Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsLocationCausesAge GroupsFrequencyAppearancePainInfertilityWhen to TreatDiagnosisTreatmentsSurgeryRisks
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Location
Causes
Age Groups
Frequency
Appearance
Pain
Infertility
When to Treat
Diagnosis
Treatments
Surgery
Risks
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A Note on Gender and Sex TerminologyFor the purpose of this article, hydrocele and varicocele refer to conditions affecting people born with a penis who are typically assigned male at birth.Verywell Health acknowledges thatsex and genderare related concepts, but they are not the same. To accurately reflect our sources, this article uses terms like “male,” “men,” and “boys” as the sources use them.
A Note on Gender and Sex Terminology
For the purpose of this article, hydrocele and varicocele refer to conditions affecting people born with a penis who are typically assigned male at birth.Verywell Health acknowledges thatsex and genderare related concepts, but they are not the same. To accurately reflect our sources, this article uses terms like “male,” “men,” and “boys” as the sources use them.
For the purpose of this article, hydrocele and varicocele refer to conditions affecting people born with a penis who are typically assigned male at birth.
Verywell Health acknowledges thatsex and genderare related concepts, but they are not the same. To accurately reflect our sources, this article uses terms like “male,” “men,” and “boys” as the sources use them.
One of the primary differences between hydrocele and varicocele is their location in thereproductive tractof a person with testicles, as follows:
Hydrocele and varicocele differ in the structures they affect and in the causes of the abnormal fluid buildup, as follows:
Who Is Affected?
Hydrocele and varicocele can affect anyone with testicles but are more common in certain age groups, such as:
How Common Are They?
Appearance and Size
Hydrocele and varicocele have distinctive features but can sometimes be mistaken for other conditions. These two conditions can also occur alongside each other:
Pain and Other Symptoms
Other than the swelling, hydrocele and varicocele can often beasymptomatic(without symptoms).Scrotal painis generally a sign that the condition needs treatment.
Risk of Infertility
With hydrocele and varicocele, the risk ofinfertilitydiffers significantly, as follows:
When to Treat Symptoms
Treatment is not always needed for hydrocele or varicocele but may be recommended in specific situations. While neither condition is inherently serious, complications can sometimes occur. The appropriate treatment dispensed at the appropriate time can help avoid these, such as:
Many of the same tests and procedures are used for hydrocele or varicocele. These include a physical exam and imaging studies such as anultrasound(which creates images with high-frequency sound waves) orcomputed tomography(which composites multiple X-ray images).
Specific procedures and tools are used to diagnose each condition, including:
Other tests and procedures may be used to pinpoint the underlying cause, check for possible complications (likelow testosteroneor sperm count), or rule out other conditions with similar symptoms (such astesticular tumorsorepididymal cysts).
Nonsurgical Treatments
Healthcare providers will often take a watch-and-wait approach with hydrocele or varicocele to see if the condition persists or worsens. If treatment is indicated, several minimally invasive procedures may be used, such as:
Mild pain or discomfort may be managed with over-the-counter (nonprescription) pain relievers likeTylenol (acetaminophen)orAdvil or Motrin (ibuprofen). Not everyone can take these medications, so speak with your healthcare provider beforehand.
Ice applicationmay also help.But, if the pain is severe enough to require ice or stronger pain medications, it is probably time to seek a more permanent solution with surgery.
Surgical Treatment
Surgery is the treatment of choice for hydrocele or varicocele. It may be pursued if a hydrocele fails to clear on its own or a varicocele causes pain, infertility, or hypogonadism. These surgeries are typically performed on anoutpatient basisundergeneral anesthesia. Details are:
Both surgeries can be performed with eitheropen surgery(involving a large incision) orlaparoscopic surgery (involving two or three tiny, keyhole incisions). The choice depends in part on the age and size of the person.
Microsurgery (involving an operating microscope) orrobotic surgerymay also be used.
How Is Microsurgery Different?
Postoperative Care
Recovery from hydrocelectomy or varicocelectomy can take anywhere from two to six weeks depending on the extent of the repair. Most people can return to work within two days to a week.
To speed recovery times:
Risk Assessment
Although there are risks associated with any surgery, there are also risks associated with leaving a hydrocele or varicocele untreated. By understanding the risks, you can make informed decisions.
Untreated Hydroceles or Varicoceles
The main risk of leaving a hydrocele untreated is aninguinal hernia. The bulging of the intestine into the inguinal canal can not only cause pain, weakness, and a visible bulge in the groin but may also cause hernial strangulation. This is a potentially life-threatening situation in which blood flow to the intestine is cut off, causingtissue necrosis(death) and an increased risk ofsepsis.
The main risk of untreated varicocele is infertility andsexual dysfunction. If asemen analysisindicates poor sperm quality, motility (movement), or count, treatment can potentially reverse this. There is some evidence that varicocele repair can increase pregnancy rates, both in couples who conceive naturally and those who require fertility treatment.
Some studies also suggest that varicocele may increase the risk oferectile dysfunction (ED),low libido(sex drive), andpremature ejaculationdue to the effects of hypogonadism. This is why varicocele repair is commonly pursued iftestosterone levelsare especially low.
After Aspiration or Surgery
The surgeries used for hydrocele and varicocele have become increasingly safe and effective. Even so, there are risks associated with the procedures, including serious ones like:
Moreover, between 3% and 33% of people who undergo varicocelectomy will develop a hydrocele.Microsurgery is one of the ways to reduce the risk of these and other postoperative complications.
While aspiration with sclerotherapy has fewer risks overall, the procedure can also lead to scrotal pain, hematoma, and seroma in 6% to 31% of cases.
Summary
A hydrocele often requires no treatment and tends to resolve on its own. Treatment may also not be needed for a varicocele if it does not cause pain, infertility, or low testosterone.
If treatment is needed, surgery is usually the treatment of choice. Other nonsurgical procedures are available, including varicocele embolization and hydrocele aspiration with sclerotherapy.
29 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Beard JH, Ohene-Yeboah M, Devries CR, Schecter WP.Chapter 9. hernia and hydrocele. In:Essential Surgery: Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 1). Washington (DC): World Bank; 2015.Clavijo RI, Carrasquillo R, Ramasamy R.Varicoceles: prevalence and pathogenesis in adult men.Fertility Sterility. 2017;108(3):364-369. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.06.036MedlinePlus.Varicocele.Bostwick DG, Ma J.14 - spermatic cord and testicular adnexa. In:Urologic Surgical Pathology (Fourth Edition). Amsterdam (Netherlands): Elsevier; 2020. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-54941-7.00014-1Fallatah M, Aljuhaiman Am Alali H, Ahmed S, Alhathal N.Infertility secondary to an infected hydrocele: a case report.Urol Case Rep.2020;28:101071. doi:10.1016/j.eucr.2019.101071Alsaikhan B, Alrabeeah K, Delouya G, Zini A.Epidemiology of varicocele.Asian J Androl.2016;18(2):179-81. doi:10.4103/1008-682X.172640Paick S, Choi WS.Varicocele and testicular pain: a review.World J Mens Health.2019;37(1):4–11. doi:10.5534/wjmh.170010Alkaram A, McCullough A.Varicocele and its effect on testosterone: implications for the adolescent.Transl Androl Urol. 2014;3(4):413-7. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2014.12.07University of North Carolina School of Medicine.Varicocele.MedlinePlus.Hydrocele repair - series - indications.Forss M, Bolsunovskhy K, Lee Y, et al.Practice variation in the management of adult hydroceles: a multinational survey.Eur Urol Open Sci.2023:58:1-7. doi:10.1016/j.euros.2023.09.005Johns Hopkins Medicine.Varicocele.Dagur G, Gandhi J, Suh Y, et al.Classifying hydroceles of the pelvis and groin: an overview of etiology, secondary complications, evaluation, and management.Curr Urol. 2017;10(1):1-14. doi:10.1159/000447145Huong VT, Van HAT, Hoang TH, Nguyen TTT, Trinh CT.A review of classification, diagnosis, and management of hydrocele.J Ultrasound Med. 2024;43(3):599-607. doi:10.1002/jum.16380Lomboy JR, Coward RM.The varicocele: clinical presentation, evaluation, and surgical management.Semin Intervent Radiol.2016;33(3):163–169. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1586143Shakiba B, Heidari K, Afshar K, Faegh A, Salehi-Pourmehr H.Aspiration and sclerotherapy versus hydrocelectomy for treating hydroceles: a systematic review and meta-analyses.Surg Endosc.2023;37(7):5045-5051. doi:10.1007/s00464-023-10143-5Torkian P, Rosenberg M, Talaie R, Golzarian J.Varicocele embolization: interventional radiologist’s perspective.Semin Intervent Radiol.2022;39(6):581–586. doi:10.1055/s-0042-1759734Alberta Health Services (Canada).Testicular pain: care instructions.Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.Hydrocele repair.Ates A, Evin E, Ergün E, et al.Comparison of the results of open repair and laparoscopic repair with the PIRS method in the treatment of hydrocele in children.Pediatr Surg Int.2024:40:56. doi:a0.1007/s00383-024-05632-0Napolitano L, Pandolfo SD, Aveta A, et al.The management of clinical varicocele: robotic surgery approach.Front Reprod Health.2022;4:791330. doi:10.3389/frph.2022.791330Tatem AJ, Brannigan RE.The role of microsurgical varicocelectomy in treating male infertility.Transl Androl Urol. 2017;6(4):722-729. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.07.16Alberta Health Services (Canada).Varicocele repair: what to expect at home.Alberta Health Services (Canada).Hydrocelectomy: what to expect at home.Lewis SEM.Revisiting the impact of varicocele and its treatments on male fertility.Reprod Biomed Online.2022;45(6):1061-1063. doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2022.07.004Dabaja AA, Goldstein M.When is a varicocele repair indicated: the dilemma of hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction?Asian J Androl.2016;18(2):213–216. doi:10.4103/1008-682X.169560Maki-Lohiluoma L, Kilpelainen TP, Jarvinen P, Soderstrom HK, Tikkinen KAO, Sairanen J.Risk of complications after hydrocele surgery: a retrospective multicenter study in Helsinki metropolitan area.Eur Urol Open Sci.2022;43:22–27. doi:10.1016/j.euros.2022.06.008Salama N, Blgozah S.Immediate development of post-varicocelectomy hydrocele: a case report and review of the literature.J Med Case Rep.2014;8:70. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-8-70Rashid S, Kishore A, Ahmad B, Liang LM-S, Mironov O, Mahmood SU.Sclerotherapy in the treatment of hydroceles: a comprehensive review of the efficacy, types of sclerosants, and comparative outcomes against hydrocelectomy.Can Assoc Radiologists J. 2024;75(4):921-930. doi:10.1177/08465371241243271
29 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Beard JH, Ohene-Yeboah M, Devries CR, Schecter WP.Chapter 9. hernia and hydrocele. In:Essential Surgery: Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 1). Washington (DC): World Bank; 2015.Clavijo RI, Carrasquillo R, Ramasamy R.Varicoceles: prevalence and pathogenesis in adult men.Fertility Sterility. 2017;108(3):364-369. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.06.036MedlinePlus.Varicocele.Bostwick DG, Ma J.14 - spermatic cord and testicular adnexa. In:Urologic Surgical Pathology (Fourth Edition). Amsterdam (Netherlands): Elsevier; 2020. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-54941-7.00014-1Fallatah M, Aljuhaiman Am Alali H, Ahmed S, Alhathal N.Infertility secondary to an infected hydrocele: a case report.Urol Case Rep.2020;28:101071. doi:10.1016/j.eucr.2019.101071Alsaikhan B, Alrabeeah K, Delouya G, Zini A.Epidemiology of varicocele.Asian J Androl.2016;18(2):179-81. doi:10.4103/1008-682X.172640Paick S, Choi WS.Varicocele and testicular pain: a review.World J Mens Health.2019;37(1):4–11. doi:10.5534/wjmh.170010Alkaram A, McCullough A.Varicocele and its effect on testosterone: implications for the adolescent.Transl Androl Urol. 2014;3(4):413-7. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2014.12.07University of North Carolina School of Medicine.Varicocele.MedlinePlus.Hydrocele repair - series - indications.Forss M, Bolsunovskhy K, Lee Y, et al.Practice variation in the management of adult hydroceles: a multinational survey.Eur Urol Open Sci.2023:58:1-7. doi:10.1016/j.euros.2023.09.005Johns Hopkins Medicine.Varicocele.Dagur G, Gandhi J, Suh Y, et al.Classifying hydroceles of the pelvis and groin: an overview of etiology, secondary complications, evaluation, and management.Curr Urol. 2017;10(1):1-14. doi:10.1159/000447145Huong VT, Van HAT, Hoang TH, Nguyen TTT, Trinh CT.A review of classification, diagnosis, and management of hydrocele.J Ultrasound Med. 2024;43(3):599-607. doi:10.1002/jum.16380Lomboy JR, Coward RM.The varicocele: clinical presentation, evaluation, and surgical management.Semin Intervent Radiol.2016;33(3):163–169. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1586143Shakiba B, Heidari K, Afshar K, Faegh A, Salehi-Pourmehr H.Aspiration and sclerotherapy versus hydrocelectomy for treating hydroceles: a systematic review and meta-analyses.Surg Endosc.2023;37(7):5045-5051. doi:10.1007/s00464-023-10143-5Torkian P, Rosenberg M, Talaie R, Golzarian J.Varicocele embolization: interventional radiologist’s perspective.Semin Intervent Radiol.2022;39(6):581–586. doi:10.1055/s-0042-1759734Alberta Health Services (Canada).Testicular pain: care instructions.Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.Hydrocele repair.Ates A, Evin E, Ergün E, et al.Comparison of the results of open repair and laparoscopic repair with the PIRS method in the treatment of hydrocele in children.Pediatr Surg Int.2024:40:56. doi:a0.1007/s00383-024-05632-0Napolitano L, Pandolfo SD, Aveta A, et al.The management of clinical varicocele: robotic surgery approach.Front Reprod Health.2022;4:791330. doi:10.3389/frph.2022.791330Tatem AJ, Brannigan RE.The role of microsurgical varicocelectomy in treating male infertility.Transl Androl Urol. 2017;6(4):722-729. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.07.16Alberta Health Services (Canada).Varicocele repair: what to expect at home.Alberta Health Services (Canada).Hydrocelectomy: what to expect at home.Lewis SEM.Revisiting the impact of varicocele and its treatments on male fertility.Reprod Biomed Online.2022;45(6):1061-1063. doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2022.07.004Dabaja AA, Goldstein M.When is a varicocele repair indicated: the dilemma of hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction?Asian J Androl.2016;18(2):213–216. doi:10.4103/1008-682X.169560Maki-Lohiluoma L, Kilpelainen TP, Jarvinen P, Soderstrom HK, Tikkinen KAO, Sairanen J.Risk of complications after hydrocele surgery: a retrospective multicenter study in Helsinki metropolitan area.Eur Urol Open Sci.2022;43:22–27. doi:10.1016/j.euros.2022.06.008Salama N, Blgozah S.Immediate development of post-varicocelectomy hydrocele: a case report and review of the literature.J Med Case Rep.2014;8:70. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-8-70Rashid S, Kishore A, Ahmad B, Liang LM-S, Mironov O, Mahmood SU.Sclerotherapy in the treatment of hydroceles: a comprehensive review of the efficacy, types of sclerosants, and comparative outcomes against hydrocelectomy.Can Assoc Radiologists J. 2024;75(4):921-930. doi:10.1177/08465371241243271
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Beard JH, Ohene-Yeboah M, Devries CR, Schecter WP.Chapter 9. hernia and hydrocele. In:Essential Surgery: Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 1). Washington (DC): World Bank; 2015.Clavijo RI, Carrasquillo R, Ramasamy R.Varicoceles: prevalence and pathogenesis in adult men.Fertility Sterility. 2017;108(3):364-369. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.06.036MedlinePlus.Varicocele.Bostwick DG, Ma J.14 - spermatic cord and testicular adnexa. In:Urologic Surgical Pathology (Fourth Edition). Amsterdam (Netherlands): Elsevier; 2020. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-54941-7.00014-1Fallatah M, Aljuhaiman Am Alali H, Ahmed S, Alhathal N.Infertility secondary to an infected hydrocele: a case report.Urol Case Rep.2020;28:101071. doi:10.1016/j.eucr.2019.101071Alsaikhan B, Alrabeeah K, Delouya G, Zini A.Epidemiology of varicocele.Asian J Androl.2016;18(2):179-81. doi:10.4103/1008-682X.172640Paick S, Choi WS.Varicocele and testicular pain: a review.World J Mens Health.2019;37(1):4–11. doi:10.5534/wjmh.170010Alkaram A, McCullough A.Varicocele and its effect on testosterone: implications for the adolescent.Transl Androl Urol. 2014;3(4):413-7. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2014.12.07University of North Carolina School of Medicine.Varicocele.MedlinePlus.Hydrocele repair - series - indications.Forss M, Bolsunovskhy K, Lee Y, et al.Practice variation in the management of adult hydroceles: a multinational survey.Eur Urol Open Sci.2023:58:1-7. doi:10.1016/j.euros.2023.09.005Johns Hopkins Medicine.Varicocele.Dagur G, Gandhi J, Suh Y, et al.Classifying hydroceles of the pelvis and groin: an overview of etiology, secondary complications, evaluation, and management.Curr Urol. 2017;10(1):1-14. doi:10.1159/000447145Huong VT, Van HAT, Hoang TH, Nguyen TTT, Trinh CT.A review of classification, diagnosis, and management of hydrocele.J Ultrasound Med. 2024;43(3):599-607. doi:10.1002/jum.16380Lomboy JR, Coward RM.The varicocele: clinical presentation, evaluation, and surgical management.Semin Intervent Radiol.2016;33(3):163–169. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1586143Shakiba B, Heidari K, Afshar K, Faegh A, Salehi-Pourmehr H.Aspiration and sclerotherapy versus hydrocelectomy for treating hydroceles: a systematic review and meta-analyses.Surg Endosc.2023;37(7):5045-5051. doi:10.1007/s00464-023-10143-5Torkian P, Rosenberg M, Talaie R, Golzarian J.Varicocele embolization: interventional radiologist’s perspective.Semin Intervent Radiol.2022;39(6):581–586. doi:10.1055/s-0042-1759734Alberta Health Services (Canada).Testicular pain: care instructions.Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.Hydrocele repair.Ates A, Evin E, Ergün E, et al.Comparison of the results of open repair and laparoscopic repair with the PIRS method in the treatment of hydrocele in children.Pediatr Surg Int.2024:40:56. doi:a0.1007/s00383-024-05632-0Napolitano L, Pandolfo SD, Aveta A, et al.The management of clinical varicocele: robotic surgery approach.Front Reprod Health.2022;4:791330. doi:10.3389/frph.2022.791330Tatem AJ, Brannigan RE.The role of microsurgical varicocelectomy in treating male infertility.Transl Androl Urol. 2017;6(4):722-729. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.07.16Alberta Health Services (Canada).Varicocele repair: what to expect at home.Alberta Health Services (Canada).Hydrocelectomy: what to expect at home.Lewis SEM.Revisiting the impact of varicocele and its treatments on male fertility.Reprod Biomed Online.2022;45(6):1061-1063. doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2022.07.004Dabaja AA, Goldstein M.When is a varicocele repair indicated: the dilemma of hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction?Asian J Androl.2016;18(2):213–216. doi:10.4103/1008-682X.169560Maki-Lohiluoma L, Kilpelainen TP, Jarvinen P, Soderstrom HK, Tikkinen KAO, Sairanen J.Risk of complications after hydrocele surgery: a retrospective multicenter study in Helsinki metropolitan area.Eur Urol Open Sci.2022;43:22–27. doi:10.1016/j.euros.2022.06.008Salama N, Blgozah S.Immediate development of post-varicocelectomy hydrocele: a case report and review of the literature.J Med Case Rep.2014;8:70. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-8-70Rashid S, Kishore A, Ahmad B, Liang LM-S, Mironov O, Mahmood SU.Sclerotherapy in the treatment of hydroceles: a comprehensive review of the efficacy, types of sclerosants, and comparative outcomes against hydrocelectomy.Can Assoc Radiologists J. 2024;75(4):921-930. doi:10.1177/08465371241243271
Beard JH, Ohene-Yeboah M, Devries CR, Schecter WP.Chapter 9. hernia and hydrocele. In:Essential Surgery: Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 1). Washington (DC): World Bank; 2015.
Clavijo RI, Carrasquillo R, Ramasamy R.Varicoceles: prevalence and pathogenesis in adult men.Fertility Sterility. 2017;108(3):364-369. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.06.036
MedlinePlus.Varicocele.
Bostwick DG, Ma J.14 - spermatic cord and testicular adnexa. In:Urologic Surgical Pathology (Fourth Edition). Amsterdam (Netherlands): Elsevier; 2020. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-54941-7.00014-1
Fallatah M, Aljuhaiman Am Alali H, Ahmed S, Alhathal N.Infertility secondary to an infected hydrocele: a case report.Urol Case Rep.2020;28:101071. doi:10.1016/j.eucr.2019.101071
Alsaikhan B, Alrabeeah K, Delouya G, Zini A.Epidemiology of varicocele.Asian J Androl.2016;18(2):179-81. doi:10.4103/1008-682X.172640
Paick S, Choi WS.Varicocele and testicular pain: a review.World J Mens Health.2019;37(1):4–11. doi:10.5534/wjmh.170010
Alkaram A, McCullough A.Varicocele and its effect on testosterone: implications for the adolescent.Transl Androl Urol. 2014;3(4):413-7. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2014.12.07
University of North Carolina School of Medicine.Varicocele.
MedlinePlus.Hydrocele repair - series - indications.
Forss M, Bolsunovskhy K, Lee Y, et al.Practice variation in the management of adult hydroceles: a multinational survey.Eur Urol Open Sci.2023:58:1-7. doi:10.1016/j.euros.2023.09.005
Johns Hopkins Medicine.Varicocele.
Dagur G, Gandhi J, Suh Y, et al.Classifying hydroceles of the pelvis and groin: an overview of etiology, secondary complications, evaluation, and management.Curr Urol. 2017;10(1):1-14. doi:10.1159/000447145
Huong VT, Van HAT, Hoang TH, Nguyen TTT, Trinh CT.A review of classification, diagnosis, and management of hydrocele.J Ultrasound Med. 2024;43(3):599-607. doi:10.1002/jum.16380
Lomboy JR, Coward RM.The varicocele: clinical presentation, evaluation, and surgical management.Semin Intervent Radiol.2016;33(3):163–169. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1586143
Shakiba B, Heidari K, Afshar K, Faegh A, Salehi-Pourmehr H.Aspiration and sclerotherapy versus hydrocelectomy for treating hydroceles: a systematic review and meta-analyses.Surg Endosc.2023;37(7):5045-5051. doi:10.1007/s00464-023-10143-5
Torkian P, Rosenberg M, Talaie R, Golzarian J.Varicocele embolization: interventional radiologist’s perspective.Semin Intervent Radiol.2022;39(6):581–586. doi:10.1055/s-0042-1759734
Alberta Health Services (Canada).Testicular pain: care instructions.
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.Hydrocele repair.
Ates A, Evin E, Ergün E, et al.Comparison of the results of open repair and laparoscopic repair with the PIRS method in the treatment of hydrocele in children.Pediatr Surg Int.2024:40:56. doi:a0.1007/s00383-024-05632-0
Napolitano L, Pandolfo SD, Aveta A, et al.The management of clinical varicocele: robotic surgery approach.Front Reprod Health.2022;4:791330. doi:10.3389/frph.2022.791330
Tatem AJ, Brannigan RE.The role of microsurgical varicocelectomy in treating male infertility.Transl Androl Urol. 2017;6(4):722-729. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.07.16
Alberta Health Services (Canada).Varicocele repair: what to expect at home.
Alberta Health Services (Canada).Hydrocelectomy: what to expect at home.
Lewis SEM.Revisiting the impact of varicocele and its treatments on male fertility.Reprod Biomed Online.2022;45(6):1061-1063. doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2022.07.004
Dabaja AA, Goldstein M.When is a varicocele repair indicated: the dilemma of hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction?Asian J Androl.2016;18(2):213–216. doi:10.4103/1008-682X.169560
Maki-Lohiluoma L, Kilpelainen TP, Jarvinen P, Soderstrom HK, Tikkinen KAO, Sairanen J.Risk of complications after hydrocele surgery: a retrospective multicenter study in Helsinki metropolitan area.Eur Urol Open Sci.2022;43:22–27. doi:10.1016/j.euros.2022.06.008
Salama N, Blgozah S.Immediate development of post-varicocelectomy hydrocele: a case report and review of the literature.J Med Case Rep.2014;8:70. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-8-70
Rashid S, Kishore A, Ahmad B, Liang LM-S, Mironov O, Mahmood SU.Sclerotherapy in the treatment of hydroceles: a comprehensive review of the efficacy, types of sclerosants, and comparative outcomes against hydrocelectomy.Can Assoc Radiologists J. 2024;75(4):921-930. doi:10.1177/08465371241243271
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