Table of ContentsView AllTable of Contents2. Lose Excess Weight3. Make Dietary Changes4. Get Plenty of Sleep5. Manage Stress6. Quit Smoking7. Try Taking Supplements8. Consider Intermittent Fasting

Table of ContentsView All

View All

Table of Contents

  1. Lose Excess Weight

  2. Make Dietary Changes

  3. Get Plenty of Sleep

  4. Manage Stress

  5. Quit Smoking

  6. Try Taking Supplements

  7. Consider Intermittent Fasting

Insulin resistanceoccurs when your cells become less responsive to insulin, a hormone your pancreas produces in response to elevated blood sugar levels after eating.

When insulin resistance is left unaddressed, your pancreas may struggle to keep up with the increased demand for insulin, which can lead to higher blood sugar levels and,eventually, type 2 diabetes. Fortunately, specific lifestyle changes can help despite the complex mechanisms behind insulin resistance.

This article explores natural, evidence-backed options that can positively affect insulin resistance, even reversing it in some cases.

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Young woman going for a jog in the park

Insulin Resistance Symptoms and Treatments in Females With PCOS

1. Exercise More

Physical activity is an essential piece of overall wellness. It also helps the cells in your muscles become more sensitive to insulin, facilitating better blood glucose (sugar) uptake.

The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans outlines exercise recommendations for adults to improve their health. For the greatest benefit, set the following weekly targets:

Examples of aerobic activities include:

Examples of strength training include:

Exercising helps your body more efficiently utilize glucose for fuel, reducing your blood sugar levels. Regular exercise increases the number of glucose transporters on the surfaces of your cells and improves your overall metabolic health.

Physical activity supports healthier weight management, which increases insulin sensitivity because carrying excess body fat, particularly around the abdomen, is closely linked to insulin resistance.

Excess body fat, especially around the abdomen, contributes to inflammation and can disrupt insulin’s normal function, making your cells less responsive.

Losing extra weight can decrease your body’s fat stores, lower inflammation, and improveinsulin sensitivity. Better insulin sensitivity allows your cells to more efficiently utilize insulin to absorb glucose from your bloodstream, lowering blood sugar levels.

Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight can also help normalize other metabolic markers, improve overall insulin function, and reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.

Nutrition is a crucial factor in improving insulin sensitivity and metabolic health. A well-balanced diet helps manage blood sugar spikes and reduces inflammation, both of which contribute to insulin resistance.

The best approach is to emphasize nutrient-dense foods and reduce ultra-processed foods with minimal nutritional value. Take inventory of your current dietary habits and identify areas for improvement.

Some of the most impactful dietary changes you can make to improve insulin function include:

Reduce Ultra-Processed Foods

Limit your intake of refined carbohydrates, like bread and pasta made with white flour, as well as sugary beverages and snack foods. They generally result in dramatic spikes in blood sugar levels and can contribute to unwanted weight gain.

Increase Fiber

Fiber is only found in plant foods. Eat more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes to improve glycemic control and support digestive health and satiety for weight management.

Prioritize Healthy Fats

Opt for sources of unsaturated fats, such as avocados, nuts, and olive oil. Avoid trans fats and excess saturated fats, which are predominantly found in animal products like bacon, hot dogs, and sausages, as well as certain plant oils like coconut and palm oil. High saturated fat intake is known to reduce insulin sensitivity.

Incorporate Lean Proteins

Lean protein helps promote fullness and prevents overeating and cravings for foods that may contribute to worsened insulin resistance. Choose fish, legumes (such as peas, beans, and lentils), and soy products to help manage hunger and stabilize blood sugar levels.

Sleep is your body’s time to repair, rest, and rejuvenate. Ongoing sleep deprivation affects your overall well-being, including aspects of your metabolic health.

Poor or inadequate sleep disrupts normal hormonal balance, including cortisol (the stress hormone) and insulin. These hormonal imbalances can impair your body’s ability to regulate blood sugar levels effectively and increase your risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Experts recommend adults get seven to eight hours of sleep per night.If you’re not sleeping well, try incorporating goodsleep hygienepractices. For example, set and follow a regular sleep schedule, create a restful sleep environment, and minimize exposure to screens, alcohol, and caffeine before bedtime.

Chronic stress leads to elevated cortisol levels, which can increase blood sugar and decrease insulin sensitivity.

Incorporating stress management techniques can help lower cortisol levels and promote a more balanced hormonal environment, ultimately reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes.

Try some of these stress management tools:

When youstop smoking, you also improve your circulation and blood vessel health, allowing for better oxygen and nutrient delivery to your cells.

If you need help quitting smoking, reach out to a healthcare provider or call 1-800-QUIT-NOW.

While it’s always best to prioritize getting your nutrition from whole and minimally processed foods in your diet, there are instances when certain supplements may help improve insulin resistance. For example, they may provide nutrients you are lacking that support metabolic health and normal blood sugar regulation.

Before adding supplements to your routine, always speak with a healthcare provider or registered dietitian to ensure they are safe for you.

Potentially helpful supplements for insulin resistance include the following:

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), and ALA (alpha-linolenic acid) can help reduce inflammation and support cell membrane health, facilitating better insulin signaling. They appear to act on the mitochondria, which are the energy powerhouses of your cells.

Find omega-3s in either fish oil or vegan algae-based oil supplements if you don’t consume fish in your diet.

Magnesium

This mineral is essential for numerous biochemical reactions, including glucose metabolism. Not getting enough magnesium may worsen insulin resistance.Magnesium is also found in nuts, legumes, dark chocolate, avocados, bananas, and whole grains.

Chromium

Vitamin D

Having enough vitamin D plays a role in insulin function and maintaining healthy blood sugar levels.

Vitamin D is found in fatty fish like salmon, tuna, and mackerel, as well as egg yolks and fortified foods. It’s also produced in your skin when exposed to direct sunlight, but many factors determine how much is made, and many people still lack vitamin D. Get your blood levels checked before adding a supplement.

Intermittent fastingis an approach to eating that cycles between periods of eating and fasting (not eating). There are many different ways to do it, but some evidence suggests that it may help improve insulin resistance and be a useful nondrug treatment option for type 2 diabetes.

Duringperiods of fasting, your body switches from using carbohydrates (glucose) for energy to stored fat. Over time, this can reduce overall fat mass and inflammation, which can otherwise promote insulin resistance.

Some research suggests that intermittent fasting also boosts the production of hormones likeadiponectin, which benefits blood sugar regulation.

Still, intermittent fasting isn’t guaranteed to benefit everyone, and people can have different experiences with it. If you’re considering trying it, it can be helpful to meet with a registered dietitian knowledgeable in fasting to develop an approach that works well for you.

Summary

Insulin resistance is a common health condition that can increase your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. However, if you’re living with insulin resistance, there are many things you can do to help improve and reverse it. Lifestyle changes like achieving a healthy weight, engaging in regular physical activity, improving sleep and nutrition, and practicing stress management can help improve metabolic health and increase insulin sensitivity.

21 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Freeman AM, Acevedo LA, Pennings N.Insulin resistance. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; August 17, 2023.U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.Physical activity guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition.Sylow L, Kleinert M, Richter EA, Jensen TE.Exercise-stimulated glucose uptake - regulation and implications for glycaemic control.Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13(3):133-148. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.162Whillier S.Exercise and insulin resistance.Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1228:137-150. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_9Ahmed B, Sultana R, Greene MW.Adipose tissue and insulin resistance in obese.Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;137:111315. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111315Moradi S, Hojjati Kermani MA, Bagheri R, et al.Ultra-processed food consumption and adult diabetes risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Nutrients. 2021;13(12):4410. doi:10.3390/nu13124410Gołąbek KD, Regulska-Ilow B.Dietary support in insulin resistance: an overview of current scientific reports.Adv Clin Exp Med. 2019;28(11):1577-1585. doi:10.17219/acem/109976von Frankenberg AD, Marina A, Song X, Callahan HS, Kratz M, Utzschneider KM.A high-fat, high-saturated fat diet decreases insulin sensitivity without changing intra-abdominal fat in weight-stable overweight and obese adults.Eur J Nutr. 2017;56(1):431-443. doi:10.1007/s00394-015-1108-6González-Salazar LE, Pichardo-Ontiveros E, Palacios-González B, et al.Effect of the intake of dietary protein on insulin resistance in subjects with obesity: a randomized controlled clinical trial.Eur J Nutr. 2021;60(5):2435-2447. doi:10.1007/s00394-020-02428-5Singh T, Ahmed TH, Mohamed N, et al.Does insufficient sleep increase the risk of developing insulin resistance: a systematic review.Cureus. 2022;14(3):e23501. doi:10.7759/cureus.23501Chaput JP, Dutil C, Featherstone R, et al.Sleep duration and health in adults: an overview of systematic reviews.Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2020;45(10 (Suppl. 2)):S218-S231. doi:10.1139/apnm-2020-0034Yaribeygi H, Maleki M, Butler AE, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A.Molecular mechanisms linking stress and insulin resistance.EXCLI J. 2022;21:317-334. doi:10.17179/excli2021-4382Sharma K, Akre S, Chakole S, Wanjari MB.Stress-induced diabetes: A review. Cureus. 2022;14(9):e29142. Published 2022 Sep 13. doi:10.7759/cureus.29142Artese A, Stamford BA, Moffatt RJ.Cigarette smoking: An accessory to the development of insulin resistance.Am J Lifestyle Med. 2017;13(6):602-605. doi:10.1177/1559827617726516Golbidi S, Edvinsson L, Laher I.Smoking and endothelial dysfunction.Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2020;18(1):1-11. doi:10.2174/1573403X14666180913120015Sinha S, Haque M, Lugova H, Kumar S.The effect of omega-3 fatty acids on insulin resistance. Life (Basel). 2023;13(6):1322. Published 2023 Jun 5. doi:10.3390/life13061322Morais JBS, Severo JS, de Alencar GRR, et al.Effect of magnesium supplementation on insulin resistance in humans: A systematic review. Nutrition. 2017;38:54-60. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2017.01.009National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Chromium fact sheet for health professionals.Contreras-Bolívar V, García-Fontana B, García-Fontana C, Muñoz-Torres M.Mechanisms involved in the relationship between vitamin D and insulin resistance: impact on clinical practice.Nutrients. 2021;13(10):3491. doi:10.3390/nu13103491Albosta M, Bakke J.Intermittent fasting: is there a role in the treatment of diabetes? A review of the literature and guide for primary care physicians.Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;7(1):3. doi:10.1186/s40842-020-00116-1Kim BH, Joo Y, Kim MS, Choe HK, Tong Q, Kwon O.Effects of intermittent fasting on the circulating levels and circadian rhythms of hormones.Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2021;36(4):745-756. doi:10.3803/EnM.2021.405

21 Sources

Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Freeman AM, Acevedo LA, Pennings N.Insulin resistance. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; August 17, 2023.U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.Physical activity guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition.Sylow L, Kleinert M, Richter EA, Jensen TE.Exercise-stimulated glucose uptake - regulation and implications for glycaemic control.Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13(3):133-148. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.162Whillier S.Exercise and insulin resistance.Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1228:137-150. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_9Ahmed B, Sultana R, Greene MW.Adipose tissue and insulin resistance in obese.Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;137:111315. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111315Moradi S, Hojjati Kermani MA, Bagheri R, et al.Ultra-processed food consumption and adult diabetes risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Nutrients. 2021;13(12):4410. doi:10.3390/nu13124410Gołąbek KD, Regulska-Ilow B.Dietary support in insulin resistance: an overview of current scientific reports.Adv Clin Exp Med. 2019;28(11):1577-1585. doi:10.17219/acem/109976von Frankenberg AD, Marina A, Song X, Callahan HS, Kratz M, Utzschneider KM.A high-fat, high-saturated fat diet decreases insulin sensitivity without changing intra-abdominal fat in weight-stable overweight and obese adults.Eur J Nutr. 2017;56(1):431-443. doi:10.1007/s00394-015-1108-6González-Salazar LE, Pichardo-Ontiveros E, Palacios-González B, et al.Effect of the intake of dietary protein on insulin resistance in subjects with obesity: a randomized controlled clinical trial.Eur J Nutr. 2021;60(5):2435-2447. doi:10.1007/s00394-020-02428-5Singh T, Ahmed TH, Mohamed N, et al.Does insufficient sleep increase the risk of developing insulin resistance: a systematic review.Cureus. 2022;14(3):e23501. doi:10.7759/cureus.23501Chaput JP, Dutil C, Featherstone R, et al.Sleep duration and health in adults: an overview of systematic reviews.Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2020;45(10 (Suppl. 2)):S218-S231. doi:10.1139/apnm-2020-0034Yaribeygi H, Maleki M, Butler AE, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A.Molecular mechanisms linking stress and insulin resistance.EXCLI J. 2022;21:317-334. doi:10.17179/excli2021-4382Sharma K, Akre S, Chakole S, Wanjari MB.Stress-induced diabetes: A review. Cureus. 2022;14(9):e29142. Published 2022 Sep 13. doi:10.7759/cureus.29142Artese A, Stamford BA, Moffatt RJ.Cigarette smoking: An accessory to the development of insulin resistance.Am J Lifestyle Med. 2017;13(6):602-605. doi:10.1177/1559827617726516Golbidi S, Edvinsson L, Laher I.Smoking and endothelial dysfunction.Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2020;18(1):1-11. doi:10.2174/1573403X14666180913120015Sinha S, Haque M, Lugova H, Kumar S.The effect of omega-3 fatty acids on insulin resistance. Life (Basel). 2023;13(6):1322. Published 2023 Jun 5. doi:10.3390/life13061322Morais JBS, Severo JS, de Alencar GRR, et al.Effect of magnesium supplementation on insulin resistance in humans: A systematic review. Nutrition. 2017;38:54-60. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2017.01.009National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Chromium fact sheet for health professionals.Contreras-Bolívar V, García-Fontana B, García-Fontana C, Muñoz-Torres M.Mechanisms involved in the relationship between vitamin D and insulin resistance: impact on clinical practice.Nutrients. 2021;13(10):3491. doi:10.3390/nu13103491Albosta M, Bakke J.Intermittent fasting: is there a role in the treatment of diabetes? A review of the literature and guide for primary care physicians.Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;7(1):3. doi:10.1186/s40842-020-00116-1Kim BH, Joo Y, Kim MS, Choe HK, Tong Q, Kwon O.Effects of intermittent fasting on the circulating levels and circadian rhythms of hormones.Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2021;36(4):745-756. doi:10.3803/EnM.2021.405

Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

Freeman AM, Acevedo LA, Pennings N.Insulin resistance. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; August 17, 2023.U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.Physical activity guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition.Sylow L, Kleinert M, Richter EA, Jensen TE.Exercise-stimulated glucose uptake - regulation and implications for glycaemic control.Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13(3):133-148. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.162Whillier S.Exercise and insulin resistance.Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1228:137-150. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_9Ahmed B, Sultana R, Greene MW.Adipose tissue and insulin resistance in obese.Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;137:111315. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111315Moradi S, Hojjati Kermani MA, Bagheri R, et al.Ultra-processed food consumption and adult diabetes risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Nutrients. 2021;13(12):4410. doi:10.3390/nu13124410Gołąbek KD, Regulska-Ilow B.Dietary support in insulin resistance: an overview of current scientific reports.Adv Clin Exp Med. 2019;28(11):1577-1585. doi:10.17219/acem/109976von Frankenberg AD, Marina A, Song X, Callahan HS, Kratz M, Utzschneider KM.A high-fat, high-saturated fat diet decreases insulin sensitivity without changing intra-abdominal fat in weight-stable overweight and obese adults.Eur J Nutr. 2017;56(1):431-443. doi:10.1007/s00394-015-1108-6González-Salazar LE, Pichardo-Ontiveros E, Palacios-González B, et al.Effect of the intake of dietary protein on insulin resistance in subjects with obesity: a randomized controlled clinical trial.Eur J Nutr. 2021;60(5):2435-2447. doi:10.1007/s00394-020-02428-5Singh T, Ahmed TH, Mohamed N, et al.Does insufficient sleep increase the risk of developing insulin resistance: a systematic review.Cureus. 2022;14(3):e23501. doi:10.7759/cureus.23501Chaput JP, Dutil C, Featherstone R, et al.Sleep duration and health in adults: an overview of systematic reviews.Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2020;45(10 (Suppl. 2)):S218-S231. doi:10.1139/apnm-2020-0034Yaribeygi H, Maleki M, Butler AE, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A.Molecular mechanisms linking stress and insulin resistance.EXCLI J. 2022;21:317-334. doi:10.17179/excli2021-4382Sharma K, Akre S, Chakole S, Wanjari MB.Stress-induced diabetes: A review. Cureus. 2022;14(9):e29142. Published 2022 Sep 13. doi:10.7759/cureus.29142Artese A, Stamford BA, Moffatt RJ.Cigarette smoking: An accessory to the development of insulin resistance.Am J Lifestyle Med. 2017;13(6):602-605. doi:10.1177/1559827617726516Golbidi S, Edvinsson L, Laher I.Smoking and endothelial dysfunction.Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2020;18(1):1-11. doi:10.2174/1573403X14666180913120015Sinha S, Haque M, Lugova H, Kumar S.The effect of omega-3 fatty acids on insulin resistance. Life (Basel). 2023;13(6):1322. Published 2023 Jun 5. doi:10.3390/life13061322Morais JBS, Severo JS, de Alencar GRR, et al.Effect of magnesium supplementation on insulin resistance in humans: A systematic review. Nutrition. 2017;38:54-60. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2017.01.009National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Chromium fact sheet for health professionals.Contreras-Bolívar V, García-Fontana B, García-Fontana C, Muñoz-Torres M.Mechanisms involved in the relationship between vitamin D and insulin resistance: impact on clinical practice.Nutrients. 2021;13(10):3491. doi:10.3390/nu13103491Albosta M, Bakke J.Intermittent fasting: is there a role in the treatment of diabetes? A review of the literature and guide for primary care physicians.Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;7(1):3. doi:10.1186/s40842-020-00116-1Kim BH, Joo Y, Kim MS, Choe HK, Tong Q, Kwon O.Effects of intermittent fasting on the circulating levels and circadian rhythms of hormones.Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2021;36(4):745-756. doi:10.3803/EnM.2021.405

Freeman AM, Acevedo LA, Pennings N.Insulin resistance. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; August 17, 2023.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.Physical activity guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition.

Sylow L, Kleinert M, Richter EA, Jensen TE.Exercise-stimulated glucose uptake - regulation and implications for glycaemic control.Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13(3):133-148. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.162

Whillier S.Exercise and insulin resistance.Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1228:137-150. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_9

Ahmed B, Sultana R, Greene MW.Adipose tissue and insulin resistance in obese.Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;137:111315. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111315

Moradi S, Hojjati Kermani MA, Bagheri R, et al.Ultra-processed food consumption and adult diabetes risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Nutrients. 2021;13(12):4410. doi:10.3390/nu13124410

Gołąbek KD, Regulska-Ilow B.Dietary support in insulin resistance: an overview of current scientific reports.Adv Clin Exp Med. 2019;28(11):1577-1585. doi:10.17219/acem/109976

von Frankenberg AD, Marina A, Song X, Callahan HS, Kratz M, Utzschneider KM.A high-fat, high-saturated fat diet decreases insulin sensitivity without changing intra-abdominal fat in weight-stable overweight and obese adults.Eur J Nutr. 2017;56(1):431-443. doi:10.1007/s00394-015-1108-6

González-Salazar LE, Pichardo-Ontiveros E, Palacios-González B, et al.Effect of the intake of dietary protein on insulin resistance in subjects with obesity: a randomized controlled clinical trial.Eur J Nutr. 2021;60(5):2435-2447. doi:10.1007/s00394-020-02428-5

Singh T, Ahmed TH, Mohamed N, et al.Does insufficient sleep increase the risk of developing insulin resistance: a systematic review.Cureus. 2022;14(3):e23501. doi:10.7759/cureus.23501

Chaput JP, Dutil C, Featherstone R, et al.Sleep duration and health in adults: an overview of systematic reviews.Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2020;45(10 (Suppl. 2)):S218-S231. doi:10.1139/apnm-2020-0034

Yaribeygi H, Maleki M, Butler AE, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A.Molecular mechanisms linking stress and insulin resistance.EXCLI J. 2022;21:317-334. doi:10.17179/excli2021-4382

Sharma K, Akre S, Chakole S, Wanjari MB.Stress-induced diabetes: A review. Cureus. 2022;14(9):e29142. Published 2022 Sep 13. doi:10.7759/cureus.29142

Artese A, Stamford BA, Moffatt RJ.Cigarette smoking: An accessory to the development of insulin resistance.Am J Lifestyle Med. 2017;13(6):602-605. doi:10.1177/1559827617726516

Golbidi S, Edvinsson L, Laher I.Smoking and endothelial dysfunction.Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2020;18(1):1-11. doi:10.2174/1573403X14666180913120015

Sinha S, Haque M, Lugova H, Kumar S.The effect of omega-3 fatty acids on insulin resistance. Life (Basel). 2023;13(6):1322. Published 2023 Jun 5. doi:10.3390/life13061322

Morais JBS, Severo JS, de Alencar GRR, et al.Effect of magnesium supplementation on insulin resistance in humans: A systematic review. Nutrition. 2017;38:54-60. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2017.01.009

National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Chromium fact sheet for health professionals.

Contreras-Bolívar V, García-Fontana B, García-Fontana C, Muñoz-Torres M.Mechanisms involved in the relationship between vitamin D and insulin resistance: impact on clinical practice.Nutrients. 2021;13(10):3491. doi:10.3390/nu13103491

Albosta M, Bakke J.Intermittent fasting: is there a role in the treatment of diabetes? A review of the literature and guide for primary care physicians.Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;7(1):3. doi:10.1186/s40842-020-00116-1

Kim BH, Joo Y, Kim MS, Choe HK, Tong Q, Kwon O.Effects of intermittent fasting on the circulating levels and circadian rhythms of hormones.Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2021;36(4):745-756. doi:10.3803/EnM.2021.405

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