Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsHistoryGlucose MetabolismHow It WorksBenefitsSide EffectsTypes of DietsFasting Safely
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
History
Glucose Metabolism
How It Works
Benefits
Side Effects
Types of Diets
Fasting Safely
Intermittent fasting(IF) for people with diabetes has the potential benefit of improving blood glucose—and possibly reversing diabetes or going into “remission.” The key is balancing these benefits with the safety concerns of following this eating plan when taking diabetes medications.
IF is a type of eating plan that involves limiting the time period when you eat. There are several different ways to do that, including:
This article explores the science behind these eating plans and the potential effects for people with diabetes.
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History of Diabetes and Intermittent Fasting
Fasting has been around for a long time: It has been a historical part of some spiritual traditions stretching back centuries. More recently, IF has been used as part of a healthy diet for weight loss, as a “detoxifying” strategy, and more.
There’s been some debate about whether fasting is healthy for those withdiabetes. A growing body of evidence suggests that some IF diets could benefit people with diabetes.
Scientists note thatwhena person fasts may be just as important as the diet itself.
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To understand the benefits of intermittent fasting and diabetes, it’s important to know a little about how your body processes glucose and insulin.
2:01Click Play to Learn About Diabetes and Intermittent Fasting
2:01
Click Play to Learn About Diabetes and Intermittent Fasting
Insulin Resistance
Sometimes muscle, fat, and liver cells don’t respond normally to insulin. Glucose builds up in the blood because it can’t enter the cells. This is calledinsulin resistancebecause the cells resist the effects of insulin.
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Prediabetes
Prediabetes means your blood glucose levels are higher than normal, but not high enough to qualify as diabetes. You may have prediabetes if you have insulin resistance. Prediabetes can also happen if your pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin to keep your blood sugar within the normal range.
Over time, prediabetes often progresses intotype 2 diabetes.
Some people have reversed type 2 diabetes after losing 30 pounds or more.Although not everyone who loses this much weight will be able to put their diabetes into remission, there are many health benefits to losing weight.
How Intermittent Fasting Works
The primary goal of intermittent fasting for weight loss is to get insulin levels low enough so your body burns stored fat (instead of sugar) for energy.
Here is how it works: When your body breaks down the food you eat, it ends up as molecules in your bloodstream. One such molecule is glucose. It comes from the breakdown of carbohydrates.
Your body makes insulin so your cells can store and use that glucose. If you have more blood glucose than your body can use, it gets stored as fat for future use.
When you’re not eating meals or snacks, insulin levels drop. When insulin levels are low, fat cells release some of the stored fat so it can be used for energy. That results in weight loss.
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Benefits of Intermittent Fasting
A few small studies have shown that intermittent fasting can have health benefits for people with diabetes, including:
A long-term study published in theNew England Journal of Medicineshowed that fasting can:
Other reportedbenefits of fastinginclude:
A 2019 study published in the journalNutrientsfound that more studies need to be done to fully explain the long-term benefits of fasting for humans, including whether fasting could reduce the risk of heart disease.
Intermittent fasting is safe for most people, but it isn’t right for everyone. IF diets may not be safe for people who are pregnant or breastfeeding, under age 18, have a history of eating disorders, or have diabetes.
Fasting does have some downsides. Side effects of IF diets can include:
More research is needed to understand how common and how severe these side effects could be. Check with your healthcare provider before making major changes to your diet if you have diabetes.
Some side effects, likehyperglycemiaor hypoglycemia, could be dangerous for people with diabetes. Talk to your healthcare provider before you start any type of IF diet.
Types of IF Diets for Diabetes
Several IF diets have proven safe and effective for people with diabetes. Here’s a look at the research.
The 5:2 Diet
The popular 5:2 diet was introduced in Dr. Jason Fung’s best-selling book “The Obesity Code” in 2016.It involves eating a recommended amount of calories five days per week, with twonon-consecutivedays of eating a reduced-calorie diet. On fasting days, you don’t stop eating altogether—you just reduce the number of calories.
If you have diabetes and want to try the 5:2 diet, speak to your healthcare provider or diabetes team. They’ll help you set a target calorie intake for the fasting and non-fasting days.
Studies on the 5:2 Diet
Studies have shown that the 5:2 diet may lower insulin resistance. It may also help with weight loss in people with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes.
The study tracked 137 people with type 2 diabetes:
The study found that those who followed the 5:2 diet were just as likely to control their blood sugar levels as those on the daily restricted-calorie diet. Researchers said the 5:2 diet “may be superior to continuous energy restriction for weight reduction.”
Safety of the 5:2 Diet
Some experts question the safety of the 5:2 diet for people with diabetes. However, a long-term study published in 2018 reported that “fasting is safe for those with diet-controlled type 2 diabetes.”
The study authors concluded that those who take insulin ororal diabetes medicationssuch as glyburide or metformin need very close monitoring. They may need to adjust their dosages. This is because fasting can cause hypoglycemia if you’re taking medications that lower your blood sugar.
This study found the 5:2 diet safe for those with diabetes. Still, it’s important to talk to your healthcare provider before fasting or starting any other type of diet.
Early Time-Restricted Feeding Diet (eTRF)
With an early time-restricted feeding (eTRF) diet, you fit all your meals into a specific period of time each day.
The eTRF diet plan may be an eight-hour, 10-hour, or even a six-hour plan. On the eight-hour plan, if you begin eating at 7:00 a.m., the last meal or snack for the day would be at 3:00 p.m. An example of the 12-hour early time-restricted feeding plan would be when you eat the first meal of the day at 7:00 a.m. and the last meal or snack no later than 7:00 p.m.
How the eTRF Diet Works
The eTRF diet may work with yourcircadian rhythm. This is the body’s internal clock, which controls the timing of sleep, waking, and metabolism. That’s why some think the diet could aid weight loss.
If you stop eating earlier in the evening, you will extend your overnight fast. According to a study published in theNew England Journal of Medicine, fasting triggers some important cell functions, such as lowering blood sugar and boosting metabolism.
Benefits of the eTRF
Benefits of the eTRF diet include:
Study on the eTRF Diet for Diabetes
In a 2018 study, the eight-hour eTRF diet was compared with the 12-hour diet. The study found that the eight-hour group had dramatically lower insulin levels than the 12-hour group. Both groups maintained their weight. And both groups lowered insulin and blood pressure.
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Meal Planning Tips
As with any eating plan, it’s important to maintain a balanced diet to ensure your body is getting the nutrition it needs for long-term health. Include these meal-planning tips in your IF plan:
The safety of fasting for those with type 1 diabetes has not been fully established. If you have type 1 diabetes, you should never fast without first discussing it with your healthcare provider.
Summary
Intermittent fasting is an eating plan that’s become popular for weight loss and detox purposes. There are questions about whether fasting is safe for people with diabetes. More research is needed, but some studies show there could be benefits for people with type 2 diabetes.
The 5:2 IF diet allows normal eating five days per week. On two non-consecutive days, you eat fewer calories. Studies show this plan is safe for people with type 2 diabetes that’s controlled with diet. If you take medications to keep type 2 diabetes in check, you will need to monitor your blood sugar closely to make sure it doesn’t drop too low.
If you have diabetes and want to try an IF diet, it’s vital that you work with your diabetes team to do it safely.
15 Sources
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