Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsPrescriptionsSurgeriesOTC TherapiesHome Remedies and LifestyleComplementary and Alternative MedicineExperimental TreatmentsNext in Vitiligo GuideLiving Well with Vitiligo
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View All
Table of Contents
Prescriptions
Surgeries
OTC Therapies
Home Remedies and Lifestyle
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Experimental Treatments
Next in Vitiligo Guide
On its own, vitiligo is usually notpainfuland is not life-threatening. Some people with the condition choose not to treat it because it does not affect their health or self-esteem.
For people who choose treatment, the goal is usually to reduce the appearance of the patches if they affect a person’s quality of life.Oral and topical prescription medications, light therapy, surgical procedures, and some lifestyle changes can help people manage vitiligo.
This article discusses different ways to treat vitiligo.
Diamond Dogs / Getty Images
What Is Vitiligo?
Topical and oral prescription medications (or a combination of both) are among the first treatments that are usually tried for people with vitiligo. Prescription medications may slow the progression of the discolored patches of the skin and may potentially restore some of the pigment in small areas, though the results of these treatments vary.
Topical Corticosteroids
People who use potent topical corticosteroids often regain at least some skin pigmentation after six months. Some research has shown that prescription creams are more effective on the face, rather than on other areas like the hands or feet.Areas of the skin farther away from the center of the body have fewer hair follicles to support repigmentation and tend to be more difficult to treat.
Why the Potency of Topical Steroids Matters
While these creams might be helpful for some people with vitiligo, they do come with side effects. For example, topical corticosteroids have been known to cause skin thinning or stretch marks when they are used long-term. Taking breaks during treatment may reduce the risk of these side effects.
If you’re pregnant or planning to become pregnant, talk to your doctor before using topical corticosteroids. Mild to moderate versions of these drugs are preferred over more potent versions while you are pregnant.
Oral Corticosteroids
Common side effects of corticosteroids include high blood sugar and fluid retention. More serious side effects like infection and weight gain are considered to be rare.
It’s important to know that corticosteroid therapy is not considered a long-term treatment option for vitiligo. It can also take up to three months to see results.
Topical Vitamin D Analogs
Your dermatologist may recommend a class of medications known as vitamin D analogs, such as calcipotriene and tacalcitol. These topical ointments are synthetic vitamin D derivatives and are used to lessen an inflammatory response in the skin’s pigment cells. They can also be used in combination with phototherapy (light therapy) or a corticosteroid.
While they’re considered to be safe for most people with vitiligo, vitamin D analogs can have mild side effects, such as stinging, swelling, itching, and burning skin.
Topical Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatories
Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatoriespimecrolimus and tacrolimus(also known as topical calcineurin inhibitors, or TCIs) are FDA-approved to treat atopic dermatitis (oreczema).
The most common side effect of topical immunomodulators is a burning or itching sensation on the area of the skin where applied. You might also experience brief flushing of your skin after you drink alcohol. There are also less common but serious side effects that you should discuss with your doctor.
Boxed Warning
Some professional dermatology and immunology organizations have criticized the decision to keep the boxed warning in light of the updated data. The medication is still prescribed with caution if appropriate for some vitiligo patients.
A boxed warning does not mean that topical immunomodulators definitely increase the risk of lymphoma, but there could be a potential risk.
Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors
Opzelura (ruxolitinib) cream is the first FDA-approved treatment for nonsegmental vitiligo in patients 12 years and older. It is also approved for treating atopic dermatitis.
Opzelura is generally applied twice daily to the affected areas of the body, and it may take up to 24 weeks of treatment or longer to see a meaningful response.
What Do Boxed Warnings Mean?
Surgeries and Specialist-Driven Procedures
There are procedures that can be done in a dermatologist’s office that may help restore color to vitiligo skin patches. These procedures might be recommended if topical treatments have not worked, if the vitiligo is widespread, or if the vitiligo is having a significant impact on a person’s quality of life.
The outcomes of these procedures vary. Your dermatologist may recommend combining more than one type of therapy to get the best results.
Phototherapy
Phototherapy tends to work best on the face and is least effective on the hands and feet.
Two to three treatments per week for several weeks to months are usually necessary to see any significant improvement. It’s also important to know that the results are not always permanent, and restored color can be lost each year after stopping treatment. Your dermatologist will discuss with you the risks of exposure to UVA light, which mayincrease the risk of skin cancer.
Always ask your doctor before starting any type of light therapy. The light therapy that is used in the dermatologist’s office is not the same as the at-home sunlamps that consumers can purchase (which are not regulated and have not been proven to be safe or effective).
PUVA Light Therapy
Phototherapy can be done on its own, but you might also be prescribed an oral or topical medication called psoralen, which makes your skin more sensitive to light. This combination treatment is referred to as PUVA (psoralen and UVA light), and it appears to be most effective for treating large areas of vitiligo-affected skin.
PUVA treatment is done at a hospital or outpatient center, usually twice a week for about a year. Studies have shown that it’s about 50% to 75% effective for the face, trunk, upper arms, and upper legs, but less effective on hands and feet.
People undergoing PUVA therapy are monitored closely to prevent serious side effects, as psoralen can sometimes affect the eyes.
What Does Phototherapy Treat?
Excimer Laser
Another form of phototherapy (specifically theexcimer laser) can be used to treat smaller vitiligo patches. This type of laser produces ultraviolet radiation at specific wavelengths that have been shown to promote skin repigmentation. You will usually undergo a series of laser sessions over the course of several weeks or months.
While many people see results with the excimer laser, occasional touch-up sessions might be needed.
Repigmentation Surgery
Not every person with vitiligo is a candidate for these procedures. A person’s vitiligo must have been stable (unchanged) for at least six months before the procedure. If a personscars easily or develops keloids(scars that rise above the skin), they should not have repigmentation procedures.
There are also possible complications to the procedures, include scarring, infection, or failure to repigment.
Depigmentation Treatments
Depigmentation removes the remaining pigment from the skin, turning all the skin the same color as the white or light patches (therefore making the vitiligo patches less noticeable).
The FDA has approved a drug called monobenzone for depigmentation. It does have side effects, however, including itching, stinging, and the risk of repigmentation.
Depigmentation procedures are a last-resort option used only when the majority of a person’s skin has already lost pigment from vitiligo. Some experts recommend the procedure for depigmenting small sections of skin on areas that cause concern or affect a person’s self-esteem, such as the face.
Micropigmentation
Micropigmentation is a tattooing technique that is usually performed on smaller areas of skin to help blend vitiligo patches to match the rest of the skin. It’s similar to permanent makeup, but is done for a medical condition and not solely for cosmetic purposes. Micropigmentation is not recommended for larger areas of skin.
Up to four treatments are needed for a small area, and each treatment takes a few hours to complete. Immediately following the procedure there can be swelling, but it’s usually manageable with ice packs.
Full results can be seen in three weeks. Micropigmentation does come with risks, including infection, inflammation, keloid development, and allergic reactions.
How Vitiligo Is Treated
Over-the-Counter (OTC) Therapies
Your doctor may also recommend over-the-counter (OTC) products to help manage certain aspects of your vitiligo, though these products are not made for actively repigmenting the skin.
Pain Relief
Some people experience pain, discomfort, or itching on the areas of skin where the vitiligo appears. If the pain is mild,nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or Aleve can be effective.
Check with your doctor to make sure the pain relievers you use will not interfere with any other medications you take or affect any other medical conditions you may have.
Sun Protection
All vitiligo patients can benefit from sun protection, as the condition comes with a severe risk of sunburn. Your dermatologist will recommend a topical sunscreen with anSPF of 30or higher to help protect against damage on the skin patches that do not have enough melanin to protect from thesun’s damaging rays.
Skin Camouflage
Vitiligo can affect a person’s self-esteem because there is a social stigma related to the skin’s appearance. Your dermatologist might recommend trying a drugstore self-tanner or concealing cream to add color and help match your natural skin color.
Hypoallergenic concealers such as Dermablend and Covermark are brands that are available in drugstores. Make sure you select a waterproof product.
In addition to prescription medications and medical procedures, there are somepotential dietary and lifestyle changesthat can help people with vitiligo care for their skin and overall health and well-being.
Home remedies are not a replacement for vitiligo treatment, and more research is needed on their potential benefits.
Dietary Changes
People with and without vitiligo can benefit from eating a nutritious diet, staying hydrated, and consuming plenty of immune system–boosting foods that contain phytochemicals, beta-carotene, and antioxidants. These nutrients can help promote healthy skin.
“Vitiligo-specific” diets have not been clinically studied enough for experts to recommend them.
Research has pointed to a potential connection between the bacteria that live in the digestive tract (gut flora) and autoimmune diseases. You might want to discuss your overall diet with your doctor or a registered dietitian to see if there are ways you can improve your overall gut health.
While there has been some research oncomplementary and alternative medicine(CAM) treatments for vitiligo, there is not yet solid, reliable clinical trial evidence on their safety or effectiveness. Most experts do not feel comfortable recommending them broadly.
Under the guidance of their doctor or dermatologist, some people with vitiligo may want to explore CAM approaches to vitiligo treatment in conjunction with traditional therapies.
Scientists have been interested in complementary supplements because of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory (modifying or stimulating the immune system) activity.
Vitamin and mineral supplements are being investigated as potential supportive treatments for vitiligo when used in combination with other methods (such as light therapy).
Several complementary treatments being studied include:
More studies are needed to further explore and solidify the impact that supplements may have on vitiligo management.
Research on a class of medications known asJAK inhibitorshas shown promise as a potential treatment for vitiligo. Currently, Opzelura is the only FDA-approved JAK inhibitor approved to treat vitiligo.
JAK Inhibitors: Uses, Types, Side Effects, and More
Studies involving two specific types of JAK inhibitors—Xeljanz (tofacitinib) and Opzelura (ruxolitinib)—showed effective results for treating vitiligo when used in combination with UVB therapy.
More research needs to be conducted, and Xeljanz needs FDA approval, but preliminary data have suggested that repigmentation (particularly on the face) might be possible.
It’s important to note that research shows that JAK inhibitors such as Xeljanz, Olumiant (baricitinib), and Rinvoq (upadacitinib) increase the risk of heart-related events, like heart attack or stroke, as well as cancer, blood clots, and death.
People who are current or past smokers or who have had heart problems, a stroke, or blood clots in the past may be especially at risk.
A Word From Verywell
Vitiligo looks and feels different for everyone—and treatment outcomes will vary, too. What works well for someone else might not be the best option for you.
It’s not possible to predict how someone will respond to a particular treatment, but your dermatologist can help you adjust and modify your treatment plan as needed.
If you choose not to treat your vitiligo patches, that’s completely OK. Vitiligo on its own is not life-threatening or contagious. Medical treatment is not always necessary if the condition is not associated with another autoimmune condition or affecting a person’s quality of life.
What Does Vitiligo Look Like?
24 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Ramakrishna P, Rajni T.Psychiatric morbidity and quality of life in vitiligo patients.Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine. 2014;36(3):302-303. doi:10.4103/0253-7176.135385Kubelis-López DE, Zapata-Salazar NA, Said-Fernández SL, et al.Updates and new medical treatments for vitiligo (Review).Exp Ther Med. 2021;22(2):797. doi:10.3892/etm.2021.10229Alabdulrazzaq F, Koren G.Topical corticosteroid use during pregnancy.Can Fam Physician.2012 Jun; 58(6): 643-644.Gupta, G, Jain, A, Narayanasetty, N.Steroid pulse therapies in dermatology. 2014.Muller J Med Sci Res.5(2), 155-8. doi: 10.4103/0975-9727.135756Birlea SA, Costin GE, Norris DA.New insights on therapy with vitamin D analogs targeting the intracellular pathways that control repigmentation in human vitiligo.Med Res Rev.2009 May;29(3): 514-46. doi: 10.1002/med.20146.American Osteopathic College of Dermatology.Tacrolimus & Pimecrolimus.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.FDA approves updated labeling with boxed warning and medication guide for two eczema drugs, Elidel and Protopic.Siegfried EC Jaworski JC, Hebert AA.Topical calcineurin inhibitors and lymphoma risk: Evidence update with implications for daily practice.Am J Clin Dermatol.2013;14:163-78. doi:10.1007/s40257-013-0020-1Lebwohl M, Gower T.A safety assessment of topical calcineurin inhibitors in the treatment of atopic dermatitis.MedGenMed. 2006;8(4):8.Carr WW.Topical calcineurin inhibitors for atopic dermatitis: review and treatment recommendations.Paediatr Drugs. 2013;15(4):303-10. doi:10.1007/s40272-013-0013-9Castellsague J, et al.A cohort study on the risk of lymphoma and skin cancer in users of topical tacrolimus, pimecrolimus, and corticosteroids (Joint European Longitudinal Lymphoma and Skin Cancer Evaluation - JOELLE study).Clin Epidemiol.2018; 10:299-310. doi: 10.2147/CLEP.S146442Food and Drug Administration.Opzelura label.American Academy of Dermatology.Vitiligo: Tips for Managing.American Osteopathic College of Dermatology.Vitiligo.American Society for Dermatologic Surgery.Micropigmentation for Vitiligo.American Academy of Dermatology.Vitiligo: Tips for Managing.Abd-El Mohsen SA, Mohamed AA.Dietary lifestyle modifications for vitiligo patients.Jour Nursing Education and Practice.2020(10)4. doi: 10.5430/jnep.v10n4p45National Institutes of Health.Gut microbe drives autoimmunity.Cohen BE, Elbuluk N, Mu EW, etal.Alternative Systemic Treatments for Vitiligo: A Review.Am J Clin Dermatol.2015 Dec;16(6): 463-74. doi:10.1007/s40257-015-0153-5.Shakhbazova A, et al.A Systematic Review of Nutrition, Supplement, and Herbal-Based Adjunctive Therapies for Vitiligo.J Altern Complement Med.2021 Apr;27(4): 294-311. doi:10.1089/acm.2020.0292Solimani F, Meier K, Ghoreschi K.Emerging topical and systemic jak inhibitors in dermatology.Front Immunol. 2019;10. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02847Rothstein B et al.Treatment of vitiligo with the topical Janus kinase inhibitor ruxolitinib.J Am Acad Dermatol.2017 Jun;76(6): 1054-1060.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.02.049Papp K, et al.Efficacy and safety of ruxolitinib cream for the treatment of atopic dermatitis: Results from 2 phase 3, randomized, double-blind studies.J Am Acad Dermatol.2021 May 4;S0190-9622(21)00931-2. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2021.04.Food and Drug Administration.FDA requires warnings about increased risk of serious heart-related events, cancer, blood clots, and death for JAK inhibitors that treat certain chronic inflammatory conditions.
24 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Ramakrishna P, Rajni T.Psychiatric morbidity and quality of life in vitiligo patients.Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine. 2014;36(3):302-303. doi:10.4103/0253-7176.135385Kubelis-López DE, Zapata-Salazar NA, Said-Fernández SL, et al.Updates and new medical treatments for vitiligo (Review).Exp Ther Med. 2021;22(2):797. doi:10.3892/etm.2021.10229Alabdulrazzaq F, Koren G.Topical corticosteroid use during pregnancy.Can Fam Physician.2012 Jun; 58(6): 643-644.Gupta, G, Jain, A, Narayanasetty, N.Steroid pulse therapies in dermatology. 2014.Muller J Med Sci Res.5(2), 155-8. doi: 10.4103/0975-9727.135756Birlea SA, Costin GE, Norris DA.New insights on therapy with vitamin D analogs targeting the intracellular pathways that control repigmentation in human vitiligo.Med Res Rev.2009 May;29(3): 514-46. doi: 10.1002/med.20146.American Osteopathic College of Dermatology.Tacrolimus & Pimecrolimus.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.FDA approves updated labeling with boxed warning and medication guide for two eczema drugs, Elidel and Protopic.Siegfried EC Jaworski JC, Hebert AA.Topical calcineurin inhibitors and lymphoma risk: Evidence update with implications for daily practice.Am J Clin Dermatol.2013;14:163-78. doi:10.1007/s40257-013-0020-1Lebwohl M, Gower T.A safety assessment of topical calcineurin inhibitors in the treatment of atopic dermatitis.MedGenMed. 2006;8(4):8.Carr WW.Topical calcineurin inhibitors for atopic dermatitis: review and treatment recommendations.Paediatr Drugs. 2013;15(4):303-10. doi:10.1007/s40272-013-0013-9Castellsague J, et al.A cohort study on the risk of lymphoma and skin cancer in users of topical tacrolimus, pimecrolimus, and corticosteroids (Joint European Longitudinal Lymphoma and Skin Cancer Evaluation - JOELLE study).Clin Epidemiol.2018; 10:299-310. doi: 10.2147/CLEP.S146442Food and Drug Administration.Opzelura label.American Academy of Dermatology.Vitiligo: Tips for Managing.American Osteopathic College of Dermatology.Vitiligo.American Society for Dermatologic Surgery.Micropigmentation for Vitiligo.American Academy of Dermatology.Vitiligo: Tips for Managing.Abd-El Mohsen SA, Mohamed AA.Dietary lifestyle modifications for vitiligo patients.Jour Nursing Education and Practice.2020(10)4. doi: 10.5430/jnep.v10n4p45National Institutes of Health.Gut microbe drives autoimmunity.Cohen BE, Elbuluk N, Mu EW, etal.Alternative Systemic Treatments for Vitiligo: A Review.Am J Clin Dermatol.2015 Dec;16(6): 463-74. doi:10.1007/s40257-015-0153-5.Shakhbazova A, et al.A Systematic Review of Nutrition, Supplement, and Herbal-Based Adjunctive Therapies for Vitiligo.J Altern Complement Med.2021 Apr;27(4): 294-311. doi:10.1089/acm.2020.0292Solimani F, Meier K, Ghoreschi K.Emerging topical and systemic jak inhibitors in dermatology.Front Immunol. 2019;10. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02847Rothstein B et al.Treatment of vitiligo with the topical Janus kinase inhibitor ruxolitinib.J Am Acad Dermatol.2017 Jun;76(6): 1054-1060.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.02.049Papp K, et al.Efficacy and safety of ruxolitinib cream for the treatment of atopic dermatitis: Results from 2 phase 3, randomized, double-blind studies.J Am Acad Dermatol.2021 May 4;S0190-9622(21)00931-2. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2021.04.Food and Drug Administration.FDA requires warnings about increased risk of serious heart-related events, cancer, blood clots, and death for JAK inhibitors that treat certain chronic inflammatory conditions.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Ramakrishna P, Rajni T.Psychiatric morbidity and quality of life in vitiligo patients.Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine. 2014;36(3):302-303. doi:10.4103/0253-7176.135385Kubelis-López DE, Zapata-Salazar NA, Said-Fernández SL, et al.Updates and new medical treatments for vitiligo (Review).Exp Ther Med. 2021;22(2):797. doi:10.3892/etm.2021.10229Alabdulrazzaq F, Koren G.Topical corticosteroid use during pregnancy.Can Fam Physician.2012 Jun; 58(6): 643-644.Gupta, G, Jain, A, Narayanasetty, N.Steroid pulse therapies in dermatology. 2014.Muller J Med Sci Res.5(2), 155-8. doi: 10.4103/0975-9727.135756Birlea SA, Costin GE, Norris DA.New insights on therapy with vitamin D analogs targeting the intracellular pathways that control repigmentation in human vitiligo.Med Res Rev.2009 May;29(3): 514-46. doi: 10.1002/med.20146.American Osteopathic College of Dermatology.Tacrolimus & Pimecrolimus.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.FDA approves updated labeling with boxed warning and medication guide for two eczema drugs, Elidel and Protopic.Siegfried EC Jaworski JC, Hebert AA.Topical calcineurin inhibitors and lymphoma risk: Evidence update with implications for daily practice.Am J Clin Dermatol.2013;14:163-78. doi:10.1007/s40257-013-0020-1Lebwohl M, Gower T.A safety assessment of topical calcineurin inhibitors in the treatment of atopic dermatitis.MedGenMed. 2006;8(4):8.Carr WW.Topical calcineurin inhibitors for atopic dermatitis: review and treatment recommendations.Paediatr Drugs. 2013;15(4):303-10. doi:10.1007/s40272-013-0013-9Castellsague J, et al.A cohort study on the risk of lymphoma and skin cancer in users of topical tacrolimus, pimecrolimus, and corticosteroids (Joint European Longitudinal Lymphoma and Skin Cancer Evaluation - JOELLE study).Clin Epidemiol.2018; 10:299-310. doi: 10.2147/CLEP.S146442Food and Drug Administration.Opzelura label.American Academy of Dermatology.Vitiligo: Tips for Managing.American Osteopathic College of Dermatology.Vitiligo.American Society for Dermatologic Surgery.Micropigmentation for Vitiligo.American Academy of Dermatology.Vitiligo: Tips for Managing.Abd-El Mohsen SA, Mohamed AA.Dietary lifestyle modifications for vitiligo patients.Jour Nursing Education and Practice.2020(10)4. doi: 10.5430/jnep.v10n4p45National Institutes of Health.Gut microbe drives autoimmunity.Cohen BE, Elbuluk N, Mu EW, etal.Alternative Systemic Treatments for Vitiligo: A Review.Am J Clin Dermatol.2015 Dec;16(6): 463-74. doi:10.1007/s40257-015-0153-5.Shakhbazova A, et al.A Systematic Review of Nutrition, Supplement, and Herbal-Based Adjunctive Therapies for Vitiligo.J Altern Complement Med.2021 Apr;27(4): 294-311. doi:10.1089/acm.2020.0292Solimani F, Meier K, Ghoreschi K.Emerging topical and systemic jak inhibitors in dermatology.Front Immunol. 2019;10. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02847Rothstein B et al.Treatment of vitiligo with the topical Janus kinase inhibitor ruxolitinib.J Am Acad Dermatol.2017 Jun;76(6): 1054-1060.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.02.049Papp K, et al.Efficacy and safety of ruxolitinib cream for the treatment of atopic dermatitis: Results from 2 phase 3, randomized, double-blind studies.J Am Acad Dermatol.2021 May 4;S0190-9622(21)00931-2. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2021.04.Food and Drug Administration.FDA requires warnings about increased risk of serious heart-related events, cancer, blood clots, and death for JAK inhibitors that treat certain chronic inflammatory conditions.
Ramakrishna P, Rajni T.Psychiatric morbidity and quality of life in vitiligo patients.Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine. 2014;36(3):302-303. doi:10.4103/0253-7176.135385
Kubelis-López DE, Zapata-Salazar NA, Said-Fernández SL, et al.Updates and new medical treatments for vitiligo (Review).Exp Ther Med. 2021;22(2):797. doi:10.3892/etm.2021.10229
Alabdulrazzaq F, Koren G.Topical corticosteroid use during pregnancy.Can Fam Physician.2012 Jun; 58(6): 643-644.
Gupta, G, Jain, A, Narayanasetty, N.Steroid pulse therapies in dermatology. 2014.Muller J Med Sci Res.5(2), 155-8. doi: 10.4103/0975-9727.135756
Birlea SA, Costin GE, Norris DA.New insights on therapy with vitamin D analogs targeting the intracellular pathways that control repigmentation in human vitiligo.Med Res Rev.2009 May;29(3): 514-46. doi: 10.1002/med.20146.
American Osteopathic College of Dermatology.Tacrolimus & Pimecrolimus.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration.FDA approves updated labeling with boxed warning and medication guide for two eczema drugs, Elidel and Protopic.
Siegfried EC Jaworski JC, Hebert AA.Topical calcineurin inhibitors and lymphoma risk: Evidence update with implications for daily practice.Am J Clin Dermatol.2013;14:163-78. doi:10.1007/s40257-013-0020-1
Lebwohl M, Gower T.A safety assessment of topical calcineurin inhibitors in the treatment of atopic dermatitis.MedGenMed. 2006;8(4):8.
Carr WW.Topical calcineurin inhibitors for atopic dermatitis: review and treatment recommendations.Paediatr Drugs. 2013;15(4):303-10. doi:10.1007/s40272-013-0013-9
Castellsague J, et al.A cohort study on the risk of lymphoma and skin cancer in users of topical tacrolimus, pimecrolimus, and corticosteroids (Joint European Longitudinal Lymphoma and Skin Cancer Evaluation - JOELLE study).Clin Epidemiol.2018; 10:299-310. doi: 10.2147/CLEP.S146442
Food and Drug Administration.Opzelura label.
American Academy of Dermatology.Vitiligo: Tips for Managing.
American Osteopathic College of Dermatology.Vitiligo.
American Society for Dermatologic Surgery.Micropigmentation for Vitiligo.
Abd-El Mohsen SA, Mohamed AA.Dietary lifestyle modifications for vitiligo patients.Jour Nursing Education and Practice.2020(10)4. doi: 10.5430/jnep.v10n4p45
National Institutes of Health.Gut microbe drives autoimmunity.
Cohen BE, Elbuluk N, Mu EW, etal.Alternative Systemic Treatments for Vitiligo: A Review.Am J Clin Dermatol.2015 Dec;16(6): 463-74. doi:10.1007/s40257-015-0153-5.
Shakhbazova A, et al.A Systematic Review of Nutrition, Supplement, and Herbal-Based Adjunctive Therapies for Vitiligo.J Altern Complement Med.2021 Apr;27(4): 294-311. doi:10.1089/acm.2020.0292
Solimani F, Meier K, Ghoreschi K.Emerging topical and systemic jak inhibitors in dermatology.Front Immunol. 2019;10. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02847
Rothstein B et al.Treatment of vitiligo with the topical Janus kinase inhibitor ruxolitinib.J Am Acad Dermatol.2017 Jun;76(6): 1054-1060.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.02.049
Papp K, et al.Efficacy and safety of ruxolitinib cream for the treatment of atopic dermatitis: Results from 2 phase 3, randomized, double-blind studies.J Am Acad Dermatol.2021 May 4;S0190-9622(21)00931-2. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2021.04.
Food and Drug Administration.FDA requires warnings about increased risk of serious heart-related events, cancer, blood clots, and death for JAK inhibitors that treat certain chronic inflammatory conditions.
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