Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsUsesSide EffectsPrecautionsDosageToxicityInteractionsHow to StoreSimilar SupplementsSources & What to Look ForFrequently Asked Questions
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Uses
Side Effects
Precautions
Dosage
Toxicity
Interactions
How to Store
Similar Supplements
Sources & What to Look For
Frequently Asked Questions
WarningThe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warns that using kava has been associated with liver injury. Consult with your healthcare provider before using kava-containing supplements, especially if you have or have had liver problems, you frequently drink alcoholic beverages, or you take any prescription or over-the-counter (OTC) medications.Stop using kava if you develop symptoms that may indicate liver problems (e.g., yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes, brown urine, light-colored stools, nausea, vomiting, unexplained tiredness, stomach pain, and loss of appetite).
Warning
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warns that using kava has been associated with liver injury. Consult with your healthcare provider before using kava-containing supplements, especially if you have or have had liver problems, you frequently drink alcoholic beverages, or you take any prescription or over-the-counter (OTC) medications.Stop using kava if you develop symptoms that may indicate liver problems (e.g., yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes, brown urine, light-colored stools, nausea, vomiting, unexplained tiredness, stomach pain, and loss of appetite).
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warns that using kava has been associated with liver injury. Consult with your healthcare provider before using kava-containing supplements, especially if you have or have had liver problems, you frequently drink alcoholic beverages, or you take any prescription or over-the-counter (OTC) medications.
Stop using kava if you develop symptoms that may indicate liver problems (e.g., yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes, brown urine, light-colored stools, nausea, vomiting, unexplained tiredness, stomach pain, and loss of appetite).
Kava, a shrub from the pepper family, contains active ingredients called kavalactones that produce a calming, relaxing effect and help relieve anxiety.Some people also use kava supplements to lift depression and treat insomnia. Researchers are exploring its potential for stopping the growth of certain cancers.Traditionally, Pacific Islanders used kava extract as medicine and the beverage form of kava for religious and cultural ceremonies.
Before taking kava, it’s vital to learn about its side effects and talk with a healthcare provider to be sure it’s safe for you. Kava can cause severe liver damage, even cirrhosis and liver failure. The herb can cause dry, scaly skin with a yellow appearance. Kava can also interact with other medications and cause adverse reactions.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs. That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or pharmacist.
Uses of Kava
Kava has been studied for the following conditions:
Supplement Facts
What Are the Side Effects of Kava?
Your provider may recommend you take kava for specific reasons. However, consuming an herb like kava may have potential side effects. These side effects may be common or severe.
Disclaimer
Common Side Effects
Clinical trials have shown kava to be well-tolerated, with most reported mild side effects.
Some of the common side effects reported in clinical trials include the following:
No differences were found between kava and placebo (an inactive substance) on the following:
Severe Side Effects
Heavy, prolonged use of kava or the use of poor-quality kava products has been associated with the following serious side effects:
If you’re having a severe allergic reaction or if any of your symptoms feel life-threatening, call 911 and get medical help right away.
Hands reaching for kava drinks.Brandon Colbert Photography / Getty Images
Brandon Colbert Photography / Getty Images
Due to concerns over reported liver toxicity, kava was withdrawn from European, and United Kingdom markets in 2002.
Exercise caution when taking kava if you are:
Severe allergic reaction: Avoid using kava if you have a known allergy to it or its ingredients. Ask your pharmacist or healthcare provider for a complete list of the ingredients if you’re unsure.
Dosage: How Much Kava Should I Take?
Always speak with a healthcare provider before taking a supplement to ensure that the supplement and dosage are appropriate for your individual needs.
While there’s no standard dosage for kava, studies have used the following dosages:
What Happens If I Take Too Much Kava?
Higher kava doses may impair motor skills and reaction time, posing a risk when driving or operating heavy machinery.
Most jurisdictions recommend not exceeding 240 to 250 milligrams of kavalactones per day.
Scientific evidence does not support the long-term use of kava products.
If you feel you’ve ingested too much kava, please ask for immediate guidance from a healthcare provider.
It is advisable to avoid taking kava with the following:
It is essential to carefully read a supplement’s ingredients list and nutrition facts panel to know which ingredients and how much of each ingredient is included. Please review this supplement label with your healthcare provider to discuss potential interactions with foods, other supplements, and medications.
How to Store Kava
Store kava supplements in a cool, dry place away from children and pets. Keep kava supplements away from direct sunlight. Discard as indicated in the packaging.
Other supplements with similar properties as kava include the following:
Similar to kava, the herbs listed above have been shown to improve anxiety.
Among the herbs listed above, saffron, lavender, passionflower, chamomile, and valerian have also been shown to improve sleep, similar to kava.
Some products marketed as a calming and sleep remedy combine kava with passionflower, chamomile, valerian, and gotu kola.
Sources of Kava & What to Look For
What portion of the plants is used and how kava is prepared can affect liver toxicity.
For example, preparations made from the kava plant’s root are generally safer than stems or leaves, which may be more toxic.
Kava products prepared via water-based extraction methods are advised instead of those prepared with ethanol and acetone.
Water extracts are preferred because they are rich in liver-protective compounds calledglutathione.
Note also that kava’s medicinal use in tablet form has a significantly lower dose than the powdered extract form used for recreational consumption.
Summary
However, liver toxicity, impaired motor skills, and dry scaling skin have been reported due to heavy or prolonged use of kava products, especially those of poor quality.
When buying kava, look for water-based kava extract from the plant’s root.
It is essential to consult with your healthcare provider before starting kava as it can interact with prescription and nonprescription medications and alcohol.
Kava’s anxiety-reducing effect is due to the kavalactones (the active ingredients in kava) that work to enhance specificgamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)receptors. This results in a reduction of excitatory neurotransmitter release and a limitation in the nerve cells' reuptake ofdopamineandnorepinephrine.
You should not take kava if you have liver problems, take certain prescription medications (e.g., benzodiazepines) or over-the-counter medications (e.g., Tylenol acetaminophen), drink excessive alcohol, or have certain medical conditions.Speak with your healthcare provider to determine if kava is appropriate for you.
22 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.FDA.Consumer Advisory: Kava-Containing Dietary Supplements May be Associated With Severe Liver Injury.Soares RB, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Oliveira NG.An Updated Review on the Psychoactive, Toxic and Anticancer Properties of Kava.J Clin Med.2022 Jul 12;11(14):4039. doi:10.3390/jcm11144039Ooi SL, Henderson P, Pak SC.Kava for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Review of Current Evidence.J Altern Complement Med. 2018;24(8):770-780. doi:10.1089/acm.2018.0001Sarris J, Byrne GJ, Bousman CA, et al.Kava for generalised anxiety disorder: A 16-week double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study.Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2020;54(3):288-297. doi:10.1177/0004867419891246Sarris J, Scholey A, Schweitzer I, et al.The acute effects of kava and oxazepam on anxiety, mood, neurocognition; and genetic correlates: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study.Hum Psychopharmacol. 2012;27(3):262-269. doi:10.1002/hup.2216Lehrl S.Clinical efficacy of kava extract WS 1490 in sleep disturbances associated with anxiety disorders. Results of a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial[published correction appears inJ Affect Disord. 2004 Dec;83(2-3):287].J Affect Disord. 2004;78(2):101-110. doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00238-0Celentano A, Tran A, Testa C, et al.The protective effects of Kava (Piper Methysticum) constituents in cancers: A systematic review.J Oral Pathol Med. 2019;48(7):510-529. doi:10.1111/jop.12900LaPorte E, Sarris J, Stough C, Scholey A.Neurocognitive effects of kava (Piper methysticum): a systematic review.Hum Psychopharmacol. 2011;26(2):102-111. doi:10.1002/hup.1180Wang Y, Su C, Zhang B, et al.Biological Activity, Hepatotoxicity, and Structure-Activity Relationship of Kavalactones and Flavokavins, the Two Main Bioactive Components in Kava (Piper methysticum).Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021;2021:6851798. Published 2021 Aug 20. doi:10.1155/2021/6851798Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.KavaSarris J, LaPorte E, Schweitzer I.Kava: a comprehensive review of efficacy, safety, and psychopharmacology.Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2011;45(1):27-35. doi:10.3109/00048674.2010.522554Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care Office of Drug Control.Kava.Legislation.gov.uk.The Medicines for Human Use (Kava-kava) (Prohibition) Order 2002.White CM.The Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, Efficacy, and Adverse Events Associated With Kava.J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;58(11):1396-1405. doi:10.1002/jcph.1263National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Kava.Yeung KS, Hernandez M, Mao JJ, Haviland I, Gubili J.Herbal medicine for depression and anxiety: A systematic review with assessment of potential psycho-oncologic relevance.Phytother Res. 2018;32(5):865-891. doi:10.1002/ptr.6033American Family Physician.Common Herbal Dietary Supplement-Drug Interactions.Pachikian BD, Copine S, Suchareau M, Deldicque L.Effects of Saffron Extract on Sleep Quality: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Clinical Trial.Nutrients. 2021;13(5):1473. Published 2021 Apr 27. doi:10.3390/nu13051473Bruni O, Ferini-Strambi L, Giacomoni E, Pellegrino P.Herbal Remedies and Their Possible Effect on the GABAergic System and Sleep.Nutrients. 2021;13(2):530. Published 2021 Feb 6. doi:10.3390/nu13020530Adib-Hajbaghery M, Mousavi SN.The effects of chamomile extract on sleep quality among elderly people: A clinical trial.Complement Ther Med. 2017;35:109-114. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2017.09.010Yurcheshen M, Seehuus M, Pigeon W.Updates on Nutraceutical Sleep Therapeutics and Investigational Research.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:105256. doi:10.1155/2015/105256Sarris J, Panossian A, Schweitzer I, Stough C, Scholey A.Herbal medicine for depression, anxiety and insomnia: a review of psychopharmacology and clinical evidence.Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;21(12):841-860. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.04.002
22 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.FDA.Consumer Advisory: Kava-Containing Dietary Supplements May be Associated With Severe Liver Injury.Soares RB, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Oliveira NG.An Updated Review on the Psychoactive, Toxic and Anticancer Properties of Kava.J Clin Med.2022 Jul 12;11(14):4039. doi:10.3390/jcm11144039Ooi SL, Henderson P, Pak SC.Kava for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Review of Current Evidence.J Altern Complement Med. 2018;24(8):770-780. doi:10.1089/acm.2018.0001Sarris J, Byrne GJ, Bousman CA, et al.Kava for generalised anxiety disorder: A 16-week double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study.Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2020;54(3):288-297. doi:10.1177/0004867419891246Sarris J, Scholey A, Schweitzer I, et al.The acute effects of kava and oxazepam on anxiety, mood, neurocognition; and genetic correlates: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study.Hum Psychopharmacol. 2012;27(3):262-269. doi:10.1002/hup.2216Lehrl S.Clinical efficacy of kava extract WS 1490 in sleep disturbances associated with anxiety disorders. Results of a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial[published correction appears inJ Affect Disord. 2004 Dec;83(2-3):287].J Affect Disord. 2004;78(2):101-110. doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00238-0Celentano A, Tran A, Testa C, et al.The protective effects of Kava (Piper Methysticum) constituents in cancers: A systematic review.J Oral Pathol Med. 2019;48(7):510-529. doi:10.1111/jop.12900LaPorte E, Sarris J, Stough C, Scholey A.Neurocognitive effects of kava (Piper methysticum): a systematic review.Hum Psychopharmacol. 2011;26(2):102-111. doi:10.1002/hup.1180Wang Y, Su C, Zhang B, et al.Biological Activity, Hepatotoxicity, and Structure-Activity Relationship of Kavalactones and Flavokavins, the Two Main Bioactive Components in Kava (Piper methysticum).Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021;2021:6851798. Published 2021 Aug 20. doi:10.1155/2021/6851798Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.KavaSarris J, LaPorte E, Schweitzer I.Kava: a comprehensive review of efficacy, safety, and psychopharmacology.Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2011;45(1):27-35. doi:10.3109/00048674.2010.522554Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care Office of Drug Control.Kava.Legislation.gov.uk.The Medicines for Human Use (Kava-kava) (Prohibition) Order 2002.White CM.The Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, Efficacy, and Adverse Events Associated With Kava.J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;58(11):1396-1405. doi:10.1002/jcph.1263National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Kava.Yeung KS, Hernandez M, Mao JJ, Haviland I, Gubili J.Herbal medicine for depression and anxiety: A systematic review with assessment of potential psycho-oncologic relevance.Phytother Res. 2018;32(5):865-891. doi:10.1002/ptr.6033American Family Physician.Common Herbal Dietary Supplement-Drug Interactions.Pachikian BD, Copine S, Suchareau M, Deldicque L.Effects of Saffron Extract on Sleep Quality: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Clinical Trial.Nutrients. 2021;13(5):1473. Published 2021 Apr 27. doi:10.3390/nu13051473Bruni O, Ferini-Strambi L, Giacomoni E, Pellegrino P.Herbal Remedies and Their Possible Effect on the GABAergic System and Sleep.Nutrients. 2021;13(2):530. Published 2021 Feb 6. doi:10.3390/nu13020530Adib-Hajbaghery M, Mousavi SN.The effects of chamomile extract on sleep quality among elderly people: A clinical trial.Complement Ther Med. 2017;35:109-114. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2017.09.010Yurcheshen M, Seehuus M, Pigeon W.Updates on Nutraceutical Sleep Therapeutics and Investigational Research.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:105256. doi:10.1155/2015/105256Sarris J, Panossian A, Schweitzer I, Stough C, Scholey A.Herbal medicine for depression, anxiety and insomnia: a review of psychopharmacology and clinical evidence.Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;21(12):841-860. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.04.002
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
FDA.Consumer Advisory: Kava-Containing Dietary Supplements May be Associated With Severe Liver Injury.Soares RB, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Oliveira NG.An Updated Review on the Psychoactive, Toxic and Anticancer Properties of Kava.J Clin Med.2022 Jul 12;11(14):4039. doi:10.3390/jcm11144039Ooi SL, Henderson P, Pak SC.Kava for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Review of Current Evidence.J Altern Complement Med. 2018;24(8):770-780. doi:10.1089/acm.2018.0001Sarris J, Byrne GJ, Bousman CA, et al.Kava for generalised anxiety disorder: A 16-week double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study.Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2020;54(3):288-297. doi:10.1177/0004867419891246Sarris J, Scholey A, Schweitzer I, et al.The acute effects of kava and oxazepam on anxiety, mood, neurocognition; and genetic correlates: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study.Hum Psychopharmacol. 2012;27(3):262-269. doi:10.1002/hup.2216Lehrl S.Clinical efficacy of kava extract WS 1490 in sleep disturbances associated with anxiety disorders. Results of a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial[published correction appears inJ Affect Disord. 2004 Dec;83(2-3):287].J Affect Disord. 2004;78(2):101-110. doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00238-0Celentano A, Tran A, Testa C, et al.The protective effects of Kava (Piper Methysticum) constituents in cancers: A systematic review.J Oral Pathol Med. 2019;48(7):510-529. doi:10.1111/jop.12900LaPorte E, Sarris J, Stough C, Scholey A.Neurocognitive effects of kava (Piper methysticum): a systematic review.Hum Psychopharmacol. 2011;26(2):102-111. doi:10.1002/hup.1180Wang Y, Su C, Zhang B, et al.Biological Activity, Hepatotoxicity, and Structure-Activity Relationship of Kavalactones and Flavokavins, the Two Main Bioactive Components in Kava (Piper methysticum).Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021;2021:6851798. Published 2021 Aug 20. doi:10.1155/2021/6851798Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.KavaSarris J, LaPorte E, Schweitzer I.Kava: a comprehensive review of efficacy, safety, and psychopharmacology.Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2011;45(1):27-35. doi:10.3109/00048674.2010.522554Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care Office of Drug Control.Kava.Legislation.gov.uk.The Medicines for Human Use (Kava-kava) (Prohibition) Order 2002.White CM.The Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, Efficacy, and Adverse Events Associated With Kava.J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;58(11):1396-1405. doi:10.1002/jcph.1263National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Kava.Yeung KS, Hernandez M, Mao JJ, Haviland I, Gubili J.Herbal medicine for depression and anxiety: A systematic review with assessment of potential psycho-oncologic relevance.Phytother Res. 2018;32(5):865-891. doi:10.1002/ptr.6033American Family Physician.Common Herbal Dietary Supplement-Drug Interactions.Pachikian BD, Copine S, Suchareau M, Deldicque L.Effects of Saffron Extract on Sleep Quality: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Clinical Trial.Nutrients. 2021;13(5):1473. Published 2021 Apr 27. doi:10.3390/nu13051473Bruni O, Ferini-Strambi L, Giacomoni E, Pellegrino P.Herbal Remedies and Their Possible Effect on the GABAergic System and Sleep.Nutrients. 2021;13(2):530. Published 2021 Feb 6. doi:10.3390/nu13020530Adib-Hajbaghery M, Mousavi SN.The effects of chamomile extract on sleep quality among elderly people: A clinical trial.Complement Ther Med. 2017;35:109-114. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2017.09.010Yurcheshen M, Seehuus M, Pigeon W.Updates on Nutraceutical Sleep Therapeutics and Investigational Research.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:105256. doi:10.1155/2015/105256Sarris J, Panossian A, Schweitzer I, Stough C, Scholey A.Herbal medicine for depression, anxiety and insomnia: a review of psychopharmacology and clinical evidence.Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;21(12):841-860. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.04.002
FDA.Consumer Advisory: Kava-Containing Dietary Supplements May be Associated With Severe Liver Injury.
Soares RB, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Oliveira NG.An Updated Review on the Psychoactive, Toxic and Anticancer Properties of Kava.J Clin Med.2022 Jul 12;11(14):4039. doi:10.3390/jcm11144039
Ooi SL, Henderson P, Pak SC.Kava for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Review of Current Evidence.J Altern Complement Med. 2018;24(8):770-780. doi:10.1089/acm.2018.0001
Sarris J, Byrne GJ, Bousman CA, et al.Kava for generalised anxiety disorder: A 16-week double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study.Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2020;54(3):288-297. doi:10.1177/0004867419891246
Sarris J, Scholey A, Schweitzer I, et al.The acute effects of kava and oxazepam on anxiety, mood, neurocognition; and genetic correlates: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study.Hum Psychopharmacol. 2012;27(3):262-269. doi:10.1002/hup.2216
Lehrl S.Clinical efficacy of kava extract WS 1490 in sleep disturbances associated with anxiety disorders. Results of a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial[published correction appears inJ Affect Disord. 2004 Dec;83(2-3):287].J Affect Disord. 2004;78(2):101-110. doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00238-0
Celentano A, Tran A, Testa C, et al.The protective effects of Kava (Piper Methysticum) constituents in cancers: A systematic review.J Oral Pathol Med. 2019;48(7):510-529. doi:10.1111/jop.12900
LaPorte E, Sarris J, Stough C, Scholey A.Neurocognitive effects of kava (Piper methysticum): a systematic review.Hum Psychopharmacol. 2011;26(2):102-111. doi:10.1002/hup.1180
Wang Y, Su C, Zhang B, et al.Biological Activity, Hepatotoxicity, and Structure-Activity Relationship of Kavalactones and Flavokavins, the Two Main Bioactive Components in Kava (Piper methysticum).Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021;2021:6851798. Published 2021 Aug 20. doi:10.1155/2021/6851798
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.Kava
Sarris J, LaPorte E, Schweitzer I.Kava: a comprehensive review of efficacy, safety, and psychopharmacology.Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2011;45(1):27-35. doi:10.3109/00048674.2010.522554
Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care Office of Drug Control.Kava.
Legislation.gov.uk.The Medicines for Human Use (Kava-kava) (Prohibition) Order 2002.
White CM.The Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, Efficacy, and Adverse Events Associated With Kava.J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;58(11):1396-1405. doi:10.1002/jcph.1263
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Kava.
Yeung KS, Hernandez M, Mao JJ, Haviland I, Gubili J.Herbal medicine for depression and anxiety: A systematic review with assessment of potential psycho-oncologic relevance.Phytother Res. 2018;32(5):865-891. doi:10.1002/ptr.6033
American Family Physician.Common Herbal Dietary Supplement-Drug Interactions.
Pachikian BD, Copine S, Suchareau M, Deldicque L.Effects of Saffron Extract on Sleep Quality: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Clinical Trial.Nutrients. 2021;13(5):1473. Published 2021 Apr 27. doi:10.3390/nu13051473
Bruni O, Ferini-Strambi L, Giacomoni E, Pellegrino P.Herbal Remedies and Their Possible Effect on the GABAergic System and Sleep.Nutrients. 2021;13(2):530. Published 2021 Feb 6. doi:10.3390/nu13020530
Adib-Hajbaghery M, Mousavi SN.The effects of chamomile extract on sleep quality among elderly people: A clinical trial.Complement Ther Med. 2017;35:109-114. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2017.09.010
Yurcheshen M, Seehuus M, Pigeon W.Updates on Nutraceutical Sleep Therapeutics and Investigational Research.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:105256. doi:10.1155/2015/105256
Sarris J, Panossian A, Schweitzer I, Stough C, Scholey A.Herbal medicine for depression, anxiety and insomnia: a review of psychopharmacology and clinical evidence.Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;21(12):841-860. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.04.002
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