Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsJAK InhibitorsUsesXeljanzOlumiantJakafiRinvoqUsesCibinqoLitfuloOpzeluraDrugs in the PipelineSide EffectsContraindications
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
JAK Inhibitors
Uses
Xeljanz
Olumiant
Jakafi
Rinvoq
Cibinqo
Litfulo
Opzelura
Drugs in the Pipeline
Side Effects
Contraindications
Janus kinase(JAK) inhibitors are a group of medications that can treat various types of arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), cancer, dermatological conditions like atopic dermatitis andalopecia areata, and some bowel conditions like ulcerative colitis and inflammatory bowel disease.
These medications inhibit the activity of one or more of the Janus kinase enzymes (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2). These enzymes promote inflammation, and they are involved in some diseases. Inflammation is limited when the enzyme signaling pathways are interrupted, which can help some autoimmune diseases.
In this article, learn about the dosage, uses, and ongoing research underway for JAK inhibitors available in the United States, as well as common side effects, contraindications, and warnings. It will also discuss promising JAK inhibitors coming down the pipeline.
Verywell / Jiaqi Zhou
JAK Inhibitor Drugs
JAK inhibitors come in oral and topical forms. JAK inhibitor drugs currently available in the United States:
All of the approved JAK inhibitors target all of the JAK enzymes. Several others currently in the development pipeline are selective for certain JAK enzymes.
Uses of JAK Inhibitors
Excessinflammationcan be problematic in conditions such as RA, cancer, and immune conditions. JAK inhibitors can help reduce inflammation.
Cytokinesare inflammatory proteins that attach to receptors on immune cells. This signals JAK enzymes to add chemical phosphate to their receptors, which attracts another type of protein called signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins. The STAT proteins further increase inflammation.
Overactivity of this process can make you susceptible toautoimmune diseases—conditions in which yourimmune systemattacks healthy, normal tissues.
JAk inhibitors interrupt this process so that STAT proteins can’t lead to increased inflammation.
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Biologic Drugs vs. JAK Inhibitors
Another class of drugs called biologics are also commonly used to treat arthritis and other autoimmune conditions. Both types of drugs belong to thedisease-modifying antirheumatic drugs(DMARDs) family. Biologics are made from animal or plant cells, and JAK inhibitors are synthetic.
Biologics are older and, therefore, have more data backing their use. Biologics are administered via an infusion or intramuscular injection. Biologics are also generally less expensive. However, JAK inhibitors are in pill form or a topical application, which makes them more convenient. Some patients will do best with a combination of both biologics and JAK inhibitors.
Xeljanz (tofacitinib)
The newest FDA warnings on Xeljanz state that there is a higher rate of all-cause mortality, including sudden cardiovascular death, with Xeljanz versus some other JAK inhibitors. Additionally, there are higher rates of lymphomas and lung cancers, MACE (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke), and thrombosis (pulmonary embolism, venous and arterial thrombosis).
Xeljanz is approved for the treatment of:
While it’s not currently approved for other uses, several studies have suggested that Xeljanz can be effective at treating:
The drug is sometimes used off-label for treating these and other conditions.
Formulations and Dosage
The drug is available in a 5 milligram (mg) pill and an 11 mg extended-release tablet.
Rinvoq, Rinvoq LQ (upadacitinib)
Ongoing Research
Research about the effect of Xeljanz on psoriasis has yielded positive results.
In one analysis ofpsoriasispatients using tofacitinib, researchers found that those using tofacitinib experienced reduced symptoms, including skinplaques, which led to an improved quality of life.
The drug was well-tolerated, and safety and side effects were similar to those of other disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Further, participants who took 10 mg per day showed greater improvement than those taking 5 mg daily.
The authors concluded that Xeljanz has a benefit-risk profile similar to other treatments and is a better option for people who prefer oral therapy overinjectable biologics.
Olumiant (baricitinib)
The FDA approved Olumiant in 2018. It carries an FDAboxed warningfor cardiovascular issues, malignancy, and thrombosis.
Olumiant is FDA-approved for the treatment of some adults with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis, alopecia areata, andCOVID-19in certain hospitalized adults.
One study suggested that combining baricitinib with direct-acting antivirals could reduce infectivity, viral replication, and inflammation associated withCOVID-19.While it’s not approved, it has been issued in Europe to treat COVID-19.
Olumiant has also been studied as a psoriasis treatment. In one study, patients reported significant symptom improvement, but more research is needed.Use for psoriasis is considered off-label.
Olumiant is available as a 1 mg, 2 mg, and 4 mg tablet taken once daily. Studies have shown that upper respiratory infections and high cholesterol levels were rare but more frequent with Olumiant at higher doses.
According to a report published inArthritis & Care Research,Olumiant monotherapy of 4 mg per day provides effective disease control in people with rheumatoid arthritis.
The patients in the study who didn’t respond well to baricitinib alone showed improved disease control when methotrexate was added.
Jakafi (ruxolitinib)
Jakafi was FDA-approved in 2011. It is designed to inhibit JAK1 and JAK2.
Jakifi is approved to treat:
Ruxolitinib may be used off-label for several other indications, such as alopecia and plaque psoriasis, and is under investigation for other conditions, including certain cancers.
This drug is available in tablet form in dosages ranging from 5 mg up to 25 mg. Platelet counts must be monitored before starting Jakafi and while taking it due to a risk ofthrombocytopenia,anemia(low red blood cells), andneutropenia.
Ruxolitinib clinical trials are currently underway for treating plaque psoriasis, alopecia areata, pancreatic cancer, and two types oflymphoma.
Rinvoq; Rinvoq LQ (upadacitinib)
Rinvoq is approved for the treatment of:
Rinvoq LQ is approved for the treatment of:
Studies are ongoing for Rinvoq as a treatment for:
These uses haven’t been FDA-approved and are thus considered off-label.
Rinvoq is available in 15 mg, 30 mg, and 45 mg extended-release tablet forms, to be taken once daily. Rinvoq LQ is available as a 1mg/mL solution, which is taken twice daily.
Results have generally been positive for Rinvoq as a treatment for the unapproved uses listed above.
Research published in late 2019 reported that upadacitinib was effective and well-tolerated in people with active ankylosing spondylitis who didn’t tolerate or respond well to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The authors recommended further investigation of the drug for axial spondyloarthritis types.
Cibinqo (abrocitinib)
Cibinqo is a newer drug in this group, having received FDA approval in 2022.
Cibinqo is approved for treating refractory, moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis in adults and children 12 years and older whose disease is poorly controlled with other systemic medications—including biologics.
This drug is available as 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg tablets for oral administration.
Litfulo (ritlecitinib)
This drug is available in a 50 mg capsule form to be taken once a day.
Liflulo comes with a boxed warning from the FDA because it may cause serious side effects like other oral JAK inhibitors. Side effects include:
Opzelura (ruxolitinib) cream
Ruxolitinib cream was FDA-approved in 2022, while oral ruxolitinib was FDA approved in 2011.
Opzelura is approved for treating nonsegmental vitiligo in adult and pediatric patients 12 years of age and older. It is also approved to treat mild to moderate atopic dermatitis.
Opzelura is available as a 1.5% cream applied twice daily. The maximum dose is 60 g per week or 100 g every two weeks.
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What’s in the Pipeline?
Pipeline drugs are currently being developed and tested but aren’t FDA-approved for any use. These drugs must go through three phases of clinical trials before they can be brought to the FDA for approval.
Several JAK inhibitors are making their way through the pipeline, undergoing clinical trials to determine their safety and effectiveness in treating various autoimmune conditions.
Filgotinib (GLPG0634)
Filgotinib is a highly selective JAK1 inhibitor being tested as a treatment for:
“Highly selective” means that it targets only certain JAK enzymes rather than a large group of them. Researchers hypothesize this could mean fewer side effects.
Status
Phase 3 trials have been concluded. In late 2019, the manufacturer submitted a new drug application (NDA) and a priority review application, sometimes speeding up the approval process.
In August 2020, the FDA rejected the drug due to toxicity. It was approved for medical use in both the European Union and Japan in September 2020.
Research Highlights
Here’s a sample of takeaways from research on filgotinib thus far.
Use for RA:
Use for other diseases:
Peficitinib (ASP015K)
Peficitinib inhibits two specific enzymes, JAK 1 and JAK 3, and is currently being investigated for treating rheumatoid arthritis.
Phase 3 trials are concluded, and the manufacturer has submitted a new drug application to the FDA. This drug is approved for treating rheumatoid arthritis in Japan under the brand name Smyraf.
Itacitinib (INCB039110)
Itacitinib is under investigation as a treatment for:
It has also been suggested as a possible therapy for COVID-19 because of specific effects it has on the immune system, although clinical trials have not yet begun.
Phase 2 trials are currently underway for testing the efficacy and safety of Itacitinib for treating plaque psoriasis. The drug has moved on to phase 3 for chronic graft-versus-host disease despite failing in trials for the acute form of the condition.
Research Highlight
A phase 2 study published in 2016 demonstrated significant improvement in an assessment of plaque psoriasis symptoms.
Abrocitinib (PF-04965842)
Abrocitinib is an oral selective JAK1 inhibitor currently being investigated for the treatment of:
In June 2020, phase 2, phase 2b, and phase 3 clinical trials began for abrocitinib as a treatment for atopic dermatitis.It has been approved for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Other potential uses are in earlier stages of study.
SHR0302
SHR0302 is believed to be a highly selective JAK1, JAK2, and JAK3 inhibitor. It’s being investigated as a possible treatment for:
This drug is not approved for any use. In May 2020, researchers in the U.S. and China launched phase-2 clinical trials for alopecia areata, and Chinese researchers initiated a phase-1 trial for liver impairment. In June 2020, phase 2 and 3 trials for ankylosing spondylitis began.
In 2019, phase 2 clinical trials began for ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.The drug has also reached phase 2 trials for atopic dermatitis. Phase 3 trials for rheumatoid arthritis are expected to conclude in 2022.Preliminary research has begun for lupus.
Little research on this drug has been concluded and published.
BMS-986165
BMS-986165 is currently being studied for treating:
As of mid-2020, this drug was in phase 3 trials for plaque psoriasis, phase 2 trials for Crohn’s disease, psoriatic arthritis, lupus, and ulcerative colitis, and phase 1 trials for autoimmune diseases in general.
Psoriatic Disease Drugs in the Pipeline
Possible Side Effects
There are side effects common to all JAK inhibitors, and each JAK inhibitor has its own list of potential adverse events.
Some common ones may go away once your body gets used to the medication. Others may persist and have serious effects.
Common
Common side effects that may go away with use include:
Tell your healthcare provider if you have shortness of breath or other serious or ongoing side effects. Some can be managed through lifestyle and medication, while others require a medication change.
Immune-System Suppression
Similar to biologics and traditional DMARDs, JAK inhibitors suppress the immune system. While that makes them beneficial, it increases vulnerability to severe infections—especiallyupper respiratoryandurinary tract infections.
If you stop using these drugs, your immune system should return to normal and begin preventing infections again.
Some people may have an increased risk for cancer because JAK inhibitors block the immune processes responsible for preventing tumors.
Contraindications and Warnings
JAK inhibitors can also causeanemiain some people. This is due to how they affect proteins the body needs to make red blood cells.
JAK inhibitors are also known for lowering white blood cell counts, a condition calledlymphopenia.
These drugs may affectcholesterollevels.Your healthcare provider may need to prescribe astatin drug, such as Lipitor (atorvastatin), to regulate cholesterol.
Blood clotscan occur, resulting in an increased risk of cardiovascular events, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism.
Liver damage is a possible adverse reaction of JAK inhibitor use. These drugs are contraindicated in patients with diverticulitis, as they can lead to viscous perforation.
There’s also an increased risk of heart-related events, like heart attack or stroke, as well as cancer and death with the use of Xeljanz, Olumiant, and Rinvoq.And there is an increased risk of lymphomas and lung cancer when compared to TNF inhibitors.
Summary
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