Parkinson’s disease(PD) results from the death of dopamine-producing (dopaminergic) nerve cells within an area of the brain called the substantia nigra.Sincedopamineregulates movement, depletion of it results in motor (movement-related) symptoms like shaking, stiffness, and walking problems. Non-motor symptoms, likedepression, sleep problems, and loss of smell, also commonly occur.While there is no definitive way yet to prevent Parkinson’s disease, eating a “brain-healthy” diet and incorporating physical activity into your daily routine might help reduce the risk or delay symptom onset. This article reviews the potential roles of diet and exercise in PD prevention.Verywell / Jessica OlahDietResearch suggests that sticking tocertain dietsor eating patterns may nourish your brain in a way that delays or stops PD from manifesting.The Mediterranean DietTheMediterranean dietis rich in fruits, vegetables, olive oil, fish, and whole grains. It is associated with both a decreased risk of PDand a delayed onset ofParkinson’s disease symptoms.While it’s not entirely clear how, experts suspect that the various antioxidant and anti-inflammatory-rich components of the Mediterranean diet alter the brain in such a way that the death of dopamine-producing nerve cells is slowed or stopped.The Mediterranean diet also limits your intake of dairy products, which are associated with an increased risk of PD.A distinctive and hallmark feature of the Mediterranean diet is that it embraces the concepts of sustainability and balance, meaning it does not promote an overly restrictive way of eating.Basic Concepts of the Mediterranean DietThe components of a Mediterranean diet include:Eat mainlyplant-based foods, such as a variety of fruits and vegetables, along with whole grains, nuts, and legumes, including lentils, chickpeas, beans, and peas.Consume a small amount of low-fat protein, either chicken or fatty fish, such as salmon, albacore tuna, or mackerel, a few times per week.Limit red meat to a few times a month.Avoid salt and instead flavor your meals with spices and herbs.Drink red wine in moderation (one glass of wine with meals).Replace butter with a healthier fat like extra virgin olive oil.Limit dairy, including cream, milk, and ice cream.The MIND DietThe MIND diet combines elements from the Mediterranean diet and theDietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. It is also linked to a lower risk of and delayed onset of Parkinson’s disease.Like the Mediterranean diet, the MIND diet focuses on eating vegetables, whole grains, beans, and nuts. Olive oil is the primary source of fat.The MIND diet also similarly discourages the consumption of butter, cheeses, fried foods, red meat, and pastries/sweets. Eating fatty fish is encouraged in the MIND diet, although not as many servings as in the Mediterranean diet.What is unique about the MIND diet is that it recommends eating berries (not just any fruit) and leafy green vegetables, like kale and spinach.Berries, like blueberries, raspberries, and blackberries, are rich in organic compounds calledflavonoids. Leafy green vegetables are also rich in flavonoids, as well as folate,vitamin E, and carotenoids.Slow Cognitive DeclineFlavonoids, folate, vitamin E, and carotenoids have all been found in scientific studies to slow cognitive decline.Of course, if you already have Parkinson’s disease, eating a diet like the Mediterranean or MIND diet is a sensible approach as well. Besides improving cognition, such fiber-rich diets can easeconstipation, which is a common PD symptom.CaffeineIncorporatingcaffeineinto your diet is also a promising PD-preventive strategy. Numerous scientific studies have consistently linked caffeine consumption to a decreased risk for developing PD.Caffeine is believed to be neuroprotective, which means that it protects the brain from damage, possibly from inflammation or a toxic chemical reaction calledoxidative stress. Since both inflammation and oxidative stress are associated with triggering PD, calming these processes down may reduce dopamine nerve loss.ExerciseFindings from clinical trials have shown that exercise, particularly moderate to vigorous physical activity, is associated with a lower risk of developing PD.The reasons why physical activity may protect against PD are not fully known.Experts suspect that exercise reduces inflammation, oxidative stress, and the abnormal accumulation of a protein called alpha-synuclein in the brain.In Parkinson’s disease, alpha-synuclein misfolds and forms toxic clumps called Lewy bodies within dopamine-producing nerve cells. These Lewy bodies contribute to the loss of dopaminergic nerve cells.Regular physical activity also decreases the likelihood of obesity, which is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease.In addition, sincevitamin D deficiencyis associated with a higher risk of developing PD, increasing vitamin D levels from sunlight exposure (if exercising outdoors) may play a role in protecting you against PD.TypeWhen choosing a form of exercise, examples of moderately intense aerobic activities include walking briskly, bicycling under 10 miles per hour, playing doubles tennis, or doing water aerobics.Certain household chores—mowing your lawn, gardening, vacuuming, or mopping the floor—are also considered moderately intense forms of physical activity.More vigorous types of activities include jogging, swimming laps, hiking uphill, bicycling greater than 10 miles per hour, or playing singles tennis.Doctor’s GuidanceWhen it comes to physical activity, it’s best to start slowly and choose a form of exercise that is enjoyable and right for you. To stay safe, talk with your doctor before embarking on a new exercise regimen.FrequencyMore investigation is needed to determine how often you need to exercise to possibly prevent PD.There may be a dose-response relationship.This means that the more hours of moderate to vigorous physical activity a person performs a week, the lower their potential risk for developing PD.Until more is known, it’s best to follow physical activity guidelines from professional organizations, like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the American Heart Association (AHA).The CDC and AHA recommend that adults engage in at least 150 min of moderate-intensity physical activity or 75 min of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week.Other BenefitsIt’s worth mentioning that besides possibly protecting against Parkinson’s disease, exercise has multiple other health benefits. Exercise releases “feel good” chemicals calledendorphins, improves muscle strength and energy levels, and helps prevent chronic conditions, like cancer and heart disease.If you already have PD, exercise is probably a part of yourtreatment plan. Research has consistently shown that many different types of exercise—for example, running, dancing,tai chi, and yoga—improve PD symptoms, including walking difficulties, depression, sleep issues, and cognition.SummaryEngaging in regular exercise and adopting the Mediterranean diet or MIND diet may help prevent or delay the onset of Parkinson’s disease. The Mediterranean and MIND diets focus on eating plant-based foods and low-fat proteins, especially fish. When exercising, choose moderate-to-vigorously intense physical activities to achieve the most potential benefit.A Word From VerywellChoosing to stay active and eating a nutritious, well-balanced diet is a responsible decision whether to prevent a disease like Parkinson’s, to feel well, or to reduce other health risks.While eating well and exercising are healthy lifestyle habits, be sure to see your doctor if you are experiencing possibleearly symptoms of PD. These may include tremors, stiffness, balance problems, or forgetfulness. Early diagnosis and treatment of PD lower the risk of disease progression.Frequently Asked QuestionsThere is no absolute way yet to prevent Parkinson’s disease. That said, engaging in certain lifestyle factors like exercising and eating a well-balanced diet like the Mediterranean diet might help lower your risk or delay the onset of symptoms.While there is no single food or diet known to definitively prevent PD, the Mediterranean diet (or a similar diet) may help delay the onset of symptoms in some people.The Mediterranean diet is high in plant-based foods, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and beans, and moderate in low-fat proteins like fish and chicken.Aging is the biggest risk factor for developing Parkinson’s disease, so older adults are most at risk.
Parkinson’s disease(PD) results from the death of dopamine-producing (dopaminergic) nerve cells within an area of the brain called the substantia nigra.
Sincedopamineregulates movement, depletion of it results in motor (movement-related) symptoms like shaking, stiffness, and walking problems. Non-motor symptoms, likedepression, sleep problems, and loss of smell, also commonly occur.
While there is no definitive way yet to prevent Parkinson’s disease, eating a “brain-healthy” diet and incorporating physical activity into your daily routine might help reduce the risk or delay symptom onset. This article reviews the potential roles of diet and exercise in PD prevention.
Verywell / Jessica Olah
Diet
Research suggests that sticking tocertain dietsor eating patterns may nourish your brain in a way that delays or stops PD from manifesting.
The Mediterranean Diet
TheMediterranean dietis rich in fruits, vegetables, olive oil, fish, and whole grains. It is associated with both a decreased risk of PDand a delayed onset ofParkinson’s disease symptoms.
While it’s not entirely clear how, experts suspect that the various antioxidant and anti-inflammatory-rich components of the Mediterranean diet alter the brain in such a way that the death of dopamine-producing nerve cells is slowed or stopped.
The Mediterranean diet also limits your intake of dairy products, which are associated with an increased risk of PD.
A distinctive and hallmark feature of the Mediterranean diet is that it embraces the concepts of sustainability and balance, meaning it does not promote an overly restrictive way of eating.
Basic Concepts of the Mediterranean DietThe components of a Mediterranean diet include:Eat mainlyplant-based foods, such as a variety of fruits and vegetables, along with whole grains, nuts, and legumes, including lentils, chickpeas, beans, and peas.Consume a small amount of low-fat protein, either chicken or fatty fish, such as salmon, albacore tuna, or mackerel, a few times per week.Limit red meat to a few times a month.Avoid salt and instead flavor your meals with spices and herbs.Drink red wine in moderation (one glass of wine with meals).Replace butter with a healthier fat like extra virgin olive oil.Limit dairy, including cream, milk, and ice cream.
Basic Concepts of the Mediterranean Diet
The components of a Mediterranean diet include:Eat mainlyplant-based foods, such as a variety of fruits and vegetables, along with whole grains, nuts, and legumes, including lentils, chickpeas, beans, and peas.Consume a small amount of low-fat protein, either chicken or fatty fish, such as salmon, albacore tuna, or mackerel, a few times per week.Limit red meat to a few times a month.Avoid salt and instead flavor your meals with spices and herbs.Drink red wine in moderation (one glass of wine with meals).Replace butter with a healthier fat like extra virgin olive oil.Limit dairy, including cream, milk, and ice cream.
The components of a Mediterranean diet include:
The MIND Diet
The MIND diet combines elements from the Mediterranean diet and theDietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. It is also linked to a lower risk of and delayed onset of Parkinson’s disease.
Like the Mediterranean diet, the MIND diet focuses on eating vegetables, whole grains, beans, and nuts. Olive oil is the primary source of fat.
The MIND diet also similarly discourages the consumption of butter, cheeses, fried foods, red meat, and pastries/sweets. Eating fatty fish is encouraged in the MIND diet, although not as many servings as in the Mediterranean diet.
What is unique about the MIND diet is that it recommends eating berries (not just any fruit) and leafy green vegetables, like kale and spinach.
Berries, like blueberries, raspberries, and blackberries, are rich in organic compounds calledflavonoids. Leafy green vegetables are also rich in flavonoids, as well as folate,vitamin E, and carotenoids.
Slow Cognitive DeclineFlavonoids, folate, vitamin E, and carotenoids have all been found in scientific studies to slow cognitive decline.
Slow Cognitive Decline
Flavonoids, folate, vitamin E, and carotenoids have all been found in scientific studies to slow cognitive decline.
Of course, if you already have Parkinson’s disease, eating a diet like the Mediterranean or MIND diet is a sensible approach as well. Besides improving cognition, such fiber-rich diets can easeconstipation, which is a common PD symptom.
Caffeine
Incorporatingcaffeineinto your diet is also a promising PD-preventive strategy. Numerous scientific studies have consistently linked caffeine consumption to a decreased risk for developing PD.
Caffeine is believed to be neuroprotective, which means that it protects the brain from damage, possibly from inflammation or a toxic chemical reaction calledoxidative stress. Since both inflammation and oxidative stress are associated with triggering PD, calming these processes down may reduce dopamine nerve loss.
Exercise
Findings from clinical trials have shown that exercise, particularly moderate to vigorous physical activity, is associated with a lower risk of developing PD.The reasons why physical activity may protect against PD are not fully known.
Experts suspect that exercise reduces inflammation, oxidative stress, and the abnormal accumulation of a protein called alpha-synuclein in the brain.In Parkinson’s disease, alpha-synuclein misfolds and forms toxic clumps called Lewy bodies within dopamine-producing nerve cells. These Lewy bodies contribute to the loss of dopaminergic nerve cells.
Regular physical activity also decreases the likelihood of obesity, which is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease.
In addition, sincevitamin D deficiencyis associated with a higher risk of developing PD, increasing vitamin D levels from sunlight exposure (if exercising outdoors) may play a role in protecting you against PD.
Type
When choosing a form of exercise, examples of moderately intense aerobic activities include walking briskly, bicycling under 10 miles per hour, playing doubles tennis, or doing water aerobics.
Certain household chores—mowing your lawn, gardening, vacuuming, or mopping the floor—are also considered moderately intense forms of physical activity.
More vigorous types of activities include jogging, swimming laps, hiking uphill, bicycling greater than 10 miles per hour, or playing singles tennis.
Doctor’s GuidanceWhen it comes to physical activity, it’s best to start slowly and choose a form of exercise that is enjoyable and right for you. To stay safe, talk with your doctor before embarking on a new exercise regimen.
Doctor’s Guidance
When it comes to physical activity, it’s best to start slowly and choose a form of exercise that is enjoyable and right for you. To stay safe, talk with your doctor before embarking on a new exercise regimen.
Frequency
More investigation is needed to determine how often you need to exercise to possibly prevent PD.
There may be a dose-response relationship.This means that the more hours of moderate to vigorous physical activity a person performs a week, the lower their potential risk for developing PD.
Until more is known, it’s best to follow physical activity guidelines from professional organizations, like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the American Heart Association (AHA).
The CDC and AHA recommend that adults engage in at least 150 min of moderate-intensity physical activity or 75 min of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week.
Other Benefits
It’s worth mentioning that besides possibly protecting against Parkinson’s disease, exercise has multiple other health benefits. Exercise releases “feel good” chemicals calledendorphins, improves muscle strength and energy levels, and helps prevent chronic conditions, like cancer and heart disease.
If you already have PD, exercise is probably a part of yourtreatment plan. Research has consistently shown that many different types of exercise—for example, running, dancing,tai chi, and yoga—improve PD symptoms, including walking difficulties, depression, sleep issues, and cognition.
Summary
Engaging in regular exercise and adopting the Mediterranean diet or MIND diet may help prevent or delay the onset of Parkinson’s disease. The Mediterranean and MIND diets focus on eating plant-based foods and low-fat proteins, especially fish. When exercising, choose moderate-to-vigorously intense physical activities to achieve the most potential benefit.
A Word From Verywell
Choosing to stay active and eating a nutritious, well-balanced diet is a responsible decision whether to prevent a disease like Parkinson’s, to feel well, or to reduce other health risks.
While eating well and exercising are healthy lifestyle habits, be sure to see your doctor if you are experiencing possibleearly symptoms of PD. These may include tremors, stiffness, balance problems, or forgetfulness. Early diagnosis and treatment of PD lower the risk of disease progression.
Frequently Asked QuestionsThere is no absolute way yet to prevent Parkinson’s disease. That said, engaging in certain lifestyle factors like exercising and eating a well-balanced diet like the Mediterranean diet might help lower your risk or delay the onset of symptoms.While there is no single food or diet known to definitively prevent PD, the Mediterranean diet (or a similar diet) may help delay the onset of symptoms in some people.The Mediterranean diet is high in plant-based foods, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and beans, and moderate in low-fat proteins like fish and chicken.Aging is the biggest risk factor for developing Parkinson’s disease, so older adults are most at risk.
Frequently Asked Questions
There is no absolute way yet to prevent Parkinson’s disease. That said, engaging in certain lifestyle factors like exercising and eating a well-balanced diet like the Mediterranean diet might help lower your risk or delay the onset of symptoms.
While there is no single food or diet known to definitively prevent PD, the Mediterranean diet (or a similar diet) may help delay the onset of symptoms in some people.The Mediterranean diet is high in plant-based foods, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and beans, and moderate in low-fat proteins like fish and chicken.
While there is no single food or diet known to definitively prevent PD, the Mediterranean diet (or a similar diet) may help delay the onset of symptoms in some people.
The Mediterranean diet is high in plant-based foods, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and beans, and moderate in low-fat proteins like fish and chicken.
Aging is the biggest risk factor for developing Parkinson’s disease, so older adults are most at risk.
11 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Alcalay RN, Gu Y, Mejia-Santana H, Cote L, Marder KS, Scarmeas N.The association between Mediterranean diet adherence and Parkinson’s disease.Mov. Disord. 2012. May;27(6):771-4. doi:10.1002/mds.24918Metcalfe-Roach A, Yu AC, Golz E et al.MIND and Mediterranean diets associated with later onset of Parkinson’s disease.Mov Disord.2021 Apr;36(4):977-984. doi:10.1002/mds.28464Cammisuli DM, Bonuccelli U, Daniele S, Martini C, Fusi J, Franzoni F.Aerobic exercise and healthy nutrition as neuroprotective agents for brain health in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A critical review of the literature.Antioxidants (Basel).2020 May 5;9(5):380. doi:10.3390/antiox9050380Front ago JA, Bilyk H, Potashkin JA.The emerging role of nutrition in Parkinson’s disease.Aging Neurosci.2014; 6: 36. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00036Morris MC, Tangney CC, Wang Y, et al.MIND diet slows cognitive decline with aging.Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11(9):1015-1022. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.04.011Nelson LM.Physical activity and Parkinson disease risk: An intriguing link.JAMA Netw Open. 2018 Sep 7;1(5):e182633. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.2633Fan B, Jabeen R, Bo B et al.What and how can physical activity prevention function on Parkinson’s disease?Oxid MQhat and Hoed Cell Longev.2020; 2020: 4293071. doi:10.1155/2020/4293071Peterson AL.A review of vitamin D and Parkinson’s disease.Maturitas. 2014;78:40–4. 2014 May;78(1):40-4. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.02.012Fang X, Han D, Cheng Q, et al.Association of levels of physical activity with risk of Parkinson disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(5):e182421. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.2421Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.How much physical activity do adults need?Reeve A, Simcox E, Turnbull D.Ageing and Parkinson’s disease: why is advancing age the biggest risk factor?Ageing Res Rev.2014 Mar;14(100):19-30. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2014.01.004
11 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Alcalay RN, Gu Y, Mejia-Santana H, Cote L, Marder KS, Scarmeas N.The association between Mediterranean diet adherence and Parkinson’s disease.Mov. Disord. 2012. May;27(6):771-4. doi:10.1002/mds.24918Metcalfe-Roach A, Yu AC, Golz E et al.MIND and Mediterranean diets associated with later onset of Parkinson’s disease.Mov Disord.2021 Apr;36(4):977-984. doi:10.1002/mds.28464Cammisuli DM, Bonuccelli U, Daniele S, Martini C, Fusi J, Franzoni F.Aerobic exercise and healthy nutrition as neuroprotective agents for brain health in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A critical review of the literature.Antioxidants (Basel).2020 May 5;9(5):380. doi:10.3390/antiox9050380Front ago JA, Bilyk H, Potashkin JA.The emerging role of nutrition in Parkinson’s disease.Aging Neurosci.2014; 6: 36. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00036Morris MC, Tangney CC, Wang Y, et al.MIND diet slows cognitive decline with aging.Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11(9):1015-1022. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.04.011Nelson LM.Physical activity and Parkinson disease risk: An intriguing link.JAMA Netw Open. 2018 Sep 7;1(5):e182633. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.2633Fan B, Jabeen R, Bo B et al.What and how can physical activity prevention function on Parkinson’s disease?Oxid MQhat and Hoed Cell Longev.2020; 2020: 4293071. doi:10.1155/2020/4293071Peterson AL.A review of vitamin D and Parkinson’s disease.Maturitas. 2014;78:40–4. 2014 May;78(1):40-4. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.02.012Fang X, Han D, Cheng Q, et al.Association of levels of physical activity with risk of Parkinson disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(5):e182421. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.2421Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.How much physical activity do adults need?Reeve A, Simcox E, Turnbull D.Ageing and Parkinson’s disease: why is advancing age the biggest risk factor?Ageing Res Rev.2014 Mar;14(100):19-30. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2014.01.004
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Alcalay RN, Gu Y, Mejia-Santana H, Cote L, Marder KS, Scarmeas N.The association between Mediterranean diet adherence and Parkinson’s disease.Mov. Disord. 2012. May;27(6):771-4. doi:10.1002/mds.24918Metcalfe-Roach A, Yu AC, Golz E et al.MIND and Mediterranean diets associated with later onset of Parkinson’s disease.Mov Disord.2021 Apr;36(4):977-984. doi:10.1002/mds.28464Cammisuli DM, Bonuccelli U, Daniele S, Martini C, Fusi J, Franzoni F.Aerobic exercise and healthy nutrition as neuroprotective agents for brain health in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A critical review of the literature.Antioxidants (Basel).2020 May 5;9(5):380. doi:10.3390/antiox9050380Front ago JA, Bilyk H, Potashkin JA.The emerging role of nutrition in Parkinson’s disease.Aging Neurosci.2014; 6: 36. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00036Morris MC, Tangney CC, Wang Y, et al.MIND diet slows cognitive decline with aging.Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11(9):1015-1022. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.04.011Nelson LM.Physical activity and Parkinson disease risk: An intriguing link.JAMA Netw Open. 2018 Sep 7;1(5):e182633. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.2633Fan B, Jabeen R, Bo B et al.What and how can physical activity prevention function on Parkinson’s disease?Oxid MQhat and Hoed Cell Longev.2020; 2020: 4293071. doi:10.1155/2020/4293071Peterson AL.A review of vitamin D and Parkinson’s disease.Maturitas. 2014;78:40–4. 2014 May;78(1):40-4. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.02.012Fang X, Han D, Cheng Q, et al.Association of levels of physical activity with risk of Parkinson disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(5):e182421. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.2421Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.How much physical activity do adults need?Reeve A, Simcox E, Turnbull D.Ageing and Parkinson’s disease: why is advancing age the biggest risk factor?Ageing Res Rev.2014 Mar;14(100):19-30. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2014.01.004
Alcalay RN, Gu Y, Mejia-Santana H, Cote L, Marder KS, Scarmeas N.The association between Mediterranean diet adherence and Parkinson’s disease.Mov. Disord. 2012. May;27(6):771-4. doi:10.1002/mds.24918
Metcalfe-Roach A, Yu AC, Golz E et al.MIND and Mediterranean diets associated with later onset of Parkinson’s disease.Mov Disord.2021 Apr;36(4):977-984. doi:10.1002/mds.28464
Cammisuli DM, Bonuccelli U, Daniele S, Martini C, Fusi J, Franzoni F.Aerobic exercise and healthy nutrition as neuroprotective agents for brain health in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A critical review of the literature.Antioxidants (Basel).2020 May 5;9(5):380. doi:10.3390/antiox9050380
Front ago JA, Bilyk H, Potashkin JA.The emerging role of nutrition in Parkinson’s disease.Aging Neurosci.2014; 6: 36. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00036
Morris MC, Tangney CC, Wang Y, et al.MIND diet slows cognitive decline with aging.Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11(9):1015-1022. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.04.011
Nelson LM.Physical activity and Parkinson disease risk: An intriguing link.JAMA Netw Open. 2018 Sep 7;1(5):e182633. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.2633
Fan B, Jabeen R, Bo B et al.What and how can physical activity prevention function on Parkinson’s disease?Oxid MQhat and Hoed Cell Longev.2020; 2020: 4293071. doi:10.1155/2020/4293071
Peterson AL.A review of vitamin D and Parkinson’s disease.Maturitas. 2014;78:40–4. 2014 May;78(1):40-4. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.02.012
Fang X, Han D, Cheng Q, et al.Association of levels of physical activity with risk of Parkinson disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(5):e182421. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.2421
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.How much physical activity do adults need?
Reeve A, Simcox E, Turnbull D.Ageing and Parkinson’s disease: why is advancing age the biggest risk factor?Ageing Res Rev.2014 Mar;14(100):19-30. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2014.01.004
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