Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsUsesSide EffectsPrecautionsDosageToxicityInteractionsStorageSources
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Uses
Side Effects
Precautions
Dosage
Toxicity
Interactions
Storage
Sources
The South African geranium (Pelargonium sidoides) is an herb traditionally used in South African medicine to treat gastrointestinal conditions and later brought to Europe as a tuberculosis treatment.Today, it’s typically used as an extract in cough and cold remedies and marketed as a remedy for respiratory infections such as thecommon cold,bronchitis, andsinusitis.
Some people shouldn’t takeP. sidoides, including those with blood clotting disorders or liver disease. Because it can cause side effects and drug interactions, you should check with your healthcare provider before using.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs. That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or pharmacist.
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Uses of Pelargonium Sidoides
Supplement use should be individualized and discussed with a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian, pharmacist, or healthcare provider. No supplement is intended to treat, cure, or prevent disease.
While the current evidence supportingP. sidoidesis limited, it’s most robust for the following uses:
Respiratory Infections
In a review of eight clinical trials,scientists concluded thatP. sidoideshelped easecold,bronchitis, orsinus infectionsymptoms.However, the authors concluded that more research is neededbecause thequality of the evidence was low. There were only a few trials for each disease, and the supplement manufacturer was also the trial investigator, leaving room for bias.
In another review, scientists evaluated 11 studies ofherbal medicinesfor treating respiratory tract infections in children. Reviewers determined thatP. sidoidesshowed “moderate evidence” for treating uncomplicated respiratory infections.
A randomized controlled trial of 207 adults with the common cold used 30 or 60 drops ofP. sidoidesextract three times a day for up to 10 days. The treatment decreased the cold’s length and the severity of symptoms.
In another randomized controlled trial, people withupper respiratory infectionswere given an extract of P. sidoides root for seven days. Those in the treatment group had decreased coughing and sneezing symptoms compared to those given aplacebo.
Natural and Herbal Cold and Flu Remedies
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
A study of 199 people withchronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)used a specificP. sidoidesextract as add-on therapy for 24 weeks. Those in the treatment group had improved quality of life and decreased symptoms (cough severity, missed work) compared to those who received a placebo.TheP. sidoidestreatment was also well-tolerated.
Sasha Heitzmann / Getty Images
Other Potential Uses
Anxiety:There’s not much scientific evidence supporting this use. However, the essential oil of a related species,Pelargonium graveolens(rose geranium), is often used in aromatherapy and may help with anxiety during labor.
COVID-19: In test tube studies,P. sidoideswas effective against coronaviruses.However, robust data from clinical studies is needed to determine effectiveness and safety in humans.
What Are the Side Effects of P. Sidoides?
Your provider may recommend takingP. sidoidesfor a cold, sinus infection, or another condition. However, consuming this herbal supplement may have potential side effects, which may be common or severe.
Common Side Effects
Commonly cited side effects include but aren’t limited to the following:
Severe Side Effects
AlthoughP. sidoidesseems well tolerated, there is some concern that its long-term or excessive use may causeliver injury.
According to a study,P. sidoideswas among five herbs suspected of causing liver toxicity when used for medicinal purposes. Other culprits includedvalerian(Valeriana),peppermint(Mentha piperita), St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum), and Tasmanian blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus).
In one of the reported cases, liver impairment occurred after using aP. sidoidesextract for five days.
There is also not enough safety data to recommendP. sidoidesin people with severe kidney problems, or disorders of theadrenal glands, liver,spleen, orpancreas.
Always speak with a healthcare provider before taking any supplement to ensure that the supplement and dosage are appropriate for your individual needs.
Dosage: How Much Pelargonium Should I Take?
What Happens if I Take Too Much Pelargonium Sidoides?
As a general rule of thumb, never take more than is prescribed on the product label. Even so, it is not known at what point aP. sidoidessupplement may become toxic.
If you decide to take it (especially highly concentrated extracts), call your healthcare provider if you experience any signs of liver toxicity, including fatigue, stomach pain, nausea, dark urine, light stools, or yellow skin or eyes.
One active ingredient ofP. sidoidesis coumarin, which may act as ananticoagulant(blood thinner).Avoid takingP. sidoideswith prescription anticoagulants likewarfarinas this could lead to excessive bleeding.
It is essential to carefully read the ingredient list and nutrition facts panel of a supplement to know which ingredients and how much of each ingredient is included. Please review this supplement label with your healthcare provider to discuss any potential interactions with foods, other supplements, and medications.
How to Store
Discard after one year or according to package directions.
Sources of Pelargonium Sidoides and What to Look For
Food Sources of Pelargonium Sidoides
Leaves or flowers ofP. sidoidesmay be eaten directly, but this herb is not found in commercially available food products in the United States.
Pelargonium Sidoides Supplements
Pelargonium sidoidesremedies are sold as extracts, tinctures, oral suspensions, syrups, powders, or gel caps. They can be purchased online or in pharmacies or health food stores.
Pelargonium Sidoides Supplement FactsActive ingredients:Anthocyanins, coumarins, gallic acid derivatives,flavonoids, tannins, phenols, and hydroxycinnamic acid derivativesAlternate name:Pelargonium sidaefolium,Umckaloaba,Umcka, Uvendle, Kalwerbossie, Khoaara e nyenyaneLegal status:Over-the-counter supplement in the United StatesSuggested dose:20 to 30 drops of the extract three times a daySafety considerations:Avoid in people with blood clotting problems; not recommended for children under age 12 or during pregnancy or breastfeeding
Pelargonium Sidoides Supplement Facts
Active ingredients:Anthocyanins, coumarins, gallic acid derivatives,flavonoids, tannins, phenols, and hydroxycinnamic acid derivativesAlternate name:Pelargonium sidaefolium,Umckaloaba,Umcka, Uvendle, Kalwerbossie, Khoaara e nyenyaneLegal status:Over-the-counter supplement in the United StatesSuggested dose:20 to 30 drops of the extract three times a daySafety considerations:Avoid in people with blood clotting problems; not recommended for children under age 12 or during pregnancy or breastfeeding
Summary
Pelargonium sidoideshas been studied for cold, bronchitis, or sinus infection symptoms.It’s also been used forchronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).However, further scientific study must be conducted before it can be suggested.
Avoid takingPelargonium sidoidesif you’re allergic to it. Always check in with your healthcare provider or pharmacist before use to avoid interactions with any medications, herbs, or supplements you are currently taking.
13 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Moyo M, Van Staden J.Medicinal properties and conservation of Pelargonium sidoides DC.J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;152(2):243-255. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.009Gajewski A, Kośmider A, Nowacka A, Puk O, Wiciński M.Potential of herbal products in prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Literature review.Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;143:112150. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112150Timmer A, Günther J, Motschall E, Rücker G, Antes G, Kern WV.Pelargonium sidoides extract for treating acute respiratory tract infections.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(10):CD006323. Published 2013 Oct 22. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006323.pub3Anheyer D, Cramer H, Lauche R, Saha FJ, Dobos G.Herbal Medicine in Children With Respiratory Tract Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Acad Pediatr. 2018;18(1):8-19. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2017.06.006Riley DS, Lizogub VG, Zimmermann A, Funk P, Lehmacher W.Efficacy and Tolerability of High-dose Pelargonium Extract in Patients With the Common Cold.Altern Ther Health Med. 2018;24(2):16-26.Gökçe Ş, Dörtkardeşler BE, Yurtseven A, Kurugöl Z.Effectiveness of Pelargonium sidoides in pediatric patients diagnosed with uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection: a single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.Eur J Pediatr. 2021;180(9):3019-3028. doi:10.1007/s00431-021-04211-yMatthys H, Funk P.Pelargonium sidoides preparation EPs 7630 in COPD: health-related quality-of-life and other patient-reported outcomes in adults receiving add-on therapy.Curr Med Res Opin. 2018;34(7):1245-1251. doi:10.1080/03007995.2017.1416344Rashidi Fakari F, Tabatabaeichehr M, Kamali H, Rashidi Fakari F, Naseri M.Effect of Inhalation of Aroma of Geranium Essence on Anxiety and Physiological Parameters during First Stage of Labor in Nulliparous Women: a Randomized Clinical Trial.J Caring Sci. 2015;4(2):135-141. Published 2015 Jun 1. doi:10.15171/jcs.2015.014Douros A, Bronder E, Andersohn F, et al.Herb-Induced Liver Injury in the Berlin Case-Control Surveillance Study.Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(1):114. Published 2016 Jan 15. doi:10.3390/ijms17010114Nawrot J, Gornowicz-Porowska J, Budzianowski J, Nowak G, Schroeder G, Kurczewska J.Medicinal Herbs in the Relief of Neurological, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Symptoms after COVID-19 Infection A Literature Review.Cells. 2022;11(12):1897. Published 2022 Jun 11. doi:10.3390/cells11121897Careddu D, Pettenazzo A.Pelargonium sidoidesextract EPs 7630: a review of its clinical efficacy and safety for treating acute respiratory tract infections in children.Int J Gen Med. 2018;11:91-98. Published 2018 Mar 8. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S154198Moyo M, Van Staden J.Medicinal properties and conservation of Pelargonium sidoides DC.J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;152(2):243-255. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.009Johns Hopkins Medicine.Acute liver failure.Additional ReadingAgbabiaka, T.; Guo, R.; and Ernst, E.Pelargonium sidoides for acute bronchitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Phytomedicine.2008 May;15(5):378-85. DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.11.023.Anheyer, D.; Cramer, H.; Lauche, R. et al.Herbal Medicine in Children With Respiratory Tract Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Acad Pediatr.2018 Jan-Feb;18(1):8-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2017.06.006.Douros, A.; Bronder, E.; Andersohn, F. et al.Herb-Induced Liver Injury in the Berlin Case-Control Surveillance Study.Int J Mol Sci.2016 Jan;17(1):114. DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010114.European Medicines Agency. Assessment Report of Pelargonium sidoides DC and/or Pelargonium reniforme Curt.London, England; issued November 20, 2012.Timmer, A.; Günther, J.; Motschall, E. et al.Pelargonium sidoides extract for treating acute respiratory tract infections.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2013 Oct 22;(10):CD006323. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006323.pub3.
13 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Moyo M, Van Staden J.Medicinal properties and conservation of Pelargonium sidoides DC.J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;152(2):243-255. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.009Gajewski A, Kośmider A, Nowacka A, Puk O, Wiciński M.Potential of herbal products in prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Literature review.Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;143:112150. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112150Timmer A, Günther J, Motschall E, Rücker G, Antes G, Kern WV.Pelargonium sidoides extract for treating acute respiratory tract infections.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(10):CD006323. Published 2013 Oct 22. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006323.pub3Anheyer D, Cramer H, Lauche R, Saha FJ, Dobos G.Herbal Medicine in Children With Respiratory Tract Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Acad Pediatr. 2018;18(1):8-19. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2017.06.006Riley DS, Lizogub VG, Zimmermann A, Funk P, Lehmacher W.Efficacy and Tolerability of High-dose Pelargonium Extract in Patients With the Common Cold.Altern Ther Health Med. 2018;24(2):16-26.Gökçe Ş, Dörtkardeşler BE, Yurtseven A, Kurugöl Z.Effectiveness of Pelargonium sidoides in pediatric patients diagnosed with uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection: a single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.Eur J Pediatr. 2021;180(9):3019-3028. doi:10.1007/s00431-021-04211-yMatthys H, Funk P.Pelargonium sidoides preparation EPs 7630 in COPD: health-related quality-of-life and other patient-reported outcomes in adults receiving add-on therapy.Curr Med Res Opin. 2018;34(7):1245-1251. doi:10.1080/03007995.2017.1416344Rashidi Fakari F, Tabatabaeichehr M, Kamali H, Rashidi Fakari F, Naseri M.Effect of Inhalation of Aroma of Geranium Essence on Anxiety and Physiological Parameters during First Stage of Labor in Nulliparous Women: a Randomized Clinical Trial.J Caring Sci. 2015;4(2):135-141. Published 2015 Jun 1. doi:10.15171/jcs.2015.014Douros A, Bronder E, Andersohn F, et al.Herb-Induced Liver Injury in the Berlin Case-Control Surveillance Study.Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(1):114. Published 2016 Jan 15. doi:10.3390/ijms17010114Nawrot J, Gornowicz-Porowska J, Budzianowski J, Nowak G, Schroeder G, Kurczewska J.Medicinal Herbs in the Relief of Neurological, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Symptoms after COVID-19 Infection A Literature Review.Cells. 2022;11(12):1897. Published 2022 Jun 11. doi:10.3390/cells11121897Careddu D, Pettenazzo A.Pelargonium sidoidesextract EPs 7630: a review of its clinical efficacy and safety for treating acute respiratory tract infections in children.Int J Gen Med. 2018;11:91-98. Published 2018 Mar 8. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S154198Moyo M, Van Staden J.Medicinal properties and conservation of Pelargonium sidoides DC.J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;152(2):243-255. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.009Johns Hopkins Medicine.Acute liver failure.Additional ReadingAgbabiaka, T.; Guo, R.; and Ernst, E.Pelargonium sidoides for acute bronchitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Phytomedicine.2008 May;15(5):378-85. DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.11.023.Anheyer, D.; Cramer, H.; Lauche, R. et al.Herbal Medicine in Children With Respiratory Tract Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Acad Pediatr.2018 Jan-Feb;18(1):8-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2017.06.006.Douros, A.; Bronder, E.; Andersohn, F. et al.Herb-Induced Liver Injury in the Berlin Case-Control Surveillance Study.Int J Mol Sci.2016 Jan;17(1):114. DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010114.European Medicines Agency. Assessment Report of Pelargonium sidoides DC and/or Pelargonium reniforme Curt.London, England; issued November 20, 2012.Timmer, A.; Günther, J.; Motschall, E. et al.Pelargonium sidoides extract for treating acute respiratory tract infections.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2013 Oct 22;(10):CD006323. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006323.pub3.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Moyo M, Van Staden J.Medicinal properties and conservation of Pelargonium sidoides DC.J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;152(2):243-255. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.009Gajewski A, Kośmider A, Nowacka A, Puk O, Wiciński M.Potential of herbal products in prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Literature review.Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;143:112150. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112150Timmer A, Günther J, Motschall E, Rücker G, Antes G, Kern WV.Pelargonium sidoides extract for treating acute respiratory tract infections.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(10):CD006323. Published 2013 Oct 22. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006323.pub3Anheyer D, Cramer H, Lauche R, Saha FJ, Dobos G.Herbal Medicine in Children With Respiratory Tract Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Acad Pediatr. 2018;18(1):8-19. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2017.06.006Riley DS, Lizogub VG, Zimmermann A, Funk P, Lehmacher W.Efficacy and Tolerability of High-dose Pelargonium Extract in Patients With the Common Cold.Altern Ther Health Med. 2018;24(2):16-26.Gökçe Ş, Dörtkardeşler BE, Yurtseven A, Kurugöl Z.Effectiveness of Pelargonium sidoides in pediatric patients diagnosed with uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection: a single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.Eur J Pediatr. 2021;180(9):3019-3028. doi:10.1007/s00431-021-04211-yMatthys H, Funk P.Pelargonium sidoides preparation EPs 7630 in COPD: health-related quality-of-life and other patient-reported outcomes in adults receiving add-on therapy.Curr Med Res Opin. 2018;34(7):1245-1251. doi:10.1080/03007995.2017.1416344Rashidi Fakari F, Tabatabaeichehr M, Kamali H, Rashidi Fakari F, Naseri M.Effect of Inhalation of Aroma of Geranium Essence on Anxiety and Physiological Parameters during First Stage of Labor in Nulliparous Women: a Randomized Clinical Trial.J Caring Sci. 2015;4(2):135-141. Published 2015 Jun 1. doi:10.15171/jcs.2015.014Douros A, Bronder E, Andersohn F, et al.Herb-Induced Liver Injury in the Berlin Case-Control Surveillance Study.Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(1):114. Published 2016 Jan 15. doi:10.3390/ijms17010114Nawrot J, Gornowicz-Porowska J, Budzianowski J, Nowak G, Schroeder G, Kurczewska J.Medicinal Herbs in the Relief of Neurological, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Symptoms after COVID-19 Infection A Literature Review.Cells. 2022;11(12):1897. Published 2022 Jun 11. doi:10.3390/cells11121897Careddu D, Pettenazzo A.Pelargonium sidoidesextract EPs 7630: a review of its clinical efficacy and safety for treating acute respiratory tract infections in children.Int J Gen Med. 2018;11:91-98. Published 2018 Mar 8. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S154198Moyo M, Van Staden J.Medicinal properties and conservation of Pelargonium sidoides DC.J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;152(2):243-255. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.009Johns Hopkins Medicine.Acute liver failure.
Moyo M, Van Staden J.Medicinal properties and conservation of Pelargonium sidoides DC.J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;152(2):243-255. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.009
Gajewski A, Kośmider A, Nowacka A, Puk O, Wiciński M.Potential of herbal products in prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Literature review.Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;143:112150. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112150
Timmer A, Günther J, Motschall E, Rücker G, Antes G, Kern WV.Pelargonium sidoides extract for treating acute respiratory tract infections.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(10):CD006323. Published 2013 Oct 22. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006323.pub3
Anheyer D, Cramer H, Lauche R, Saha FJ, Dobos G.Herbal Medicine in Children With Respiratory Tract Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Acad Pediatr. 2018;18(1):8-19. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2017.06.006
Riley DS, Lizogub VG, Zimmermann A, Funk P, Lehmacher W.Efficacy and Tolerability of High-dose Pelargonium Extract in Patients With the Common Cold.Altern Ther Health Med. 2018;24(2):16-26.
Gökçe Ş, Dörtkardeşler BE, Yurtseven A, Kurugöl Z.Effectiveness of Pelargonium sidoides in pediatric patients diagnosed with uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection: a single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.Eur J Pediatr. 2021;180(9):3019-3028. doi:10.1007/s00431-021-04211-y
Matthys H, Funk P.Pelargonium sidoides preparation EPs 7630 in COPD: health-related quality-of-life and other patient-reported outcomes in adults receiving add-on therapy.Curr Med Res Opin. 2018;34(7):1245-1251. doi:10.1080/03007995.2017.1416344
Rashidi Fakari F, Tabatabaeichehr M, Kamali H, Rashidi Fakari F, Naseri M.Effect of Inhalation of Aroma of Geranium Essence on Anxiety and Physiological Parameters during First Stage of Labor in Nulliparous Women: a Randomized Clinical Trial.J Caring Sci. 2015;4(2):135-141. Published 2015 Jun 1. doi:10.15171/jcs.2015.014
Douros A, Bronder E, Andersohn F, et al.Herb-Induced Liver Injury in the Berlin Case-Control Surveillance Study.Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(1):114. Published 2016 Jan 15. doi:10.3390/ijms17010114
Nawrot J, Gornowicz-Porowska J, Budzianowski J, Nowak G, Schroeder G, Kurczewska J.Medicinal Herbs in the Relief of Neurological, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Symptoms after COVID-19 Infection A Literature Review.Cells. 2022;11(12):1897. Published 2022 Jun 11. doi:10.3390/cells11121897
Careddu D, Pettenazzo A.Pelargonium sidoidesextract EPs 7630: a review of its clinical efficacy and safety for treating acute respiratory tract infections in children.Int J Gen Med. 2018;11:91-98. Published 2018 Mar 8. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S154198
Johns Hopkins Medicine.Acute liver failure.
Agbabiaka, T.; Guo, R.; and Ernst, E.Pelargonium sidoides for acute bronchitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Phytomedicine.2008 May;15(5):378-85. DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.11.023.Anheyer, D.; Cramer, H.; Lauche, R. et al.Herbal Medicine in Children With Respiratory Tract Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Acad Pediatr.2018 Jan-Feb;18(1):8-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2017.06.006.Douros, A.; Bronder, E.; Andersohn, F. et al.Herb-Induced Liver Injury in the Berlin Case-Control Surveillance Study.Int J Mol Sci.2016 Jan;17(1):114. DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010114.European Medicines Agency. Assessment Report of Pelargonium sidoides DC and/or Pelargonium reniforme Curt.London, England; issued November 20, 2012.Timmer, A.; Günther, J.; Motschall, E. et al.Pelargonium sidoides extract for treating acute respiratory tract infections.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2013 Oct 22;(10):CD006323. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006323.pub3.
Agbabiaka, T.; Guo, R.; and Ernst, E.Pelargonium sidoides for acute bronchitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Phytomedicine.2008 May;15(5):378-85. DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.11.023.
Anheyer, D.; Cramer, H.; Lauche, R. et al.Herbal Medicine in Children With Respiratory Tract Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Acad Pediatr.2018 Jan-Feb;18(1):8-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2017.06.006.
Douros, A.; Bronder, E.; Andersohn, F. et al.Herb-Induced Liver Injury in the Berlin Case-Control Surveillance Study.Int J Mol Sci.2016 Jan;17(1):114. DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010114.
European Medicines Agency. Assessment Report of Pelargonium sidoides DC and/or Pelargonium reniforme Curt.London, England; issued November 20, 2012.
Timmer, A.; Günther, J.; Motschall, E. et al.Pelargonium sidoides extract for treating acute respiratory tract infections.Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2013 Oct 22;(10):CD006323. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006323.pub3.
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