Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsTypesCausesSymptomsTreatment
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Types
Causes
Symptoms
Treatment
Impulse control disorders (ICDs) are a group ofmental health disordersthat involve problems with self-control.Treatment for ICDs typically involves a form of psychotherapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or family therapy.
People with ICDs fail to resist the impulse to behave in harmful ways, often without thought of the consequences.These urges typically involvedisruptive behaviors—such as stealing, cheating, lying, risk-taking, rule breaking, and violence—that violate the rights, well-being, and/or safety of others.
There are several different types of impulse control disorders. This article will discuss the five main types of impulse control disorders, as well as causes, symptoms, and how to treat them.
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Types of Impulse Control Disorders
The “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition” (DSM-5) lists five types of impulse control disorders:
All five ICDs involve problems with self-control in terms of behavior and emotions.
People with ICDs may find it difficult to resist the temptation to perform a certain action. In many cases, these urges are related to “acting out” in some way through aggression, dishonesty, rule-breaking, or unsafe behavior.
How Common Are Impulse Control Disorders?Intermittent explosive disorder is the most common impulse disorder, affecting around 7% of people at some point during their lifetime. About 3% of the population meets the criteria for oppositional defiant disorder, and another 3% of people meet the criteria for conduct disorder. Pyromania and kleptomania are rarer, affecting about 1% of the population.
How Common Are Impulse Control Disorders?
Intermittent explosive disorder is the most common impulse disorder, affecting around 7% of people at some point during their lifetime. About 3% of the population meets the criteria for oppositional defiant disorder, and another 3% of people meet the criteria for conduct disorder. Pyromania and kleptomania are rarer, affecting about 1% of the population.
When Is Impulsivity a Problem?
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Oppositional defiant disorder(ODD) is a condition that involves a long-lasting pattern of defiance, disobedience, and hostility toward parents, teachers, and other authority figures.
This impulse control disorder is diagnosed in children and teens, usually older than the age of 8. However, younger children and adolescents may also receive an ODD diagnosis.
Some of the most common signs and symptoms of ODD include:
To be diagnosed with ODD, a child must have exhibited these signs and symptoms on a consistent basis for at least six months with at least one person other than their sibling. Their disruptive behaviors must go beyond typical, developmentally appropriate rule-breaking.
Some, but not all, young people with ODD are later diagnosed withantisocial personality disorder(ASPD).ASPD is a mental health disorder that involves a lack ofempathy(the ability to feel along with others) and a long-lasting pattern of manipulative, reckless, and/or criminal behavior.
Defiant behaviors seen in ODD do not usually involve violence, destruction, theft, or deceit, which distinguish it from conduct disorder.
Conduct Disorder
Conduct disorder(CD) involves a chronic pattern of violating social norms and the rights and well-being of others.Conduct disorder is only diagnosed in children and teens up to age 18, and symptoms usually appear during early adolescence.
Common signs and symptoms of CD include:
Many children with ODD eventually develop conduct disorder, which is usually considered more severe. Some people have both ODD and CD, while others meet the criteria for only one or the other. Many people with CD are diagnosed withASPDas adults.
Intermittent Explosive Disorder
Intermittent explosive disorder(IED) is an impulse control disorder that involves repeated episodes ofangry outburststhat are extremely disproportionate to the situation.
During these impulsive episodes, a person with IED may:
To meet the DSM-5 criteria for IED, these angry outbursts can’t be related to any other mental health disorder or medical condition. They also can’t occur while someone is taking a particular medication, drinking, or using drugs.
Kleptomania
People withkleptomania, also called compulsive stealing, fail to resist the urge to steal things they don’t want or need.
Kleptomania doesn’t involve stealing for monetary or personal gain, for revenge, or out of necessity. Instead, people with kleptomania feel an intense buildup of tension before stealing. After they steal, they feel an immediate sense of relief and/or pleasure.
Pyromania
Pyromania is an impulse control disorder that involves repeatedly and deliberately setting fires.
Like people with kleptomania, people with pyromania don’t have political, personal, or vindictive motivations for following through with their urges. For example, someone who sets a fire to destroy an ex-partner’s property or as part of a political protest doesn’t meet the DSM-5 criteria for pyromania.
There is no single known cause of impulse control disorders. In many cases, multiple factors interact to increase the likelihood that someone will develop an ICD.Contributing factors may include:
Complications of Impulse Control DisordersIf left untreated, impulse control disorders can lead to serious negative consequences, including:Legal problems, including incarcerationImpaired or broken relationshipsPoor performance in schoolJob loss and/or chronic unemploymentSubstance abuse
Complications of Impulse Control Disorders
If left untreated, impulse control disorders can lead to serious negative consequences, including:Legal problems, including incarcerationImpaired or broken relationshipsPoor performance in schoolJob loss and/or chronic unemploymentSubstance abuse
If left untreated, impulse control disorders can lead to serious negative consequences, including:
Study: People With Neurological Conditions Often Experienced Childhood Trauma
Signs and Symptoms
Impulse control disorders typically involve a severe, long-lasting pattern of disruptive, harmful, and/or risky behaviors.Common signs and symptoms of ICDs include:
Treatment for Impulse Control Disorders
The first-line treatment for impulse control disorders is psychotherapy (talk therapy).Types of psychotherapy that have been found to be effective in treating people with ICDs include:
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Cognitive behavioral therapycan help people with ICDs improve their problem-solving and decision-making skills.Research suggests that CBT may help people with pyromania to identify and resist their urges.
CBT is also commonly used to treat people with kleptomania.A 2018 study found that people with IED were able to control their anger more effectively after undergoing CBT in a group setting.
Family Therapy
In many cases,family therapyis the preferred treatment for children and adolescents with ODD and/or CD. Functional family therapy aims to assess how interactions between different family members may contribute to a child’s disruptive behaviors.
Brief strategic family therapy, a similar short-term behavioral intervention, also works to identify repetitive patterns of thinking, relating, and interacting within the family in order to improve relationships and prevent harmful behaviors.
Parental Management Training (PMT)
Parental management training can help to repair the relationship between parent and child in order to reinforce positive behaviors. Typically used to treat ODD, CD, or both, PMT focuses on improving parenting skills and promoting quality time.
Multisystemic Therapy (MST)
Multisystemic therapy is a holistic behavioral intervention program that addresses impulse control disorder symptoms in all areas of a child’s or adolescent’s life. Many key figures—including parents and other relatives, peers, teachers, and therapists—collaborate to promote positive behaviors and prevent harmful ones.
MST may take place in foster care, juvenile detention centers, school, and home with the help ofsocial workersandmental health professionals.
Social Skills Training
Social skills trainingcan help children and youth with ODD and/or CD to improve their relationships and everyday interactions, respond appropriately to situations, and communicate more effectively.
Medication
In some cases, a healthcare provider may prescribe psychiatric medication to manage particular symptoms of an impulse control disorder. They may also prescribe medication to help with comorbid mental health conditions like anxiety,ADHD, or depression.
Under the supervision of their medical team, people with Parkinson’s disease may need to lower their current dose of dopamine agonists to reduce their ICD-related symptoms.
What Is Parent-Child Interaction Therapy?
Summary
Impulse control disorders (ICDs) are a group of mental and behavioral disorders that involve a lack of self-control and a failure to resist the urge to perform harmful actions. Verbal or physical outbursts, unnecessary risk taking, and lying are possible ICD symptoms.
Researchers have not identified a single known cause of impulse control disorders. Genetics, social and environmental factors,brain structure, past trauma, and comorbid medical conditions (such as Parkinson’s disease) may all contribute to the likelihood that someone will develop an ICD.
Treatment for impulse control disorders typically involves psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both.
30 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.American Psychiatric Association.What are disruptive, impulse control and conduct disorders?.Silva B, Canas-Simião H, Cavanna AE.Neuropsychiatric aspects of impulse control disorders.Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2020;43(2):249-262. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2020.02.001American Psychological Association.Impulse-control disorder.Virginia Commission on Youth.Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders.American Psychiatric Association.Disruptive, impulse-control and conduct disorders.Boston Children’s Hospital.What is oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)?.American Psychological Association.Oppositional defiant disorder.Wong R.Psychopathology of antisocial personality disorder: from the structural, functional, and biochemical perspectives.Egyptian J Neurol Psychiatr Neurosurg. 2023;59(1):113. doi:10.1186/s41983-023-00717-4American Psychological Association.Conduct disorder.Nationwide Children’s.What are conduct disorders?.American Psychological Association.Intermittent explosive disorder.National Institutes of Health.Intermittent explosive disorder affects up to 16 million Americans.American Psychological Association.Kleptomania.Sipowicz J, Kujawski R.Kleptomania or common theft - diagnostic and judicial difficulties.Psychiatr Pol. 2018;52(1):81-92. doi:10.12740/PP/82196American Psychological Association.Pyromania.Blum AW, Odlaug BL, Grant JE.Cognitive inflexibility in a young woman with pyromania.J Behav Addict. 2018;7(1):189-191. doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.09Ghosh A, Ray A, Basu A.Oppositional defiant disorder: current insight.Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2017;10:353-367. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S120582Salvatore JE, Dick DM.Genetic influences on conduct disorder.Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018;91:91-101. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.034Lin X, Li L, Chi P, et al.Child maltreatment and interpersonal relationship among Chinese children with oppositional defiant disorder.Child Abuse Negl. 2016;51:192-202. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.10.013Peisch V, Breslend NL, Jones DJ, MacFarlane M, Forehand R.Young children with behavior disorders in low-income families: the role of clinic observations in the assessment of parenting.Evid Based Pract Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2017;2(3-4):201-211. doi:10.1080/23794925.2017.1393638Saluja B, Chan LG, Dhaval D.Kleptomania: a case series.Singapore Med J. 2014;55(12):e207-e209. doi:10.11622/smedj.2014188National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Parkinson’s disease.Augustine A, Winstanley CA, Krishnan V.Impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease: from bench to bedside.Front Neurosci. 2021;15:654238. doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.654238National Institute of Mental Health.Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and teens: What you need to know.Scott KM, de Vries YA, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, et al.Intermittent explosive disorder subtypes in the general population: association with comorbidity, impairment and suicidality.Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2020;29:e138. doi:10.1017/S2045796020000517Costa AM, Medeiros GC, Redden S, Grant JE, Tavares H, Seger L.Cognitive-behavioral group therapy for intermittent explosive disorder: description and preliminary analysis.Braz J Psychiatry. 2018;40(3):316-319. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2262Christianini AR, Conti MA, Hearst N, Cordás TA, de Abreu CN, Tavares H.Treating kleptomania: cross-cultural adaptation of the Kleptomania Symptom Assessment Scale and assessment of an outpatient program.Compr Psychiatry. 2015;56:289-294. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.09.013Szapocznik J, Muir JA, Duff JH, Schwartz SJ, Brown CH.Brief strategic family therapy: implementing evidence-based models in community settings.Psychother Res. 2015;25(1):121-133. doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.856044Sagar R, Patra BN, Patil V.Clinical practice guidelines for the management of conduct disorder.Indian J Psychiatry. 2019;61(Suppl 2):270-276. doi:10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_539_18Gatto EM, Aldinio V.Impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease: a brief and comprehensive review.Front Neurol. 2019;10:351. doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00351
30 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.American Psychiatric Association.What are disruptive, impulse control and conduct disorders?.Silva B, Canas-Simião H, Cavanna AE.Neuropsychiatric aspects of impulse control disorders.Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2020;43(2):249-262. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2020.02.001American Psychological Association.Impulse-control disorder.Virginia Commission on Youth.Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders.American Psychiatric Association.Disruptive, impulse-control and conduct disorders.Boston Children’s Hospital.What is oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)?.American Psychological Association.Oppositional defiant disorder.Wong R.Psychopathology of antisocial personality disorder: from the structural, functional, and biochemical perspectives.Egyptian J Neurol Psychiatr Neurosurg. 2023;59(1):113. doi:10.1186/s41983-023-00717-4American Psychological Association.Conduct disorder.Nationwide Children’s.What are conduct disorders?.American Psychological Association.Intermittent explosive disorder.National Institutes of Health.Intermittent explosive disorder affects up to 16 million Americans.American Psychological Association.Kleptomania.Sipowicz J, Kujawski R.Kleptomania or common theft - diagnostic and judicial difficulties.Psychiatr Pol. 2018;52(1):81-92. doi:10.12740/PP/82196American Psychological Association.Pyromania.Blum AW, Odlaug BL, Grant JE.Cognitive inflexibility in a young woman with pyromania.J Behav Addict. 2018;7(1):189-191. doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.09Ghosh A, Ray A, Basu A.Oppositional defiant disorder: current insight.Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2017;10:353-367. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S120582Salvatore JE, Dick DM.Genetic influences on conduct disorder.Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018;91:91-101. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.034Lin X, Li L, Chi P, et al.Child maltreatment and interpersonal relationship among Chinese children with oppositional defiant disorder.Child Abuse Negl. 2016;51:192-202. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.10.013Peisch V, Breslend NL, Jones DJ, MacFarlane M, Forehand R.Young children with behavior disorders in low-income families: the role of clinic observations in the assessment of parenting.Evid Based Pract Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2017;2(3-4):201-211. doi:10.1080/23794925.2017.1393638Saluja B, Chan LG, Dhaval D.Kleptomania: a case series.Singapore Med J. 2014;55(12):e207-e209. doi:10.11622/smedj.2014188National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Parkinson’s disease.Augustine A, Winstanley CA, Krishnan V.Impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease: from bench to bedside.Front Neurosci. 2021;15:654238. doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.654238National Institute of Mental Health.Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and teens: What you need to know.Scott KM, de Vries YA, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, et al.Intermittent explosive disorder subtypes in the general population: association with comorbidity, impairment and suicidality.Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2020;29:e138. doi:10.1017/S2045796020000517Costa AM, Medeiros GC, Redden S, Grant JE, Tavares H, Seger L.Cognitive-behavioral group therapy for intermittent explosive disorder: description and preliminary analysis.Braz J Psychiatry. 2018;40(3):316-319. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2262Christianini AR, Conti MA, Hearst N, Cordás TA, de Abreu CN, Tavares H.Treating kleptomania: cross-cultural adaptation of the Kleptomania Symptom Assessment Scale and assessment of an outpatient program.Compr Psychiatry. 2015;56:289-294. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.09.013Szapocznik J, Muir JA, Duff JH, Schwartz SJ, Brown CH.Brief strategic family therapy: implementing evidence-based models in community settings.Psychother Res. 2015;25(1):121-133. doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.856044Sagar R, Patra BN, Patil V.Clinical practice guidelines for the management of conduct disorder.Indian J Psychiatry. 2019;61(Suppl 2):270-276. doi:10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_539_18Gatto EM, Aldinio V.Impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease: a brief and comprehensive review.Front Neurol. 2019;10:351. doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00351
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
American Psychiatric Association.What are disruptive, impulse control and conduct disorders?.Silva B, Canas-Simião H, Cavanna AE.Neuropsychiatric aspects of impulse control disorders.Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2020;43(2):249-262. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2020.02.001American Psychological Association.Impulse-control disorder.Virginia Commission on Youth.Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders.American Psychiatric Association.Disruptive, impulse-control and conduct disorders.Boston Children’s Hospital.What is oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)?.American Psychological Association.Oppositional defiant disorder.Wong R.Psychopathology of antisocial personality disorder: from the structural, functional, and biochemical perspectives.Egyptian J Neurol Psychiatr Neurosurg. 2023;59(1):113. doi:10.1186/s41983-023-00717-4American Psychological Association.Conduct disorder.Nationwide Children’s.What are conduct disorders?.American Psychological Association.Intermittent explosive disorder.National Institutes of Health.Intermittent explosive disorder affects up to 16 million Americans.American Psychological Association.Kleptomania.Sipowicz J, Kujawski R.Kleptomania or common theft - diagnostic and judicial difficulties.Psychiatr Pol. 2018;52(1):81-92. doi:10.12740/PP/82196American Psychological Association.Pyromania.Blum AW, Odlaug BL, Grant JE.Cognitive inflexibility in a young woman with pyromania.J Behav Addict. 2018;7(1):189-191. doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.09Ghosh A, Ray A, Basu A.Oppositional defiant disorder: current insight.Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2017;10:353-367. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S120582Salvatore JE, Dick DM.Genetic influences on conduct disorder.Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018;91:91-101. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.034Lin X, Li L, Chi P, et al.Child maltreatment and interpersonal relationship among Chinese children with oppositional defiant disorder.Child Abuse Negl. 2016;51:192-202. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.10.013Peisch V, Breslend NL, Jones DJ, MacFarlane M, Forehand R.Young children with behavior disorders in low-income families: the role of clinic observations in the assessment of parenting.Evid Based Pract Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2017;2(3-4):201-211. doi:10.1080/23794925.2017.1393638Saluja B, Chan LG, Dhaval D.Kleptomania: a case series.Singapore Med J. 2014;55(12):e207-e209. doi:10.11622/smedj.2014188National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Parkinson’s disease.Augustine A, Winstanley CA, Krishnan V.Impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease: from bench to bedside.Front Neurosci. 2021;15:654238. doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.654238National Institute of Mental Health.Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and teens: What you need to know.Scott KM, de Vries YA, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, et al.Intermittent explosive disorder subtypes in the general population: association with comorbidity, impairment and suicidality.Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2020;29:e138. doi:10.1017/S2045796020000517Costa AM, Medeiros GC, Redden S, Grant JE, Tavares H, Seger L.Cognitive-behavioral group therapy for intermittent explosive disorder: description and preliminary analysis.Braz J Psychiatry. 2018;40(3):316-319. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2262Christianini AR, Conti MA, Hearst N, Cordás TA, de Abreu CN, Tavares H.Treating kleptomania: cross-cultural adaptation of the Kleptomania Symptom Assessment Scale and assessment of an outpatient program.Compr Psychiatry. 2015;56:289-294. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.09.013Szapocznik J, Muir JA, Duff JH, Schwartz SJ, Brown CH.Brief strategic family therapy: implementing evidence-based models in community settings.Psychother Res. 2015;25(1):121-133. doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.856044Sagar R, Patra BN, Patil V.Clinical practice guidelines for the management of conduct disorder.Indian J Psychiatry. 2019;61(Suppl 2):270-276. doi:10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_539_18Gatto EM, Aldinio V.Impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease: a brief and comprehensive review.Front Neurol. 2019;10:351. doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00351
American Psychiatric Association.What are disruptive, impulse control and conduct disorders?.
Silva B, Canas-Simião H, Cavanna AE.Neuropsychiatric aspects of impulse control disorders.Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2020;43(2):249-262. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2020.02.001
American Psychological Association.Impulse-control disorder.
Virginia Commission on Youth.Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders.
American Psychiatric Association.Disruptive, impulse-control and conduct disorders.
Boston Children’s Hospital.What is oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)?.
American Psychological Association.Oppositional defiant disorder.
Wong R.Psychopathology of antisocial personality disorder: from the structural, functional, and biochemical perspectives.Egyptian J Neurol Psychiatr Neurosurg. 2023;59(1):113. doi:10.1186/s41983-023-00717-4
American Psychological Association.Conduct disorder.
Nationwide Children’s.What are conduct disorders?.
American Psychological Association.Intermittent explosive disorder.
National Institutes of Health.Intermittent explosive disorder affects up to 16 million Americans.
American Psychological Association.Kleptomania.
Sipowicz J, Kujawski R.Kleptomania or common theft - diagnostic and judicial difficulties.Psychiatr Pol. 2018;52(1):81-92. doi:10.12740/PP/82196
American Psychological Association.Pyromania.
Blum AW, Odlaug BL, Grant JE.Cognitive inflexibility in a young woman with pyromania.J Behav Addict. 2018;7(1):189-191. doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.09
Ghosh A, Ray A, Basu A.Oppositional defiant disorder: current insight.Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2017;10:353-367. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S120582
Salvatore JE, Dick DM.Genetic influences on conduct disorder.Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018;91:91-101. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.034
Lin X, Li L, Chi P, et al.Child maltreatment and interpersonal relationship among Chinese children with oppositional defiant disorder.Child Abuse Negl. 2016;51:192-202. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.10.013
Peisch V, Breslend NL, Jones DJ, MacFarlane M, Forehand R.Young children with behavior disorders in low-income families: the role of clinic observations in the assessment of parenting.Evid Based Pract Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2017;2(3-4):201-211. doi:10.1080/23794925.2017.1393638
Saluja B, Chan LG, Dhaval D.Kleptomania: a case series.Singapore Med J. 2014;55(12):e207-e209. doi:10.11622/smedj.2014188
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Parkinson’s disease.
Augustine A, Winstanley CA, Krishnan V.Impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease: from bench to bedside.Front Neurosci. 2021;15:654238. doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.654238
National Institute of Mental Health.Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and teens: What you need to know.
Scott KM, de Vries YA, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, et al.Intermittent explosive disorder subtypes in the general population: association with comorbidity, impairment and suicidality.Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2020;29:e138. doi:10.1017/S2045796020000517
Costa AM, Medeiros GC, Redden S, Grant JE, Tavares H, Seger L.Cognitive-behavioral group therapy for intermittent explosive disorder: description and preliminary analysis.Braz J Psychiatry. 2018;40(3):316-319. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2262
Christianini AR, Conti MA, Hearst N, Cordás TA, de Abreu CN, Tavares H.Treating kleptomania: cross-cultural adaptation of the Kleptomania Symptom Assessment Scale and assessment of an outpatient program.Compr Psychiatry. 2015;56:289-294. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.09.013
Szapocznik J, Muir JA, Duff JH, Schwartz SJ, Brown CH.Brief strategic family therapy: implementing evidence-based models in community settings.Psychother Res. 2015;25(1):121-133. doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.856044
Sagar R, Patra BN, Patil V.Clinical practice guidelines for the management of conduct disorder.Indian J Psychiatry. 2019;61(Suppl 2):270-276. doi:10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_539_18
Gatto EM, Aldinio V.Impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease: a brief and comprehensive review.Front Neurol. 2019;10:351. doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00351
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