Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsSymptomsHow a Pinched Nerve Affects Your Whole BodyCausesDiagnosisTreatment
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Symptoms
How a Pinched Nerve Affects Your Whole Body
Causes
Diagnosis
Treatment
A pinched nerve occurs when the tissue and muscle that surrounds a nerve presses on the nerve itself. This disrupts the nerve’s ability to function properly.Spinal nervesand peripheral nerves (in the limbs) are prone to being pinched.
This article explains the symptoms of pinched nerves, what causes them, and how they are diagnosed. It also discusses possible complications and treatment options.
Pinched Nerve Symptoms
Each nerve in the body detects sensations in specific areas of the skin or the internal organs. Nerves also stimulate certain muscles and organs so they function properly. For nerves that serve the skin and musculoskeletal system, the symptoms of a pinched nerve affect the nerve’s normal function.
Verywell / Brianna Gilmartin
Common symptoms of a pinched nerve, which can occur in combination, include:
The symptoms of a pinched nerve usually come on gradually and may come and go. Symptoms may be milder or more severe depending on your physical position.
Pinched Nerve in Lower Back: What to Do and Avoid
Impaired Physical Functions
Sometimes, a pinched nerve can affect specific body functions. This is usually associated with pinched nerves of the lower spine.
A pinched nerve generally affects only one side of the body. Its effects can range from mild to severe. You can, however, have more than one pinched nerve, which could cause symptoms in several locations. It is also possible to have symptoms of weakness as well as a reduced sensation to pain in different areas of the body.
Most pinched nerves occur in the lower back or neck, potentially leading to pain anywhere in the body that shares the same nervous pathway. So, for example, a pinched nerve in the lower back can cause pain and tingling all the way down to the feet, while a pinched nerve in the neck can shoot pain into the shoulder, arm, and hands.
Your nerves can become pinched when surrounding tissues become inflamed or compressed.
Inflammation causes swelling that can crowd the area around a nerve. Physical trauma (such as an injury) to the area can also disrupt the bones, cartilage, and soft tissue around a nerve.
There is a wide variety of possible causes (and risk factors) for this, including:
Your spinal nerves pass from your spinal cord through small holes calledintervertebral foraminabefore reaching their destination in your extremities (hands and feet). These foramina are located in your vertebrae, which are the bones that make up your spine. The narrow passage of the spinal foramen is a common location for nerve compression.
When a spinal nerve is compressed as it leaves the foramen, the condition is calledradiculopathy.
Nerve passageways throughout your body can also become inflamed, placing pressure on a nerve. For example,carpal tunnel syndrome,ulnar nerve entrapment, andcubital tunnel syndromeare all examples of peripheral nerve compression.
What to Do for Pinched Nerve Pain in the Neck
The diagnosis of a pinched nerve begins with a careful history and physical exam. Your healthcare provider will ask you about your medical history, your physical activity, and any injuries you may have had.
Your physical examination will include assessments of your sensation, reflexes, and motor strength. A pinched nerve in the spine can cause sensory changes that correspond to the nervedermatome(an area of skin that gets its sensation from a specificspinal nerve root).
Symptom Evaluation
Some nerves are prone to compression due to their location. Your healthcare provider will likely recognize a pattern of sensory changes, pain, or weakness corresponding to these nerves, listed in the table below:
Diagnostic Tests
A number of tests can help verify the location of a pinched nerve, assess the extent of nerve damage, and determine whether there are structural problems that need to be addressed.
Electromyography(EMG)andnerve conduction study (NCS)are tests that involve placing needles and electric shocks on the extremities. This helps your medical team determine whether you have nerve damage and if so, how severe it is.
These tests are mildly uncomfortable, but they usually aren’t painful and only take a few minutes. For some, needle EMG tests may be more painful than NCS tests.
Imaging studies, such as an X-ray or a spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), can be helpful in evaluating bone fractures, joint injuries, or tumors—all of which can cause a pinched nerve.
Differential Diagnoses
“Pinched nerve” is often casually used as a catch-all phrase for muscle pain,neck pain, or pain of an arm or leg. An injury resulting from compression, constriction, or stretching of a nerve may not always be defined as a pinched nerve.
Other conditions that can be confused with a pinched nerve include:
Your physical examination and diagnostic tests can help your medical team differentiate a pinched nerve from these other conditions. This helps in directing your treatment plan.
Posterior Disc Bulge vs. Herniated Disc
Thetreatment of a pinched nerveis focused on reducing symptoms and preventing it from worsening. There are several treatment strategies, and you will probably need to use a few of them to get the best results.
Treatment options for a pinched nerve include:
Lifestyle Adjustments
If weight gain is the cause of your pinched nerve, losing weight may relieve the symptoms. (Note: A pregnancy-associated pinched nerve is often relieved after delivery.)
Medications
Physical Therapy
Physical therapy—including specific exercises and strategies to prevent repetitive motion injuries—is often used as an initial treatment along with pain management to help reduce the effects of a pinched nerve.
Splinting
Splints may be used to reduce motion and decrease inflammation around the nerve. This can be an especially effective treatment for ulnar nerve compression.
Complementary and Alternative Options
Therapies such as acupuncture or massage therapy may be helpful for some people in controlling the pain associated with a pinched nerve.TENS(transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) may also reduce pain. A TENS unit is a small device with electrodes that apply mild electrical impulses to the painful area.
These therapies are used primarily to reduce pain. They do not appear to have a significant role in reducing nerve compression on their own.
Surgery
Surgery may be needed to remove scar tissue if it is playing a role in nerve compression. Surgery can also treat a herniated disc, a bone fracture, or a tumor, if any of these is causing the pinched nerve.
Summary
A pinched nerve can be painful, but usually temporary. Symptoms includetingling, numbness, and weakness. In some cases, however, a pinched nerve can cause permanent sensory damage or weakness if the nerve is severely compressed or under pressure for too long.
Early diagnosis and treatment are important for reducing the risk of permanent damage. If you notice symptoms of a pinched nerve, especially if the pain is severe and is lasting for more than a few days, it is important to get medical attention so your healthcare provider can identify any concerning causes sooner rather than later. Treatment can include physical therapy, rest, and anti-inflammatory medications.
6 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Cedars-Sinai.Pinched nerve.Mayo Clinic.Pinched nerve.AdventHealth Medical Group.Cauda equina syndrome.AAOS OrthoInfo.Cervical radiculopathy (pinched nerve).Sonoo M, Menkes DL, Bland JDP, Burke D.Nerve conduction studies and EMG in carpal tunnel syndrome: Do they add value?Clin Neurophysiol Pract. 2018 Apr 5;3:78-88. doi: 10.1016/j.cnp.2018.02.005Dimitrova A, Murchison C, Oken B.Acupuncture for the treatment of peripheral neuropathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J Altern Complement Med. 2017;23(3):164-179. doi:10.1089/acm.2016.0155Additional ReadingConger A, Cushman DM, Speckman RA, Burnham T, Teramoto M, McCormick ZL.The Effectiveness of Fluoroscopically Guided Cervical Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection for the Treatment of Radicular Pain; a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Pain Med. 2019 Jun 10. pii: pnz127. doi:10.1093/pm/pnz127 [Epub ahead of print]Keating L, Treanor C, Sugrue J, Meldrum D, Bolger C, Doody C.A randomised controlled trial of multimodal physiotherapy versus advice for recent onset, painful cervical radiculopathy - the PACeR trial protocol.BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019 Jun 1;20(1):265. doi:10.1186/s12891-019-2639-4
6 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Cedars-Sinai.Pinched nerve.Mayo Clinic.Pinched nerve.AdventHealth Medical Group.Cauda equina syndrome.AAOS OrthoInfo.Cervical radiculopathy (pinched nerve).Sonoo M, Menkes DL, Bland JDP, Burke D.Nerve conduction studies and EMG in carpal tunnel syndrome: Do they add value?Clin Neurophysiol Pract. 2018 Apr 5;3:78-88. doi: 10.1016/j.cnp.2018.02.005Dimitrova A, Murchison C, Oken B.Acupuncture for the treatment of peripheral neuropathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J Altern Complement Med. 2017;23(3):164-179. doi:10.1089/acm.2016.0155Additional ReadingConger A, Cushman DM, Speckman RA, Burnham T, Teramoto M, McCormick ZL.The Effectiveness of Fluoroscopically Guided Cervical Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection for the Treatment of Radicular Pain; a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Pain Med. 2019 Jun 10. pii: pnz127. doi:10.1093/pm/pnz127 [Epub ahead of print]Keating L, Treanor C, Sugrue J, Meldrum D, Bolger C, Doody C.A randomised controlled trial of multimodal physiotherapy versus advice for recent onset, painful cervical radiculopathy - the PACeR trial protocol.BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019 Jun 1;20(1):265. doi:10.1186/s12891-019-2639-4
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Cedars-Sinai.Pinched nerve.Mayo Clinic.Pinched nerve.AdventHealth Medical Group.Cauda equina syndrome.AAOS OrthoInfo.Cervical radiculopathy (pinched nerve).Sonoo M, Menkes DL, Bland JDP, Burke D.Nerve conduction studies and EMG in carpal tunnel syndrome: Do they add value?Clin Neurophysiol Pract. 2018 Apr 5;3:78-88. doi: 10.1016/j.cnp.2018.02.005Dimitrova A, Murchison C, Oken B.Acupuncture for the treatment of peripheral neuropathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J Altern Complement Med. 2017;23(3):164-179. doi:10.1089/acm.2016.0155
Cedars-Sinai.Pinched nerve.
Mayo Clinic.Pinched nerve.
AdventHealth Medical Group.Cauda equina syndrome.
AAOS OrthoInfo.Cervical radiculopathy (pinched nerve).
Sonoo M, Menkes DL, Bland JDP, Burke D.Nerve conduction studies and EMG in carpal tunnel syndrome: Do they add value?Clin Neurophysiol Pract. 2018 Apr 5;3:78-88. doi: 10.1016/j.cnp.2018.02.005
Dimitrova A, Murchison C, Oken B.Acupuncture for the treatment of peripheral neuropathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J Altern Complement Med. 2017;23(3):164-179. doi:10.1089/acm.2016.0155
Conger A, Cushman DM, Speckman RA, Burnham T, Teramoto M, McCormick ZL.The Effectiveness of Fluoroscopically Guided Cervical Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection for the Treatment of Radicular Pain; a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Pain Med. 2019 Jun 10. pii: pnz127. doi:10.1093/pm/pnz127 [Epub ahead of print]Keating L, Treanor C, Sugrue J, Meldrum D, Bolger C, Doody C.A randomised controlled trial of multimodal physiotherapy versus advice for recent onset, painful cervical radiculopathy - the PACeR trial protocol.BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019 Jun 1;20(1):265. doi:10.1186/s12891-019-2639-4
Conger A, Cushman DM, Speckman RA, Burnham T, Teramoto M, McCormick ZL.The Effectiveness of Fluoroscopically Guided Cervical Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection for the Treatment of Radicular Pain; a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Pain Med. 2019 Jun 10. pii: pnz127. doi:10.1093/pm/pnz127 [Epub ahead of print]
Keating L, Treanor C, Sugrue J, Meldrum D, Bolger C, Doody C.A randomised controlled trial of multimodal physiotherapy versus advice for recent onset, painful cervical radiculopathy - the PACeR trial protocol.BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019 Jun 1;20(1):265. doi:10.1186/s12891-019-2639-4
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