Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsSymptomsRisk FactorsRelated ConditionsComplicationsIf You Think You Have Leaky GutSupportNext in Leaky Gut Syndrome GuideUnderstanding Treatment for Leaky Gut Syndrome
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Symptoms
Risk Factors
Related Conditions
Complications
If You Think You Have Leaky Gut
Support
Next in Leaky Gut Syndrome Guide
Certain symptoms are related to leaky gut (or increased intestinal permeability). However, leaky gut syndrome itself isn’t a recognized medical condition. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhea. If you have these symptoms, check in with a healthcare provider to be assessed for related conditions that are associated with leaky gut.
Common disorders associated with leaky gut aregastrointestinal disorderslike Crohn’s disease, celiac disease, and inflammatory bowel disease. Food allergies, skin conditions, and more are linked to leaky gut as well. However, more research is needed to fully understand the connections.
What is clear is that leaky gut can be a factor in chronic infections or inflammation if contents of digestive tract get into the bloodstream. Leaky gut may even be implicated inautoimmune disorders. This article covers leaky gut symptoms, risk factors, and related conditions. It also discusses when to see a healthcare provider and how to find support.
Brian A. Jackson / Getty Images
Symptoms of Leaky Gut Syndrome
Your gut needs to be somewhat permeable to absorb water and nutrients, but not too leaky to let everything through. After all, your intestines provide a barrier to keep beneficial bacteria and infectious agents inside the gut. This barrier forms an important part of your immune system.
Althoughleaky gut is not a recognized medical diagnosis, it is used in alternative health circles. According to the concept of leaky gut, increased intestinal permeability causes various health symptoms. While the intestinal lining can be dysfunctional, it may or may not contribute to illness.
Everyone is different when it comes to leaky gut. Sometimes leaky gut can be a predictor of a later condition, but you can also have a leaky gut without having an underlying condition. Some people with leaky gut don’t have any symptoms.
If you’ve got gastrointestinal symptoms, you may be wondering if you havesmall intestinal bacterial overgrowth(SIBO) or leaky gut. Both SIBO and leaky gut can cause similar symptoms because they are tied to the same conditions like celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, and irritable bowel syndrome.
Digestive Symptoms
As the intestinal barrier breaks down, it can create problems in the digestive system. It can affect the normal functioning of how nutrients and compounds move through the lining of the intestine, causing a number of symptoms.
Common gastrointestinal symptoms related to leaky gut include:
Digestive symptoms are the more immediate symptoms of leaky gut. When harmful agents leak further through the intestine, they can enter the bloodstream. From there, they can get to any part of the body, causing a number of other symptoms throughout the body.
Cognitive Symptoms
Leaky gut symptoms don’t just stop in the digestive tract. They can affect your thinking too, on a pathway referred to as the gut-brain axis. Communication goes both ways on this axis, so it’s hard to tell what is a cause and what is a consequence.
Increased intestinal permeability has been associated with these mental health symptoms:
Respiratory Symptoms
The health of your lungs may be more closely linked to your gut than you realize. The connection is your immune system. The health of your gut may help determine how healthy your lungs are.
Leaky gut has been linked to these respiratory symptoms:
Muscular and Skeletal Symptoms
Your muscles and bones can become inflamed in response to harmful agents like bacteria getting into your blood through a leaky gut.
A highly permeable gut is associated with pain throughout your body, including:
Infections and Other Symptoms
The immune system in your gut is your first line of defense against a number of disease-causing organisms. When bacteria leaks from your gut into your bloodstream, your immune system has to work to fight off the invaders. This may leave you more susceptible to other infections, including:
The inflammation and other effects of leaky gut are also related to these symptoms:
Many factors can have an effect on leaky gut, from your stress levels to yourcircadian rhythm.
The risk of getting leaky gut goes up if any of the following things apply:
Changes in intestinal permeability are often related to digestive disorders. However, leaky gut can be involved in autoimmune diseases, skin disorders, and other conditions.
Crohn’s Disease
Crohn’s diseasecauses pain and inflammation (swelling) of the digestive tract. Its causes are unknown, but it has been shown to alter how well the intestinal barrier works. A highly permeable barrier (or leaky gut) occurs when the cells of the intestinal wall lose their ability to be an effective barrier.
Research has found that people with leaky gut may be more likely to develop Crohn’s disease than people without leaky gut. These findings suggest that leaky gut may be a reason why people develop Crohn’s disease.
Celiac Disease
Leaky gut in celiac disease can result from consuming gluten. Sticking to a gluten-free diet may help reduce and even stop leaky gut.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) affects the gastrointestinal tract, causing pain and other symptoms.Types of IBSinclude the constipation subtype, the diarrhea subtype, the mixed subtype, post-infection IBS, and post-diverticulitisIBS.
Food Allergies
There is a good amount of evidence linking leaky gut tofood allergies. When there is increased permeability, food allergens can leak through the outer layer of the gut, activating the submucosal immune system. The body’s response to the allergens makes the gut even leakier. People with atopic diseases like asthma orallergic rhinitismay be particularly affected.
Other Conditions
Research has found an association between leaky gut and a number of other conditions. Having one of the following conditions may increase your risk of leaky gut.
It’s still too early to say if there is a cause and effect in how these conditions interact with leaky gut, and more research is needed into autoimmune disorders, BMI, and other potential relationships and indicators.
BMI is a dated, flawed measure. It does not take into account factors such asbody composition, ethnicity, sex, race, and age. Even though it is a biased measure, BMI is still widely used in the medical community because it’s an inexpensive and quick way to analyze a person’s potential health status and outcomes.
BMI, Waist Circumference, or Waist-To-Hip Ratio?
A leaky gut can expose your immune system to more disease-causing organisms than when your gut barrier is functioning properly. Minor complications include bloating, cramps, fatigue, food allergies and sensitivities, gas, and headaches.
If left untreated, leaky gut may lead to more serious complications, like autoimmune conditions,depressionand other mood disorders, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and multiple sclerosis.
Research has shown that a leaky gut may increase the risk of metabolic diseases. Metabolic diseases are very common in the population and include obesity, diabetes,hyperlipidemia(high blood lipids), andnonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Metabolic diseases damage the ability of the cells and mucous membrane of the gut lining to work as a barrier, creating more leakiness. The leakiness then makes symptoms worse, creating a cycle of inflammation, abnormal metabolism, and leakiness.
Other research suggests that the body’s long-term response to gut inflammation related to dysbiosis and leakiness can lead to the development ofrheumatic diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis. However, diet and a healthy gut environment may be able to improve gut barrier function.
If you think you have leaky gut syndrome or symptoms of related disorder, talk to your healthcare provider. Healthcare providers can run tests to determine the cause of your symptoms.
A healthy test shows high levels of mannitol and low levels of lactulose. If high levels of both molecules are found, it indicates a leaky gut condition. If low levels of both molecules are found, it indicates general malabsorption of all nutrients.
Understanding Treatment for Leaky Gut Syndrome
Leaky gut syndrome is not a recognized medical disorder, but it’s symptoms are real. If you need support beyond what your healthcare provider can give you, reach out to a local or online leaky gut support group. Mental health professionals can also help you manage symptoms.
What you eat can have a big impact on symptoms. Diets that promote healthy eating patterns, like theMediterranean diet, may be able to help increase the strength of your intestinal barrier.
Mastic Gum: How Does It Benefit Gut Health?
Summary
Leaky gut, or increased intestinal permeability, may be a symptom of a gastrointestinal disorder. However, it could also signal other underlying conditions that require treatment.
There is limited research about leaky gut syndrome. It’s also important to note that self-treating a condition and avoiding or delaying standard care may have serious consequences. If you’re experiencing any symptoms or are concerned about your health, consult a healthcare provider.
29 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Turpin W, Lee SH, Raygoza Garay JA, et al.Increased intestinal permeability is associated with later development of Crohn’s disease.Gastroenterology. 2020;159(6):2092-2100.e5. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.08.005Vanuytsel T, Tack J, Farre R.The role of intestinal permeability in gastrointestinal disorders and current methods of evaluation.Front Nutr. 2021;8:717925. doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.717925Camilleri M.The leaky gut: mechanisms, measurement and clinical implications in humans.Gut. 2019;68(8):1516-1526. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318427Pan R, Wang L, Xu X, et al.Crosstalk between the gut microbiome and colonic motility in chronic constipation: potential mechanisms and microbiota modulation.Nutrients. 2022;14(18):3704. doi:10.3390/nu14183704Snipe RMJ, Costa RJS.Does biological sex impact intestinal epithelial injury, small intestine permeability, gastrointestinal symptoms and systemic cytokine profile in response to exertional-heat stress?J Sports Sci. 2018;36(24):2827-2835. doi:10.1080/02640414.2018.1478612Obrenovich MEM.Leaky gut, leaky brain?Microorganisms. 2018;6(4):107. doi:10.3390/microorganisms6040107Farshchi MK, Azad FJ, Salari R, Mirsadraee M, Anushiravani M.A viewpoint on the leaky gut syndrome to treat allergic asthma: a novel opinion.J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017;22(3):378-380. doi:10.1177/2156587216682169Chunxi L, Haiyue L, Yanxia L, Jianbing P, Jin S.The gut microbiota and respiratory diseases: new evidence.J Immunol Res. 2020;2020:2340670. doi:10.1155/2020/2340670Guido G, Ausenda G, Iascone V, Chisari E.Gut permeability and osteoarthritis, towards a mechanistic understanding of the pathogenesis: a systematic review.Ann Med. 2021;53(1):2380-2390. doi:10.1080/07853890.2021.2014557Martín F, Blanco-Suárez M, Zambrano P, et al.Increased gut permeability and bacterial translocation are associated with fibromyalgia and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: implications for disease-related biomarker discovery.Front Immunol. 2023;14:1253121. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1253121Stepanova N.How advanced is our understanding of the role of intestinal barrier dysfunction in the pathogenesis of recurrent urinary tract infections.Front Pharmacol. 2022:13:780122. doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.780122Harvard Health Publishing. Harvard Medical School.Leaky gut: what is it, and what does it mean for you?Kim JE, Kim HS.Microbiome of the skin and gut in atopic dermatitis (AD): understanding the pathophysiology and finding novel management strategies.J Clin Med. 2019;8(4):444. doi:10.3390/jcm8040444Madison A, Kiecolt-Glaser JK.Stress, depression, diet, and the gut microbiota: human–bacteria interactions at the core of psychoneuroimmunology and nutrition.Curr Opin Behav Sci. 2019;28:105-110. doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.01.011Bushyhead D, Quigley EMM.Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth—pathophysiology and its implications for definition and management.Gastroenterology. 2022;163(3):593-607. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2022.04.002Singh S, Sharma P, Pal N, et al.Impact of environmental pollutants on gut microbiome and mental health via the gut–brain axis.Microorganisms. 2022;10(7):1457. doi:10.3390/microorganisms10071457Bishehsari F, Magno E, Swanson G, et al.Alcohol and gut-derived inflammation.Alcohol Res. 2017;38(2):163-171.Bhatt AP, Gunasekara DB, Speer J, et al.Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced leaky gut modeled using polarized monolayers of primary human intestinal epithelial cells.ACS Infect Dis. 2018;4(1):46-52. doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00139Ramirez J, Guarner F, Fernandez LB, Maruy A, Sdepanian VL, Cohen H.Antibiotics as major disruptors of gut microbiota.Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:572912. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.572912Hanning N, Edwinson AL, Ceuleers H, et al.Intestinal barrier dysfunction in irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review.Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2021;14:1756284821993586. doi:10.1177/1756284821993586Niewiem M, Grzybowska-Chlebowczyk U.Intestinal barrier permeability in allergic diseases.Nutrients. 2022;14(9):1893. doi:10.3390/nu14091893Fowlie G, Cohen N, Ming X.The perturbance of microbiome and gut-brain axis in autism spectrum disorders.Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(8):2251. doi:10.3390/ijms19082251Harvard Health Publishing.Putting a stop to leaky gut. 2018.Widhiati S, Purnomosari D, Wibawa T, Soebono H.The role of gut microbiome in inflammatory skin disorders: a systematic review.Dermatol Reports. 2022;14(1):9188. doi:10.4081/dr.2022.9188Guerreiro CS, Calado Â, Sousa J, Fonseca JE.Diet, microbiota, and gut permeability—the unknown triad in rheumatoid arthritis.Front Med (Lausanne). 2018;5:349. doi:10.3389/fmed.2018.00349Allain T, Amat CB, Motta JP, Manko A, Buret AG.Interactions ofGiardia sp. with the intestinal barrier: epithelium, mucus, and microbiota.Tissue Barriers. 2017;5(1):e1274354 doi:10.1080/21688370.2016.1274354Nicoletti A, Ponziani FR, Biolato M, et al.Intestinal permeability in the pathogenesis of liver damage: from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to liver transplantation.World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(33):4814-4834. doi:10.3748/wjg.v25.i33.4814Zhang Y, Zhu X, Yu X, Novák P, Gui Q, Yin K.Enhancing intestinal barrier efficiency: a novel metabolic diseases therapy.Front Nutr. 2023:10:1120168. doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1120168Sequeira IR, Lentle RG, Kruger MC, Hurst RD.Standardising the lactulose mannitol test of gut permeability to minimise error and promote comparability.PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e99256. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099256Additional ReadingLipski E.Digestive Wellness.Keats Publishing/McGraw Hill, 2001.
29 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Turpin W, Lee SH, Raygoza Garay JA, et al.Increased intestinal permeability is associated with later development of Crohn’s disease.Gastroenterology. 2020;159(6):2092-2100.e5. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.08.005Vanuytsel T, Tack J, Farre R.The role of intestinal permeability in gastrointestinal disorders and current methods of evaluation.Front Nutr. 2021;8:717925. doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.717925Camilleri M.The leaky gut: mechanisms, measurement and clinical implications in humans.Gut. 2019;68(8):1516-1526. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318427Pan R, Wang L, Xu X, et al.Crosstalk between the gut microbiome and colonic motility in chronic constipation: potential mechanisms and microbiota modulation.Nutrients. 2022;14(18):3704. doi:10.3390/nu14183704Snipe RMJ, Costa RJS.Does biological sex impact intestinal epithelial injury, small intestine permeability, gastrointestinal symptoms and systemic cytokine profile in response to exertional-heat stress?J Sports Sci. 2018;36(24):2827-2835. doi:10.1080/02640414.2018.1478612Obrenovich MEM.Leaky gut, leaky brain?Microorganisms. 2018;6(4):107. doi:10.3390/microorganisms6040107Farshchi MK, Azad FJ, Salari R, Mirsadraee M, Anushiravani M.A viewpoint on the leaky gut syndrome to treat allergic asthma: a novel opinion.J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017;22(3):378-380. doi:10.1177/2156587216682169Chunxi L, Haiyue L, Yanxia L, Jianbing P, Jin S.The gut microbiota and respiratory diseases: new evidence.J Immunol Res. 2020;2020:2340670. doi:10.1155/2020/2340670Guido G, Ausenda G, Iascone V, Chisari E.Gut permeability and osteoarthritis, towards a mechanistic understanding of the pathogenesis: a systematic review.Ann Med. 2021;53(1):2380-2390. doi:10.1080/07853890.2021.2014557Martín F, Blanco-Suárez M, Zambrano P, et al.Increased gut permeability and bacterial translocation are associated with fibromyalgia and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: implications for disease-related biomarker discovery.Front Immunol. 2023;14:1253121. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1253121Stepanova N.How advanced is our understanding of the role of intestinal barrier dysfunction in the pathogenesis of recurrent urinary tract infections.Front Pharmacol. 2022:13:780122. doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.780122Harvard Health Publishing. Harvard Medical School.Leaky gut: what is it, and what does it mean for you?Kim JE, Kim HS.Microbiome of the skin and gut in atopic dermatitis (AD): understanding the pathophysiology and finding novel management strategies.J Clin Med. 2019;8(4):444. doi:10.3390/jcm8040444Madison A, Kiecolt-Glaser JK.Stress, depression, diet, and the gut microbiota: human–bacteria interactions at the core of psychoneuroimmunology and nutrition.Curr Opin Behav Sci. 2019;28:105-110. doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.01.011Bushyhead D, Quigley EMM.Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth—pathophysiology and its implications for definition and management.Gastroenterology. 2022;163(3):593-607. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2022.04.002Singh S, Sharma P, Pal N, et al.Impact of environmental pollutants on gut microbiome and mental health via the gut–brain axis.Microorganisms. 2022;10(7):1457. doi:10.3390/microorganisms10071457Bishehsari F, Magno E, Swanson G, et al.Alcohol and gut-derived inflammation.Alcohol Res. 2017;38(2):163-171.Bhatt AP, Gunasekara DB, Speer J, et al.Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced leaky gut modeled using polarized monolayers of primary human intestinal epithelial cells.ACS Infect Dis. 2018;4(1):46-52. doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00139Ramirez J, Guarner F, Fernandez LB, Maruy A, Sdepanian VL, Cohen H.Antibiotics as major disruptors of gut microbiota.Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:572912. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.572912Hanning N, Edwinson AL, Ceuleers H, et al.Intestinal barrier dysfunction in irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review.Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2021;14:1756284821993586. doi:10.1177/1756284821993586Niewiem M, Grzybowska-Chlebowczyk U.Intestinal barrier permeability in allergic diseases.Nutrients. 2022;14(9):1893. doi:10.3390/nu14091893Fowlie G, Cohen N, Ming X.The perturbance of microbiome and gut-brain axis in autism spectrum disorders.Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(8):2251. doi:10.3390/ijms19082251Harvard Health Publishing.Putting a stop to leaky gut. 2018.Widhiati S, Purnomosari D, Wibawa T, Soebono H.The role of gut microbiome in inflammatory skin disorders: a systematic review.Dermatol Reports. 2022;14(1):9188. doi:10.4081/dr.2022.9188Guerreiro CS, Calado Â, Sousa J, Fonseca JE.Diet, microbiota, and gut permeability—the unknown triad in rheumatoid arthritis.Front Med (Lausanne). 2018;5:349. doi:10.3389/fmed.2018.00349Allain T, Amat CB, Motta JP, Manko A, Buret AG.Interactions ofGiardia sp. with the intestinal barrier: epithelium, mucus, and microbiota.Tissue Barriers. 2017;5(1):e1274354 doi:10.1080/21688370.2016.1274354Nicoletti A, Ponziani FR, Biolato M, et al.Intestinal permeability in the pathogenesis of liver damage: from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to liver transplantation.World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(33):4814-4834. doi:10.3748/wjg.v25.i33.4814Zhang Y, Zhu X, Yu X, Novák P, Gui Q, Yin K.Enhancing intestinal barrier efficiency: a novel metabolic diseases therapy.Front Nutr. 2023:10:1120168. doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1120168Sequeira IR, Lentle RG, Kruger MC, Hurst RD.Standardising the lactulose mannitol test of gut permeability to minimise error and promote comparability.PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e99256. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099256Additional ReadingLipski E.Digestive Wellness.Keats Publishing/McGraw Hill, 2001.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Turpin W, Lee SH, Raygoza Garay JA, et al.Increased intestinal permeability is associated with later development of Crohn’s disease.Gastroenterology. 2020;159(6):2092-2100.e5. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.08.005Vanuytsel T, Tack J, Farre R.The role of intestinal permeability in gastrointestinal disorders and current methods of evaluation.Front Nutr. 2021;8:717925. doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.717925Camilleri M.The leaky gut: mechanisms, measurement and clinical implications in humans.Gut. 2019;68(8):1516-1526. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318427Pan R, Wang L, Xu X, et al.Crosstalk between the gut microbiome and colonic motility in chronic constipation: potential mechanisms and microbiota modulation.Nutrients. 2022;14(18):3704. doi:10.3390/nu14183704Snipe RMJ, Costa RJS.Does biological sex impact intestinal epithelial injury, small intestine permeability, gastrointestinal symptoms and systemic cytokine profile in response to exertional-heat stress?J Sports Sci. 2018;36(24):2827-2835. doi:10.1080/02640414.2018.1478612Obrenovich MEM.Leaky gut, leaky brain?Microorganisms. 2018;6(4):107. doi:10.3390/microorganisms6040107Farshchi MK, Azad FJ, Salari R, Mirsadraee M, Anushiravani M.A viewpoint on the leaky gut syndrome to treat allergic asthma: a novel opinion.J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017;22(3):378-380. doi:10.1177/2156587216682169Chunxi L, Haiyue L, Yanxia L, Jianbing P, Jin S.The gut microbiota and respiratory diseases: new evidence.J Immunol Res. 2020;2020:2340670. doi:10.1155/2020/2340670Guido G, Ausenda G, Iascone V, Chisari E.Gut permeability and osteoarthritis, towards a mechanistic understanding of the pathogenesis: a systematic review.Ann Med. 2021;53(1):2380-2390. doi:10.1080/07853890.2021.2014557Martín F, Blanco-Suárez M, Zambrano P, et al.Increased gut permeability and bacterial translocation are associated with fibromyalgia and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: implications for disease-related biomarker discovery.Front Immunol. 2023;14:1253121. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1253121Stepanova N.How advanced is our understanding of the role of intestinal barrier dysfunction in the pathogenesis of recurrent urinary tract infections.Front Pharmacol. 2022:13:780122. doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.780122Harvard Health Publishing. Harvard Medical School.Leaky gut: what is it, and what does it mean for you?Kim JE, Kim HS.Microbiome of the skin and gut in atopic dermatitis (AD): understanding the pathophysiology and finding novel management strategies.J Clin Med. 2019;8(4):444. doi:10.3390/jcm8040444Madison A, Kiecolt-Glaser JK.Stress, depression, diet, and the gut microbiota: human–bacteria interactions at the core of psychoneuroimmunology and nutrition.Curr Opin Behav Sci. 2019;28:105-110. doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.01.011Bushyhead D, Quigley EMM.Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth—pathophysiology and its implications for definition and management.Gastroenterology. 2022;163(3):593-607. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2022.04.002Singh S, Sharma P, Pal N, et al.Impact of environmental pollutants on gut microbiome and mental health via the gut–brain axis.Microorganisms. 2022;10(7):1457. doi:10.3390/microorganisms10071457Bishehsari F, Magno E, Swanson G, et al.Alcohol and gut-derived inflammation.Alcohol Res. 2017;38(2):163-171.Bhatt AP, Gunasekara DB, Speer J, et al.Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced leaky gut modeled using polarized monolayers of primary human intestinal epithelial cells.ACS Infect Dis. 2018;4(1):46-52. doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00139Ramirez J, Guarner F, Fernandez LB, Maruy A, Sdepanian VL, Cohen H.Antibiotics as major disruptors of gut microbiota.Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:572912. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.572912Hanning N, Edwinson AL, Ceuleers H, et al.Intestinal barrier dysfunction in irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review.Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2021;14:1756284821993586. doi:10.1177/1756284821993586Niewiem M, Grzybowska-Chlebowczyk U.Intestinal barrier permeability in allergic diseases.Nutrients. 2022;14(9):1893. doi:10.3390/nu14091893Fowlie G, Cohen N, Ming X.The perturbance of microbiome and gut-brain axis in autism spectrum disorders.Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(8):2251. doi:10.3390/ijms19082251Harvard Health Publishing.Putting a stop to leaky gut. 2018.Widhiati S, Purnomosari D, Wibawa T, Soebono H.The role of gut microbiome in inflammatory skin disorders: a systematic review.Dermatol Reports. 2022;14(1):9188. doi:10.4081/dr.2022.9188Guerreiro CS, Calado Â, Sousa J, Fonseca JE.Diet, microbiota, and gut permeability—the unknown triad in rheumatoid arthritis.Front Med (Lausanne). 2018;5:349. doi:10.3389/fmed.2018.00349Allain T, Amat CB, Motta JP, Manko A, Buret AG.Interactions ofGiardia sp. with the intestinal barrier: epithelium, mucus, and microbiota.Tissue Barriers. 2017;5(1):e1274354 doi:10.1080/21688370.2016.1274354Nicoletti A, Ponziani FR, Biolato M, et al.Intestinal permeability in the pathogenesis of liver damage: from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to liver transplantation.World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(33):4814-4834. doi:10.3748/wjg.v25.i33.4814Zhang Y, Zhu X, Yu X, Novák P, Gui Q, Yin K.Enhancing intestinal barrier efficiency: a novel metabolic diseases therapy.Front Nutr. 2023:10:1120168. doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1120168Sequeira IR, Lentle RG, Kruger MC, Hurst RD.Standardising the lactulose mannitol test of gut permeability to minimise error and promote comparability.PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e99256. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099256
Turpin W, Lee SH, Raygoza Garay JA, et al.Increased intestinal permeability is associated with later development of Crohn’s disease.Gastroenterology. 2020;159(6):2092-2100.e5. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.08.005
Vanuytsel T, Tack J, Farre R.The role of intestinal permeability in gastrointestinal disorders and current methods of evaluation.Front Nutr. 2021;8:717925. doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.717925
Camilleri M.The leaky gut: mechanisms, measurement and clinical implications in humans.Gut. 2019;68(8):1516-1526. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318427
Pan R, Wang L, Xu X, et al.Crosstalk between the gut microbiome and colonic motility in chronic constipation: potential mechanisms and microbiota modulation.Nutrients. 2022;14(18):3704. doi:10.3390/nu14183704
Snipe RMJ, Costa RJS.Does biological sex impact intestinal epithelial injury, small intestine permeability, gastrointestinal symptoms and systemic cytokine profile in response to exertional-heat stress?J Sports Sci. 2018;36(24):2827-2835. doi:10.1080/02640414.2018.1478612
Obrenovich MEM.Leaky gut, leaky brain?Microorganisms. 2018;6(4):107. doi:10.3390/microorganisms6040107
Farshchi MK, Azad FJ, Salari R, Mirsadraee M, Anushiravani M.A viewpoint on the leaky gut syndrome to treat allergic asthma: a novel opinion.J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017;22(3):378-380. doi:10.1177/2156587216682169
Chunxi L, Haiyue L, Yanxia L, Jianbing P, Jin S.The gut microbiota and respiratory diseases: new evidence.J Immunol Res. 2020;2020:2340670. doi:10.1155/2020/2340670
Guido G, Ausenda G, Iascone V, Chisari E.Gut permeability and osteoarthritis, towards a mechanistic understanding of the pathogenesis: a systematic review.Ann Med. 2021;53(1):2380-2390. doi:10.1080/07853890.2021.2014557
Martín F, Blanco-Suárez M, Zambrano P, et al.Increased gut permeability and bacterial translocation are associated with fibromyalgia and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: implications for disease-related biomarker discovery.Front Immunol. 2023;14:1253121. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1253121
Stepanova N.How advanced is our understanding of the role of intestinal barrier dysfunction in the pathogenesis of recurrent urinary tract infections.Front Pharmacol. 2022:13:780122. doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.780122
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