. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-159-4-201308200-00007
Grandy S, Hashemi M, Langkilde AM, et al.Changes in weight loss-related quality of life among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients treated with dapagliflozin.Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014;16(7):645-650. doi:10.1111/dom.12263
Strojek, K., Yoon, KH., Hruba, V. et al.Dapagliflozin added to glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus sustains glycemic control and weight loss over 48 Weeks: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial.Diabetes Ther. 2014;5(1):267-283. doi:10.1007/s13300-014-0072-0
Dhillon S.Dapagliflozin: a review in type 2 diabetes [published correction appears inDrugs. 2019;79(18):2013].Drugs. 2019;79(10):1135-1146. doi:10.1007/s40265-019-01148-3
American Heart Association.American Heart Association recommendations for physical activity in adults and kids.
MedlinePlus.Long-term complications of diabetes.
Schork, A., Saynisch, J., Vosseler, A. et al.Effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on body composition, fluid status and renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in type 2 diabetes: a prospective study using bioimpedance spectroscopy.Cardiovasc Diabetol18, 46 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-019-0852-y
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Chronic kidney disease.
Nashar K, Khalil P.Clinical evaluation of dapagliflozin in the management of CKD: focus on patient selection and clinical perspectives.Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2022;15:289-308. doi:10.2147/IJNRD.S234282
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