Stomach cramps and pain are defining symptoms ofirritable bowel syndrome (IBS)with cramps often getting worse while you poop. Thecause of IBSisn’t well understood, but the array ofsymptomsit can cause—stomach pain, gas, diarrhea, bloating, and constipation—can severely undermine a person’s quality of life.
Fortunately, there are things you can do beyondIBS medicationsto find relief. These include making strategic changes in your diet, using therapeutic heat, and practicingmind-body therapiesto relieve stress.
The article explains why IBS causes cramping and other digestive symptoms and offers seven easy tips to help relieve poop cramps.
Verywell / Brianna Gilmartin
Why Do I Get Bad Cramps When I Poop?
In short, there is not one reason for IBS, and not everyone gets IBS for the same reasons.
Cramping with IBS is thought to be due tovisceral hypersensitivity. This occurs when the pain threshold in the gut is lower and any stimuli (such as gas or acidic foods) can cause the brain to overreact.
In response to the perceived pain, the brain will emit nerve signals that cause thegastrocolic reflex(the automatic contraction and relaxation of the intestines) to become abnormally strong and irregular, leading to cramps, pain, and the sudden urge to poop.
IBS cramping is often described as being burning, stabbing, sharp, or throbbing.Typically, the pain improves with a bowel movement but can worsen in some people when pooping or passing gas.
There are many possible triggers for IBS symptoms, including:
To better avoid cramping and other symptoms of IBS, here are seven at-home interventions that may help.
1
Apply Heat
Applying warmth to your belly can help soothe your mind and relieve your IBS pain.
There are a variety of ways to apply heat to your stomach, and all of them work. You can choose the one that you like best and is most convenient for you:
2Sip a Cup of TeaLike a heating pad, there is something soothing about a nice cup of hot tea. Each of the following types of tea has a reputation for easing digestive distress:Peppermint tea is a good choice to soothe your stomach.Chamomile teacan also help calm the stomach.Anise tea is good for constipation.Fennel teais good for digestion issues.If you are following alow-FODMAP diet, you may want to avoid chamomile and fennel tea. A low-FODMAP diet is one that restricts certain types of carbohydrates and sugar alcohols that the small intestine can’t absorb easily. It is a common treatment for IBS.Keep your kitchen pantry well stocked and bring tea bags with you when you are out and about.
2
Sip a Cup of TeaLike a heating pad, there is something soothing about a nice cup of hot tea. Each of the following types of tea has a reputation for easing digestive distress:Peppermint tea is a good choice to soothe your stomach.Chamomile teacan also help calm the stomach.Anise tea is good for constipation.Fennel teais good for digestion issues.If you are following alow-FODMAP diet, you may want to avoid chamomile and fennel tea. A low-FODMAP diet is one that restricts certain types of carbohydrates and sugar alcohols that the small intestine can’t absorb easily. It is a common treatment for IBS.Keep your kitchen pantry well stocked and bring tea bags with you when you are out and about.
Sip a Cup of Tea
Like a heating pad, there is something soothing about a nice cup of hot tea. Each of the following types of tea has a reputation for easing digestive distress:
If you are following alow-FODMAP diet, you may want to avoid chamomile and fennel tea. A low-FODMAP diet is one that restricts certain types of carbohydrates and sugar alcohols that the small intestine can’t absorb easily. It is a common treatment for IBS.
Keep your kitchen pantry well stocked and bring tea bags with you when you are out and about.
3Eat CarefullyWhen your belly hurts because of digestion problems, you won’t want to make things worse with food. Try foods that are light, healthy, and easy on the stomach. At the same time, do your best to avoid foods that will cause more stomach discomfort.Foods to EatBrothLean protein like chicken, turkey, or porkLactose-free yogurtSteamed vegetablesFoods to AvoidLarge, heavy mealsGreasy mealsGassy foodsHigh-FODMAP foodsOnce your pain has eased, you can slowly go back to eating your regular diet. If you have IBS and you have frequent stomach pain, you will want to find a long-term way of eating that helps ease IBS symptoms.Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Diet: Foods to Eat and What to Limit
3
Eat CarefullyWhen your belly hurts because of digestion problems, you won’t want to make things worse with food. Try foods that are light, healthy, and easy on the stomach. At the same time, do your best to avoid foods that will cause more stomach discomfort.Foods to EatBrothLean protein like chicken, turkey, or porkLactose-free yogurtSteamed vegetablesFoods to AvoidLarge, heavy mealsGreasy mealsGassy foodsHigh-FODMAP foodsOnce your pain has eased, you can slowly go back to eating your regular diet. If you have IBS and you have frequent stomach pain, you will want to find a long-term way of eating that helps ease IBS symptoms.Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Diet: Foods to Eat and What to Limit
Eat Carefully
When your belly hurts because of digestion problems, you won’t want to make things worse with food. Try foods that are light, healthy, and easy on the stomach. At the same time, do your best to avoid foods that will cause more stomach discomfort.
Foods to EatBrothLean protein like chicken, turkey, or porkLactose-free yogurtSteamed vegetablesFoods to AvoidLarge, heavy mealsGreasy mealsGassy foodsHigh-FODMAP foods
Foods to EatBrothLean protein like chicken, turkey, or porkLactose-free yogurtSteamed vegetables
Broth
Lean protein like chicken, turkey, or pork
Lactose-free yogurt
Steamed vegetables
Foods to AvoidLarge, heavy mealsGreasy mealsGassy foodsHigh-FODMAP foods
Large, heavy meals
Greasy meals
Gassy foods
High-FODMAP foods
Once your pain has eased, you can slowly go back to eating your regular diet. If you have IBS and you have frequent stomach pain, you will want to find a long-term way of eating that helps ease IBS symptoms.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Diet: Foods to Eat and What to Limit
4
Try an Over-the-Counter Supplement
There are a few products available without a prescription that may bring IBS pain relief:
5Calm Your Mind and BodyWhen we are in pain, we tend to get anxious. Unfortunately, anxiety can make our pain worse.Taking a few minutes to calm down can be very effective.Relaxation exercises are a way to break the cycle of anxiety and pain. They offer a way to “turn off” the anxious feelings. They work better with regular practice, but can still offer some benefits for immediate pain relief.Three basic types of relaxation exercises are:VisualizationDeep breathingMuscle relaxationWith a little experimentation, you can decide which methods work best for you.
5
Calm Your Mind and BodyWhen we are in pain, we tend to get anxious. Unfortunately, anxiety can make our pain worse.Taking a few minutes to calm down can be very effective.Relaxation exercises are a way to break the cycle of anxiety and pain. They offer a way to “turn off” the anxious feelings. They work better with regular practice, but can still offer some benefits for immediate pain relief.Three basic types of relaxation exercises are:VisualizationDeep breathingMuscle relaxationWith a little experimentation, you can decide which methods work best for you.
Calm Your Mind and Body
When we are in pain, we tend to get anxious. Unfortunately, anxiety can make our pain worse.Taking a few minutes to calm down can be very effective.
Relaxation exercises are a way to break the cycle of anxiety and pain. They offer a way to “turn off” the anxious feelings. They work better with regular practice, but can still offer some benefits for immediate pain relief.
Three basic types of relaxation exercises are:
With a little experimentation, you can decide which methods work best for you.
6Use Your ImaginationBelieve it or not, you can soothe your body and promote healing through the use of healing imagery. Research shows that using your imagination can lead to positive changes in your body and even decrease the amount of pain you feel from IBS.After you have calmed your body with relaxation exercises, stimulate your imagination and dream up a few soothing pain-relieving images. Here are some possibilities, but feel free to come up with your own:Imagine a white healing light coming into your body and swirling all around your belly, healing and soothing your aggravated digestive tract.Imagine that the pain is a hard ball of wax that is slowly melting as you envision a warm, healing heat spread through the area.Imagine that a soft, healing balm is making its way through your system, serving to cool, soothe, and calm the inflamed tissue.
6
Use Your ImaginationBelieve it or not, you can soothe your body and promote healing through the use of healing imagery. Research shows that using your imagination can lead to positive changes in your body and even decrease the amount of pain you feel from IBS.After you have calmed your body with relaxation exercises, stimulate your imagination and dream up a few soothing pain-relieving images. Here are some possibilities, but feel free to come up with your own:Imagine a white healing light coming into your body and swirling all around your belly, healing and soothing your aggravated digestive tract.Imagine that the pain is a hard ball of wax that is slowly melting as you envision a warm, healing heat spread through the area.Imagine that a soft, healing balm is making its way through your system, serving to cool, soothe, and calm the inflamed tissue.
Use Your Imagination
Believe it or not, you can soothe your body and promote healing through the use of healing imagery. Research shows that using your imagination can lead to positive changes in your body and even decrease the amount of pain you feel from IBS.
After you have calmed your body with relaxation exercises, stimulate your imagination and dream up a few soothing pain-relieving images. Here are some possibilities, but feel free to come up with your own:
7
Listen to a Hypnotherapy Recording
Hypnosis has strong research support for easing thesymptoms of IBS, including abdominal pain.Ideally, you want to be engaged in an ongoing hypnotherapy treatment program for best results. But when you are in immediate pain, you may be able to benefit from the relaxation of listening to a hypnosis recording that focuses on the gut.
SummaryIBS is a medical condition that causes abdominal pain, gas, diarrhea, constipation, and bloating. While it’s important for your healthcare provider to diagnose and treat IBS, there are things you can do at home to help provide fast pain relief.Some people with IBS apply soothing heat to the belly using a heating pad or hot water bottle. They may try sipping herbal teas that help with stomach pain.Other people with IBS find that over-the-counter medications and creams can help. Sometimes relaxation techniques such as visualization, deep breathing, or hypnotherapy can help people with IBS deal with stomach pain.A Word From VerywellWhile abdominal pain is a significant part of IBS, there are several treatment options that can provide substantial and long-lasting relief. If you suffer from IBS, it’s important to discuss your symptoms with your healthcare provider to determine the best course of treatment for you.—JAY N. YEPURI, MD, MEDICAL EXPERT BOARDIBS Doctor Discussion GuideGet our printable guide for your next doctor’s appointment to help you ask the right questions.Download PDFEmail AddressSign UpThank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up.There was an error. Please try again.
Summary
IBS is a medical condition that causes abdominal pain, gas, diarrhea, constipation, and bloating. While it’s important for your healthcare provider to diagnose and treat IBS, there are things you can do at home to help provide fast pain relief.
Some people with IBS apply soothing heat to the belly using a heating pad or hot water bottle. They may try sipping herbal teas that help with stomach pain.
Other people with IBS find that over-the-counter medications and creams can help. Sometimes relaxation techniques such as visualization, deep breathing, or hypnotherapy can help people with IBS deal with stomach pain.
A Word From VerywellWhile abdominal pain is a significant part of IBS, there are several treatment options that can provide substantial and long-lasting relief. If you suffer from IBS, it’s important to discuss your symptoms with your healthcare provider to determine the best course of treatment for you.—JAY N. YEPURI, MD, MEDICAL EXPERT BOARD
A Word From Verywell
While abdominal pain is a significant part of IBS, there are several treatment options that can provide substantial and long-lasting relief. If you suffer from IBS, it’s important to discuss your symptoms with your healthcare provider to determine the best course of treatment for you.—JAY N. YEPURI, MD, MEDICAL EXPERT BOARD
While abdominal pain is a significant part of IBS, there are several treatment options that can provide substantial and long-lasting relief. If you suffer from IBS, it’s important to discuss your symptoms with your healthcare provider to determine the best course of treatment for you.
—JAY N. YEPURI, MD, MEDICAL EXPERT BOARD
IBS Doctor Discussion GuideGet our printable guide for your next doctor’s appointment to help you ask the right questions.Download PDFEmail AddressSign UpThank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up.There was an error. Please try again.
Get our printable guide for your next doctor’s appointment to help you ask the right questions.
Download PDF
Email AddressSign UpThank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up.There was an error. Please try again.
Sign Up
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14 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Saha L.Irritable bowel syndrome: pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and evidence-based medicine.World J Gastroenterol.2014 Jun 14;20(22):6759–73. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i22.6759El-Salhy M.Recent developments in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome.World J Gastroenterol.2015 Jul 7; 1(25):7621–36. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7621International Foundation for Gastrointestinal Disorders.Understanding and managing pain in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).Mount Sinai Health System.Peppermint.Mosaffa-Jahromi M, Tamaddon A-M, Afsharypuor S, et al.Effectiveness of anise oil for treatment of mild to moderate depression in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized active and placebo-controlled clinical trial.J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017;22(1):41-46. doi:10.1177/2156587216628374Anheyer D, Frawley J, Koch AK, et al.Herbal medicines for gastrointestinal disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review.Pediatrics. 2017;139(6):e20170062. doi:10.1542/peds.2017-0062Magge S, Lembo A.Low-fodmap diet for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y).2012;8(11):739-45.Gastrointestinal Society.Peppermint relieves IBS pain. Published July 6, 2021.Foley A, Burgell R, Barrett JS, Gibson PR.Management strategies for abdominal bloating and distension.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y).2014;10(9):561-71.De Heer EW, Gerrits MM, Beekman AT, et al.The association of depression and anxiety with pain: a study from NESDA.PLoS ONE.2014;9(10):e106907. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106907Eriksson EM, Andrén KI, Kurlberg GK, Eriksson HT.Aspects of the non-pharmacological treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.World J Gastroenterol.2015;21(40):11439-49. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i40.11439Phillips-Moore JS, Talley NJ, Jones MP.The mind-body connection in irritable bowel syndrome: A randomised controlled trial of hypnotherapy as a treatment.Health Psychol Open. 2015;2(1):2055102914564583. doi:10.1177/2055102914564583Lee HH, Choi YY, Choi MG.The efficacy of hypnotherapy in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J Neurogastroenterol Motil.2014;20(2):152-62. doi:10.5056/jnm.2014.20.2.152Peters SL, Yao CK, Philpott H, Yelland GW, Muir JG, Gibson PR.Randomised clinical trial: the efficacy of gut-directed hypnotherapy is similar to that of the low FODMAP diet for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;44(5):447-459. doi:10.1111/apt.13706Additional ReadingGatchel R, Turk, D.Psychological Approaches to Pain Management. 2nd ed. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2013.Palsson O.Hypnosis treatment of gastrointestinal disorders: A comprehensive review of the empirical evidence.American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 2015;134-58. doi:10.1080/00029157.2015.1039114
14 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Saha L.Irritable bowel syndrome: pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and evidence-based medicine.World J Gastroenterol.2014 Jun 14;20(22):6759–73. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i22.6759El-Salhy M.Recent developments in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome.World J Gastroenterol.2015 Jul 7; 1(25):7621–36. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7621International Foundation for Gastrointestinal Disorders.Understanding and managing pain in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).Mount Sinai Health System.Peppermint.Mosaffa-Jahromi M, Tamaddon A-M, Afsharypuor S, et al.Effectiveness of anise oil for treatment of mild to moderate depression in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized active and placebo-controlled clinical trial.J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017;22(1):41-46. doi:10.1177/2156587216628374Anheyer D, Frawley J, Koch AK, et al.Herbal medicines for gastrointestinal disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review.Pediatrics. 2017;139(6):e20170062. doi:10.1542/peds.2017-0062Magge S, Lembo A.Low-fodmap diet for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y).2012;8(11):739-45.Gastrointestinal Society.Peppermint relieves IBS pain. Published July 6, 2021.Foley A, Burgell R, Barrett JS, Gibson PR.Management strategies for abdominal bloating and distension.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y).2014;10(9):561-71.De Heer EW, Gerrits MM, Beekman AT, et al.The association of depression and anxiety with pain: a study from NESDA.PLoS ONE.2014;9(10):e106907. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106907Eriksson EM, Andrén KI, Kurlberg GK, Eriksson HT.Aspects of the non-pharmacological treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.World J Gastroenterol.2015;21(40):11439-49. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i40.11439Phillips-Moore JS, Talley NJ, Jones MP.The mind-body connection in irritable bowel syndrome: A randomised controlled trial of hypnotherapy as a treatment.Health Psychol Open. 2015;2(1):2055102914564583. doi:10.1177/2055102914564583Lee HH, Choi YY, Choi MG.The efficacy of hypnotherapy in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J Neurogastroenterol Motil.2014;20(2):152-62. doi:10.5056/jnm.2014.20.2.152Peters SL, Yao CK, Philpott H, Yelland GW, Muir JG, Gibson PR.Randomised clinical trial: the efficacy of gut-directed hypnotherapy is similar to that of the low FODMAP diet for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;44(5):447-459. doi:10.1111/apt.13706Additional ReadingGatchel R, Turk, D.Psychological Approaches to Pain Management. 2nd ed. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2013.Palsson O.Hypnosis treatment of gastrointestinal disorders: A comprehensive review of the empirical evidence.American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 2015;134-58. doi:10.1080/00029157.2015.1039114
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Saha L.Irritable bowel syndrome: pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and evidence-based medicine.World J Gastroenterol.2014 Jun 14;20(22):6759–73. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i22.6759El-Salhy M.Recent developments in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome.World J Gastroenterol.2015 Jul 7; 1(25):7621–36. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7621International Foundation for Gastrointestinal Disorders.Understanding and managing pain in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).Mount Sinai Health System.Peppermint.Mosaffa-Jahromi M, Tamaddon A-M, Afsharypuor S, et al.Effectiveness of anise oil for treatment of mild to moderate depression in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized active and placebo-controlled clinical trial.J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017;22(1):41-46. doi:10.1177/2156587216628374Anheyer D, Frawley J, Koch AK, et al.Herbal medicines for gastrointestinal disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review.Pediatrics. 2017;139(6):e20170062. doi:10.1542/peds.2017-0062Magge S, Lembo A.Low-fodmap diet for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y).2012;8(11):739-45.Gastrointestinal Society.Peppermint relieves IBS pain. Published July 6, 2021.Foley A, Burgell R, Barrett JS, Gibson PR.Management strategies for abdominal bloating and distension.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y).2014;10(9):561-71.De Heer EW, Gerrits MM, Beekman AT, et al.The association of depression and anxiety with pain: a study from NESDA.PLoS ONE.2014;9(10):e106907. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106907Eriksson EM, Andrén KI, Kurlberg GK, Eriksson HT.Aspects of the non-pharmacological treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.World J Gastroenterol.2015;21(40):11439-49. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i40.11439Phillips-Moore JS, Talley NJ, Jones MP.The mind-body connection in irritable bowel syndrome: A randomised controlled trial of hypnotherapy as a treatment.Health Psychol Open. 2015;2(1):2055102914564583. doi:10.1177/2055102914564583Lee HH, Choi YY, Choi MG.The efficacy of hypnotherapy in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J Neurogastroenterol Motil.2014;20(2):152-62. doi:10.5056/jnm.2014.20.2.152Peters SL, Yao CK, Philpott H, Yelland GW, Muir JG, Gibson PR.Randomised clinical trial: the efficacy of gut-directed hypnotherapy is similar to that of the low FODMAP diet for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;44(5):447-459. doi:10.1111/apt.13706
Saha L.Irritable bowel syndrome: pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and evidence-based medicine.World J Gastroenterol.2014 Jun 14;20(22):6759–73. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i22.6759
El-Salhy M.Recent developments in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome.World J Gastroenterol.2015 Jul 7; 1(25):7621–36. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7621
International Foundation for Gastrointestinal Disorders.Understanding and managing pain in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
Mount Sinai Health System.Peppermint.
Mosaffa-Jahromi M, Tamaddon A-M, Afsharypuor S, et al.Effectiveness of anise oil for treatment of mild to moderate depression in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized active and placebo-controlled clinical trial.J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017;22(1):41-46. doi:10.1177/2156587216628374
Anheyer D, Frawley J, Koch AK, et al.Herbal medicines for gastrointestinal disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review.Pediatrics. 2017;139(6):e20170062. doi:10.1542/peds.2017-0062
Magge S, Lembo A.Low-fodmap diet for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y).2012;8(11):739-45.
Gastrointestinal Society.Peppermint relieves IBS pain. Published July 6, 2021.
Foley A, Burgell R, Barrett JS, Gibson PR.Management strategies for abdominal bloating and distension.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y).2014;10(9):561-71.
De Heer EW, Gerrits MM, Beekman AT, et al.The association of depression and anxiety with pain: a study from NESDA.PLoS ONE.2014;9(10):e106907. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106907
Eriksson EM, Andrén KI, Kurlberg GK, Eriksson HT.Aspects of the non-pharmacological treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.World J Gastroenterol.2015;21(40):11439-49. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i40.11439
Phillips-Moore JS, Talley NJ, Jones MP.The mind-body connection in irritable bowel syndrome: A randomised controlled trial of hypnotherapy as a treatment.Health Psychol Open. 2015;2(1):2055102914564583. doi:10.1177/2055102914564583
Lee HH, Choi YY, Choi MG.The efficacy of hypnotherapy in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.J Neurogastroenterol Motil.2014;20(2):152-62. doi:10.5056/jnm.2014.20.2.152
Peters SL, Yao CK, Philpott H, Yelland GW, Muir JG, Gibson PR.Randomised clinical trial: the efficacy of gut-directed hypnotherapy is similar to that of the low FODMAP diet for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;44(5):447-459. doi:10.1111/apt.13706
Gatchel R, Turk, D.Psychological Approaches to Pain Management. 2nd ed. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2013.Palsson O.Hypnosis treatment of gastrointestinal disorders: A comprehensive review of the empirical evidence.American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 2015;134-58. doi:10.1080/00029157.2015.1039114
Gatchel R, Turk, D.Psychological Approaches to Pain Management. 2nd ed. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2013.
Palsson O.Hypnosis treatment of gastrointestinal disorders: A comprehensive review of the empirical evidence.American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 2015;134-58. doi:10.1080/00029157.2015.1039114
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