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Table of Contents
Overview
Diagnosis
Treatment
Coping
Summary
A thyroid disorder can be a cause of infertility in males and females, and once it’s managed successfully, most couples are able to move forward with their plans to begin a family.
Verywell / Emily Roberts
Related Fertility Issues
Research has linked bothhyperthyroidism(often due toGrave’s disease) andhypothyroidism(which typically results fromHashimoto’s thyroiditis) to a number of issues that can interfere with fertility in women and in men.
In Women
For women, issues with the thyroid gland can manifest in several different ways that affect fertility.
Thyroid Disease Symptoms
In Men
The ways in whichthyroid diseasecan have an impact on male fertility have only recently been recognized and aren’t fully understood.
Some include:
Hyperthyroidism in men also affects sexual function in a variety of ways, including decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, and premature ejaculation.None of these conditions causes male infertility, but they can make it difficult for a couple to get pregnant.
Sexual Dysfunction and Thyroid Disease
Because female fertility drops dramatically with age, females who are 35 or over typically are advised to see a reproductive specialist after six months of trying to conceive, and those over 40 may want to see a fertility doctor before even trying.
In order to zero in on the reason (or reasons) a couple is unable to get pregnant, a doctor may order tests for both partners.
Since thyroid issues are so common in women, testing for thyroid disease is often a standard part of infertility testing. These tests usually aren’t routine for men unless there’s a reason to suspect a thyroid issue, such as symptoms of thyroid disease.
There are many types ofthyroid blood tests:
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For women, normalizing thyroid hormone levels can help correct menstrual or ovarian problems that may be causing infertility. Ideal thyroid hormone levels are needed for conception to take place, for infertility treatments such as IVF to be successful, and for a pregnancy to remain viable.
According to studies, a TSH value of less than or equal to 2.5 mIU/L indicates healthy thyroid hormone levels for pregnancy.
Hypothryoidism
Treatment involves hormone replacement therapy.The medication most often prescribed is levothyroxine—a synthetic form of T4 available under several brand names including Synthroid, Levothroid, Levoxyl, and Tirosint.
Sometimes synthetic triiodothyronine is included in treatment for thyroid disease, but this is not recommended during pregnancy because T3 does not cross the placenta.
Hyperthryoidism
Typically, Tapazole (methimazole) is the preferred antithyroid medication for treating hyperthyroidism, but this drug is associated with birth defects when taken during the first trimester of pregnancy.
The alternative, propylthiouracil, is usually the preferred antithyroid medication for women who have hyperthyroidism of Graves' disease and are trying to conceive. However, it can cause severe liver damage in adults and children, so talk with your healthcare provider about the treatment options that are best for your individual needs.
There’s no doubt that infertility is one of the most challenging medical problems an individual or a couple faces.Even when the cause or causes of infertility are discovered, the stress and continued uncertainty can be difficult for those wishing to have a child.
That said, if thyroid disease is involved in infertility, it usually can be successfully treated with medication to get thyroid levels back within a normal range. During this time, it’s important for both partners to be open and supportive of one another during treatment. Once thyroid levels are normalized, the chances of conception should improve provided both partners are otherwise healthy.
A thyroid disorder can be one cause of infertility in males and females. A healthcare provider may order tests for both partners to determine whether thyroid abnormalities are contributing to infertility. Once treatment is started and thyroid function is managed successfully, most couples are able to move forward with family planning.
22 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Krassas GE, Poppe K, Glinoer D.Thyroid function and human reproductive health. Endocr Rev; 31(5):702-55.Koutras DA.Disturbances of menstruation in thyroid disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci; 816:280-4.Gude D. Thyroid and its indispensability in fertility.J Hum Reprod Sci. 2011;4(1):59–60. doi:10.4103/0974-1208.82368Bellver J, Rodríguez-Tabernero L, Robles A, et al.Polycystic ovary syndrome throughout a woman’s life.J Assist Reprod Genet. 2018;35(1):25–39. doi:10.1007/s10815-017-1047-7Singla R, Gupta Y, Khemani M, Aggarwal S.Thyroid disorders and polycystic ovary syndrome: An emerging relationship.Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2015;19(1):25-29. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.146860Mesen TB, Young SL.Progesterone and the luteal phase: a requisite to reproduction.Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2015;42(1):135–151. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2014.10.003Lessey BA, Young SL.Homeostasis imbalance in the endometrium of women with implantation defects: the role of estrogen and progesterone. Semin Reprod Med; 32(5):365-75.Krajewska-Kulak E, Sengupta P.Thyroid function in male infertility.Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2013;4:174. Published 2013 Nov 13. doi:10.3389/fendo.2013.00174Patel AS, Leong JY, Ramos L, Ramasamy R.Testosterone Is a Contraceptive and Should Not Be Used in Men Who Desire Fertility.World J Mens Health. 2019;37(1):45–54. doi:10.5534/wjmh.180036Hammond GL.Diverse roles for sex hormone-binding globulin in reproduction.Biol Reprod. 2011;85(3):431–441. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.111.092593La Vignera S, Vita R.Thyroid dysfunction and semen quality.Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2018;32:2058738418775241. doi:10.1177/2058738418775241Gabrielson AT, Sartor RA, Hellstrom WJG.The Impact of Thyroid Disease on Sexual Dysfunction in Men and Women. Sex Med Rev; 7(1):57-70.Lindsay TJ, Vitrikas KR.Evaluation and treatment of infertility. Am Fam Physician; 91(5):308-14.Orouji Jokar T, Fourman LT, Lee H, Mentzinger K, Fazeli PK.Higher TSH Levels Within the Normal Range Are Associated With Unexplained Infertility.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(2):632–639. doi:10.1210/jc.2017-02120Dunlap DB.Thyroid Function Tests. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Boston: Butterworths. Chapter 142. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK249/Welsh KJ, Soldin SJ.DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: How reliable are free thyroid and total T3 hormone assays?.Eur J Endocrinol. 2016;175(6):R255–R263. doi:10.1530/EJE-16-0193Fröhlich E, Wahl R.Thyroid Autoimmunity: Role of Anti-thyroid Antibodies in Thyroid and Extra-Thyroidal Diseases.Front Immunol. 2017;8:521. Published 2017 May 9. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00521Verma I, Sood R, Juneja S, Kaur S.Prevalence of hypothyroidism in infertile women and evaluation of response of treatment for hypothyroidism on infertility.Int J Appl Basic Med Res. 2012;2(1):17–19. doi:10.4103/2229-516X.96795Lalani S, Nizami I, Hashmi AA, Saifuddin A, Rehman R.THYROID DYSFUNCTION AND INFERTILITY TREATMENT.Acta Endocrinol (Buchar). 2017;13(3):302–307. doi:10.4183/aeb.2017.302Wiersinga WM.Thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Horm Res; 56 Suppl 1:74-81.Lazarus JH.Pre-conception counselling in graves' disease.Eur Thyroid J. 2012;1(1):24–29. doi:10.1159/000336102Patel A, Sharma PSVN, Kumar P.“In Cycles of Dreams, Despair, and Desperation:” Research Perspectives on Infertility Specific Distress in Patients Undergoing Fertility Treatments.J Hum Reprod Sci. 2018;11(4):320–328. doi:10.4103/jhrs.JHRS_42_18Additional ReadingAmerican Urological Association. Best Practices Statements.Optimal Evaluation of the Infertile Male. https://www.auanet.org/guidelines/male-infertility-optimal-evaluation-Green, KA, Werner, MD, and Franasiak, JM, et al.Investigating the Optimal Preconception TSH Range for Patients Undergoing IVF When Controlling for Embryo Quality. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2015 Oct; 32(10):1469-1476. doi: 10.1007/s10815-015-0549-4.Jefferys, A, Vanderpump, M, Yasmin E.Thyroid Dysfunction and Reproductive Health. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist. 2015;17:39-45. doi: 10.1111/tog.12161.Kuohung W, Hornstein MD.Evaluation of Female Infertility. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-female-infertilityLazarus, JH.Pre-Conception Counselling in Graves' Disease. Eur Thyroid J. 2012 Apr;1(1):24-29. doi: 10.1159/000336102.Mayo Clinic.Hypothyroidism and Infertility: Any Connection?https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/expert-answers/hypothyroidism-and-infertility/faq-20058311Orouji Jokar T, Fourman LT, Lee H, et al.Higher TSH Levels Within the Normal Range Are Association With Unexplained Fertility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Feb 1;103(2):632-639. doi: 10. 1210/jc.2017-02120.
22 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Krassas GE, Poppe K, Glinoer D.Thyroid function and human reproductive health. Endocr Rev; 31(5):702-55.Koutras DA.Disturbances of menstruation in thyroid disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci; 816:280-4.Gude D. Thyroid and its indispensability in fertility.J Hum Reprod Sci. 2011;4(1):59–60. doi:10.4103/0974-1208.82368Bellver J, Rodríguez-Tabernero L, Robles A, et al.Polycystic ovary syndrome throughout a woman’s life.J Assist Reprod Genet. 2018;35(1):25–39. doi:10.1007/s10815-017-1047-7Singla R, Gupta Y, Khemani M, Aggarwal S.Thyroid disorders and polycystic ovary syndrome: An emerging relationship.Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2015;19(1):25-29. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.146860Mesen TB, Young SL.Progesterone and the luteal phase: a requisite to reproduction.Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2015;42(1):135–151. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2014.10.003Lessey BA, Young SL.Homeostasis imbalance in the endometrium of women with implantation defects: the role of estrogen and progesterone. Semin Reprod Med; 32(5):365-75.Krajewska-Kulak E, Sengupta P.Thyroid function in male infertility.Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2013;4:174. Published 2013 Nov 13. doi:10.3389/fendo.2013.00174Patel AS, Leong JY, Ramos L, Ramasamy R.Testosterone Is a Contraceptive and Should Not Be Used in Men Who Desire Fertility.World J Mens Health. 2019;37(1):45–54. doi:10.5534/wjmh.180036Hammond GL.Diverse roles for sex hormone-binding globulin in reproduction.Biol Reprod. 2011;85(3):431–441. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.111.092593La Vignera S, Vita R.Thyroid dysfunction and semen quality.Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2018;32:2058738418775241. doi:10.1177/2058738418775241Gabrielson AT, Sartor RA, Hellstrom WJG.The Impact of Thyroid Disease on Sexual Dysfunction in Men and Women. Sex Med Rev; 7(1):57-70.Lindsay TJ, Vitrikas KR.Evaluation and treatment of infertility. Am Fam Physician; 91(5):308-14.Orouji Jokar T, Fourman LT, Lee H, Mentzinger K, Fazeli PK.Higher TSH Levels Within the Normal Range Are Associated With Unexplained Infertility.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(2):632–639. doi:10.1210/jc.2017-02120Dunlap DB.Thyroid Function Tests. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Boston: Butterworths. Chapter 142. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK249/Welsh KJ, Soldin SJ.DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: How reliable are free thyroid and total T3 hormone assays?.Eur J Endocrinol. 2016;175(6):R255–R263. doi:10.1530/EJE-16-0193Fröhlich E, Wahl R.Thyroid Autoimmunity: Role of Anti-thyroid Antibodies in Thyroid and Extra-Thyroidal Diseases.Front Immunol. 2017;8:521. Published 2017 May 9. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00521Verma I, Sood R, Juneja S, Kaur S.Prevalence of hypothyroidism in infertile women and evaluation of response of treatment for hypothyroidism on infertility.Int J Appl Basic Med Res. 2012;2(1):17–19. doi:10.4103/2229-516X.96795Lalani S, Nizami I, Hashmi AA, Saifuddin A, Rehman R.THYROID DYSFUNCTION AND INFERTILITY TREATMENT.Acta Endocrinol (Buchar). 2017;13(3):302–307. doi:10.4183/aeb.2017.302Wiersinga WM.Thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Horm Res; 56 Suppl 1:74-81.Lazarus JH.Pre-conception counselling in graves' disease.Eur Thyroid J. 2012;1(1):24–29. doi:10.1159/000336102Patel A, Sharma PSVN, Kumar P.“In Cycles of Dreams, Despair, and Desperation:” Research Perspectives on Infertility Specific Distress in Patients Undergoing Fertility Treatments.J Hum Reprod Sci. 2018;11(4):320–328. doi:10.4103/jhrs.JHRS_42_18Additional ReadingAmerican Urological Association. Best Practices Statements.Optimal Evaluation of the Infertile Male. https://www.auanet.org/guidelines/male-infertility-optimal-evaluation-Green, KA, Werner, MD, and Franasiak, JM, et al.Investigating the Optimal Preconception TSH Range for Patients Undergoing IVF When Controlling for Embryo Quality. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2015 Oct; 32(10):1469-1476. doi: 10.1007/s10815-015-0549-4.Jefferys, A, Vanderpump, M, Yasmin E.Thyroid Dysfunction and Reproductive Health. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist. 2015;17:39-45. doi: 10.1111/tog.12161.Kuohung W, Hornstein MD.Evaluation of Female Infertility. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-female-infertilityLazarus, JH.Pre-Conception Counselling in Graves' Disease. Eur Thyroid J. 2012 Apr;1(1):24-29. doi: 10.1159/000336102.Mayo Clinic.Hypothyroidism and Infertility: Any Connection?https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/expert-answers/hypothyroidism-and-infertility/faq-20058311Orouji Jokar T, Fourman LT, Lee H, et al.Higher TSH Levels Within the Normal Range Are Association With Unexplained Fertility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Feb 1;103(2):632-639. doi: 10. 1210/jc.2017-02120.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Krassas GE, Poppe K, Glinoer D.Thyroid function and human reproductive health. Endocr Rev; 31(5):702-55.Koutras DA.Disturbances of menstruation in thyroid disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci; 816:280-4.Gude D. Thyroid and its indispensability in fertility.J Hum Reprod Sci. 2011;4(1):59–60. doi:10.4103/0974-1208.82368Bellver J, Rodríguez-Tabernero L, Robles A, et al.Polycystic ovary syndrome throughout a woman’s life.J Assist Reprod Genet. 2018;35(1):25–39. doi:10.1007/s10815-017-1047-7Singla R, Gupta Y, Khemani M, Aggarwal S.Thyroid disorders and polycystic ovary syndrome: An emerging relationship.Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2015;19(1):25-29. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.146860Mesen TB, Young SL.Progesterone and the luteal phase: a requisite to reproduction.Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2015;42(1):135–151. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2014.10.003Lessey BA, Young SL.Homeostasis imbalance in the endometrium of women with implantation defects: the role of estrogen and progesterone. Semin Reprod Med; 32(5):365-75.Krajewska-Kulak E, Sengupta P.Thyroid function in male infertility.Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2013;4:174. Published 2013 Nov 13. doi:10.3389/fendo.2013.00174Patel AS, Leong JY, Ramos L, Ramasamy R.Testosterone Is a Contraceptive and Should Not Be Used in Men Who Desire Fertility.World J Mens Health. 2019;37(1):45–54. doi:10.5534/wjmh.180036Hammond GL.Diverse roles for sex hormone-binding globulin in reproduction.Biol Reprod. 2011;85(3):431–441. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.111.092593La Vignera S, Vita R.Thyroid dysfunction and semen quality.Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2018;32:2058738418775241. doi:10.1177/2058738418775241Gabrielson AT, Sartor RA, Hellstrom WJG.The Impact of Thyroid Disease on Sexual Dysfunction in Men and Women. Sex Med Rev; 7(1):57-70.Lindsay TJ, Vitrikas KR.Evaluation and treatment of infertility. Am Fam Physician; 91(5):308-14.Orouji Jokar T, Fourman LT, Lee H, Mentzinger K, Fazeli PK.Higher TSH Levels Within the Normal Range Are Associated With Unexplained Infertility.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(2):632–639. doi:10.1210/jc.2017-02120Dunlap DB.Thyroid Function Tests. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Boston: Butterworths. Chapter 142. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK249/Welsh KJ, Soldin SJ.DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: How reliable are free thyroid and total T3 hormone assays?.Eur J Endocrinol. 2016;175(6):R255–R263. doi:10.1530/EJE-16-0193Fröhlich E, Wahl R.Thyroid Autoimmunity: Role of Anti-thyroid Antibodies in Thyroid and Extra-Thyroidal Diseases.Front Immunol. 2017;8:521. Published 2017 May 9. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00521Verma I, Sood R, Juneja S, Kaur S.Prevalence of hypothyroidism in infertile women and evaluation of response of treatment for hypothyroidism on infertility.Int J Appl Basic Med Res. 2012;2(1):17–19. doi:10.4103/2229-516X.96795Lalani S, Nizami I, Hashmi AA, Saifuddin A, Rehman R.THYROID DYSFUNCTION AND INFERTILITY TREATMENT.Acta Endocrinol (Buchar). 2017;13(3):302–307. doi:10.4183/aeb.2017.302Wiersinga WM.Thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Horm Res; 56 Suppl 1:74-81.Lazarus JH.Pre-conception counselling in graves' disease.Eur Thyroid J. 2012;1(1):24–29. doi:10.1159/000336102Patel A, Sharma PSVN, Kumar P.“In Cycles of Dreams, Despair, and Desperation:” Research Perspectives on Infertility Specific Distress in Patients Undergoing Fertility Treatments.J Hum Reprod Sci. 2018;11(4):320–328. doi:10.4103/jhrs.JHRS_42_18
Krassas GE, Poppe K, Glinoer D.Thyroid function and human reproductive health. Endocr Rev; 31(5):702-55.
Koutras DA.Disturbances of menstruation in thyroid disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci; 816:280-4.
Gude D. Thyroid and its indispensability in fertility.J Hum Reprod Sci. 2011;4(1):59–60. doi:10.4103/0974-1208.82368
Bellver J, Rodríguez-Tabernero L, Robles A, et al.Polycystic ovary syndrome throughout a woman’s life.J Assist Reprod Genet. 2018;35(1):25–39. doi:10.1007/s10815-017-1047-7
Singla R, Gupta Y, Khemani M, Aggarwal S.Thyroid disorders and polycystic ovary syndrome: An emerging relationship.Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2015;19(1):25-29. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.146860
Mesen TB, Young SL.Progesterone and the luteal phase: a requisite to reproduction.Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2015;42(1):135–151. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2014.10.003
Lessey BA, Young SL.Homeostasis imbalance in the endometrium of women with implantation defects: the role of estrogen and progesterone. Semin Reprod Med; 32(5):365-75.
Krajewska-Kulak E, Sengupta P.Thyroid function in male infertility.Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2013;4:174. Published 2013 Nov 13. doi:10.3389/fendo.2013.00174
Patel AS, Leong JY, Ramos L, Ramasamy R.Testosterone Is a Contraceptive and Should Not Be Used in Men Who Desire Fertility.World J Mens Health. 2019;37(1):45–54. doi:10.5534/wjmh.180036
Hammond GL.Diverse roles for sex hormone-binding globulin in reproduction.Biol Reprod. 2011;85(3):431–441. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.111.092593
La Vignera S, Vita R.Thyroid dysfunction and semen quality.Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2018;32:2058738418775241. doi:10.1177/2058738418775241
Gabrielson AT, Sartor RA, Hellstrom WJG.The Impact of Thyroid Disease on Sexual Dysfunction in Men and Women. Sex Med Rev; 7(1):57-70.
Lindsay TJ, Vitrikas KR.Evaluation and treatment of infertility. Am Fam Physician; 91(5):308-14.
Orouji Jokar T, Fourman LT, Lee H, Mentzinger K, Fazeli PK.Higher TSH Levels Within the Normal Range Are Associated With Unexplained Infertility.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(2):632–639. doi:10.1210/jc.2017-02120
Dunlap DB.Thyroid Function Tests. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Boston: Butterworths. Chapter 142. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK249/
Welsh KJ, Soldin SJ.DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: How reliable are free thyroid and total T3 hormone assays?.Eur J Endocrinol. 2016;175(6):R255–R263. doi:10.1530/EJE-16-0193
Fröhlich E, Wahl R.Thyroid Autoimmunity: Role of Anti-thyroid Antibodies in Thyroid and Extra-Thyroidal Diseases.Front Immunol. 2017;8:521. Published 2017 May 9. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00521
Verma I, Sood R, Juneja S, Kaur S.Prevalence of hypothyroidism in infertile women and evaluation of response of treatment for hypothyroidism on infertility.Int J Appl Basic Med Res. 2012;2(1):17–19. doi:10.4103/2229-516X.96795
Lalani S, Nizami I, Hashmi AA, Saifuddin A, Rehman R.THYROID DYSFUNCTION AND INFERTILITY TREATMENT.Acta Endocrinol (Buchar). 2017;13(3):302–307. doi:10.4183/aeb.2017.302
Wiersinga WM.Thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Horm Res; 56 Suppl 1:74-81.
Lazarus JH.Pre-conception counselling in graves' disease.Eur Thyroid J. 2012;1(1):24–29. doi:10.1159/000336102
Patel A, Sharma PSVN, Kumar P.“In Cycles of Dreams, Despair, and Desperation:” Research Perspectives on Infertility Specific Distress in Patients Undergoing Fertility Treatments.J Hum Reprod Sci. 2018;11(4):320–328. doi:10.4103/jhrs.JHRS_42_18
American Urological Association. Best Practices Statements.Optimal Evaluation of the Infertile Male. https://www.auanet.org/guidelines/male-infertility-optimal-evaluation-Green, KA, Werner, MD, and Franasiak, JM, et al.Investigating the Optimal Preconception TSH Range for Patients Undergoing IVF When Controlling for Embryo Quality. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2015 Oct; 32(10):1469-1476. doi: 10.1007/s10815-015-0549-4.Jefferys, A, Vanderpump, M, Yasmin E.Thyroid Dysfunction and Reproductive Health. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist. 2015;17:39-45. doi: 10.1111/tog.12161.Kuohung W, Hornstein MD.Evaluation of Female Infertility. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-female-infertilityLazarus, JH.Pre-Conception Counselling in Graves' Disease. Eur Thyroid J. 2012 Apr;1(1):24-29. doi: 10.1159/000336102.Mayo Clinic.Hypothyroidism and Infertility: Any Connection?https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/expert-answers/hypothyroidism-and-infertility/faq-20058311Orouji Jokar T, Fourman LT, Lee H, et al.Higher TSH Levels Within the Normal Range Are Association With Unexplained Fertility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Feb 1;103(2):632-639. doi: 10. 1210/jc.2017-02120.
American Urological Association. Best Practices Statements.Optimal Evaluation of the Infertile Male. https://www.auanet.org/guidelines/male-infertility-optimal-evaluation-
Green, KA, Werner, MD, and Franasiak, JM, et al.Investigating the Optimal Preconception TSH Range for Patients Undergoing IVF When Controlling for Embryo Quality. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2015 Oct; 32(10):1469-1476. doi: 10.1007/s10815-015-0549-4.
Jefferys, A, Vanderpump, M, Yasmin E.Thyroid Dysfunction and Reproductive Health. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist. 2015;17:39-45. doi: 10.1111/tog.12161.
Kuohung W, Hornstein MD.Evaluation of Female Infertility. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-female-infertility
Lazarus, JH.Pre-Conception Counselling in Graves' Disease. Eur Thyroid J. 2012 Apr;1(1):24-29. doi: 10.1159/000336102.
Mayo Clinic.Hypothyroidism and Infertility: Any Connection?https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/female-infertility/expert-answers/hypothyroidism-and-infertility/faq-20058311
Orouji Jokar T, Fourman LT, Lee H, et al.Higher TSH Levels Within the Normal Range Are Association With Unexplained Fertility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Feb 1;103(2):632-639. doi: 10. 1210/jc.2017-02120.
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