Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Overview
What to Eat and Avoid
What Does a Low Potassium Daily Diet Look Like?
Cooking Tips
Duration
Benefits
Considerations
FAQ
Next in Hyperkalemia Guide
A low-potassium diet entails choosing low-potassium foods like poultry, berries, and pasta while avoidingfoods high in potassiumlike fish, red meat, and potatoes. Your healthcare provider will likely recommend this eating plan if you havehyperkalemia—too much potassium in your blood.
Whilepotassiumis a major dietary mineral essential for keeping your nervous and cardiovascular systems functioning, excessive levels can disrupt electrolytes, which may lead to muscular and nervous system damage.In fact, unmanaged, hyperkalemia can cause fatal cardiac arrest.
Verywell / Cindy Chung
Low-Potassium Diet Basics
The basic guidelines of a low-potassium diet are simple: Eat foods that are low in potassium and steer clear of those that are moderate to high in potassium.
Whereas it’s typically recommended that adults get between 3,500 and 4,500 milligrams (mg) of potassium each day, a low-potassium diet includes no more than 2,000 mg.
Staying within 2,000 mg of potassium means you will need to limit some otherwise healthy foods. Potassium-rich foods, including many fruits and vegetables, are staples of a balanced diet and provide a great deal of nutrition. The following are some serving recommendations.
You’ll need to ensure that your low-potassium diet is full of low-potassium options that are nutrient-rich. You may also be able to include small portions of high-potassium foods in your diet.
Working with aregistered dietitiancan help you create a low-potassium meal plan that is both effective and nourishing.
Certain health conditions and some medications can affect how well your kidneys regulate potassium in your body.A low-potassium diet, therefore, may be recommended if you have:
It’s also recommended if you take:
Depending on your situation, this may be to treat high potassium levels or to prevent the potential risk.
Normal potassium levels are between 3.5 to 5.0 mmol/L. If your potassium levels are 6.0 mmol/L or higher, immediate intervention is necessary.
If your healthcare provider recommends you follow a low-potassium diet, it’s important that you follow the recommendation—even if you feel fine. It can take months for your potassium to get to a dangerous level. During that time, you may not have any symptoms.
1:50An Overview of Hyperkalemia
1:50
An Overview of Hyperkalemia
What to Eat (and Avoid) on a Low-Potassium Diet
Most foods contain some potassium. If you’re on a potassium-restricted diet, you’ll need to avoid foods that arehighin potassium (generally over 200 mg per serving).You’ll also need to avoid consuming large quantities of any food or drink that contains potassium—even low amounts—as this can also raise potassium levels.
Your healthcare provider and a registered dietitian can help determine how many servings of low-potassium foods (generally 150 mg or less per serving) you can have each day.
FruitsLow PotassiumApples, applesauceBlackberries, blueberries, raspberries, strawberriesPeachesGrapefruitPlumsGrapesPearsMandarin orangesTangerinesCanned fruit cocktail (drained and rinsed)WatermelonPineappleCherriesCranberriesApple, grape, pineapple juiceHigh PotassiumPapayaMangoDried fruitDatesNectarinesAvocadoPomegranateBananasPlantainsKiwiOrangesPearsCoconutCantaloupeHoneydew melonTomato, tomato productsApricotsFigsFruit and vegetable juice
Fruits
Low PotassiumApples, applesauceBlackberries, blueberries, raspberries, strawberriesPeachesGrapefruitPlumsGrapesPearsMandarin orangesTangerinesCanned fruit cocktail (drained and rinsed)WatermelonPineappleCherriesCranberriesApple, grape, pineapple juice
Apples, applesauce
Blackberries, blueberries, raspberries, strawberries
Peaches
Grapefruit
Plums
Grapes
Pears
Mandarin oranges
Tangerines
Canned fruit cocktail (drained and rinsed)
Watermelon
Pineapple
Cherries
Cranberries
Apple, grape, pineapple juice
High PotassiumPapayaMangoDried fruitDatesNectarinesAvocadoPomegranateBananasPlantainsKiwiOrangesPearsCoconutCantaloupeHoneydew melonTomato, tomato productsApricotsFigsFruit and vegetable juice
Papaya
Mango
Dried fruit
Dates
Nectarines
Avocado
Pomegranate
Bananas
Plantains
Kiwi
Oranges
Coconut
Cantaloupe
Honeydew melon
Tomato, tomato products
Apricots
Figs
Fruit and vegetable juice
VegetablesLow PotassiumGreen beansPeppersEggplantCanned water chestnuts (drained and rinsed)OnionsSnow PeasRhubarbRadishesAsparagusCauliflowerCucumbersCornKaleScallionsZucchiniWatercressCarrots (cooked)ParsleyHigh PotassiumGreens (except kale)Potatoes, sweet potatoes, yamsArtichokesBok choySquashParsnipsBrussels sproutsMushroomsPumpkinOkraBeets
Vegetables
Low PotassiumGreen beansPeppersEggplantCanned water chestnuts (drained and rinsed)OnionsSnow PeasRhubarbRadishesAsparagusCauliflowerCucumbersCornKaleScallionsZucchiniWatercressCarrots (cooked)Parsley
Green beans
Peppers
Eggplant
Canned water chestnuts (drained and rinsed)
Onions
Snow Peas
Rhubarb
Radishes
Asparagus
Cauliflower
Cucumbers
Corn
Kale
Scallions
Zucchini
Watercress
Carrots (cooked)
Parsley
High PotassiumGreens (except kale)Potatoes, sweet potatoes, yamsArtichokesBok choySquashParsnipsBrussels sproutsMushroomsPumpkinOkraBeets
Greens (except kale)
Potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams
Artichokes
Bok choy
Squash
Parsnips
Brussels sprouts
Mushrooms
Pumpkin
Okra
Beets
ProteinLow PotassiumChicken or turkey (3 ounces)Tuna, pork, shrimp (1 ounce)Hard cheeseCottage cheeseEgg whitesHigh PotassiumMost fishShellfish (e.g., clams, scallops, lobster)Red meatPinto, kidney, black, lima, soy, and navy beansLentilsTofu
Protein
Low PotassiumChicken or turkey (3 ounces)Tuna, pork, shrimp (1 ounce)Hard cheeseCottage cheeseEgg whites
Chicken or turkey (3 ounces)
Tuna, pork, shrimp (1 ounce)
Hard cheese
Cottage cheese
Egg whites
High PotassiumMost fishShellfish (e.g., clams, scallops, lobster)Red meatPinto, kidney, black, lima, soy, and navy beansLentilsTofu
Most fish
Shellfish (e.g., clams, scallops, lobster)
Red meat
Pinto, kidney, black, lima, soy, and navy beans
Lentils
Tofu
Other FoodsLow PotassiumRefined white flour bread, pasta, and cerealsWhite riceCorn chips, crackers, popcornYellow cake, angel food cake, cookies without nuts or chocolate, pies without high-potassium fruit or chocolateNut butters (no more than 1 tablespoon)Rice milkNon-dairy creamerIced or hot tea (16 oz./day) and coffee (8 oz./day)Powdered mixed drinksHigh PotassiumBranWhole-grain bread, baked goods, and cerealGranolaOats and oatmealNuts and seeds (limited portions may be approved)ChocolateMolassesAll dairy products (except some cheese and sour cream)Soy milkElectrolyte-replacement/sports drinks
Other Foods
Low PotassiumRefined white flour bread, pasta, and cerealsWhite riceCorn chips, crackers, popcornYellow cake, angel food cake, cookies without nuts or chocolate, pies without high-potassium fruit or chocolateNut butters (no more than 1 tablespoon)Rice milkNon-dairy creamerIced or hot tea (16 oz./day) and coffee (8 oz./day)Powdered mixed drinks
Refined white flour bread, pasta, and cereals
White rice
Corn chips, crackers, popcorn
Yellow cake, angel food cake, cookies without nuts or chocolate, pies without high-potassium fruit or chocolate
Nut butters (no more than 1 tablespoon)
Rice milk
Non-dairy creamer
Iced or hot tea (16 oz./day) and coffee (8 oz./day)
Powdered mixed drinks
High PotassiumBranWhole-grain bread, baked goods, and cerealGranolaOats and oatmealNuts and seeds (limited portions may be approved)ChocolateMolassesAll dairy products (except some cheese and sour cream)Soy milkElectrolyte-replacement/sports drinks
Bran
Whole-grain bread, baked goods, and cereal
Granola
Oats and oatmeal
Nuts and seeds (limited portions may be approved)
Chocolate
Molasses
All dairy products (except some cheese and sour cream)
Soy milk
Electrolyte-replacement/sports drinks
Fruits and vegetables:Fresh produce is generally rich in potassium. When eaten raw, many fruits and vegetables are too high in potassium for a low-potassium diet. However, you may be able to have them if you limit portions and/or cook them to reduce the potassium content. Some canned fruits and vegetables can also be included as long as you drain and rinse them.
Dairy:Milk products need to be avoided, or at least limited, on a low-potassium diet. You may be able to have a small serving of milk or yogurt each day. Some types of cheese (including cottage cheese) are low enough in potassium that you may be able to include them regularly in your diet.
If you add milk to your tea or coffee, switch to a non-dairy creamer or milk alternative such as almond or rice milk. However, avoid soy and oat milk because they’re high in potassium.
Grains:Instead of whole grains and bran, look for rice cereals or bread made from refined flour.White riceand pasta noodles made from refined white flour are approved on a low-potassium diet. Soda crackers, unbuttered popcorn, and puffed rice are lower-potassium snack options.
Protein:Most animal and plant-based proteins are high in potassium. However, you need to include some protein in your diet. Choose lower-potassium options or have smaller portions of high-potassium sources.
Egg whites are one lower-potassium option. You may be able to have small servings of nuts (one small handful) or peanut butter (a single tablespoon).
Avoid sausage, bacon, lunch meats, and any other processed meats with additives that may contain potassium. Whenever you cook meat of any kind, be sure to drain the juices and discard them instead of using them for sauces, basting, or gravy.
Sweets:Many desserts are made with ingredients that are high in potassium, such as nuts, syrups, and chocolate. Be careful when choosing cookies, cakes, and ice cream. Look for plain yellow cakes (such as angel food or sponge cake) with no icing, frosting, toppings, or fillings.
Clear gelatin, honey, and maple syrup are lower-potassium choices. If you’re baking, white sugar is lower in potassium than brown sugar.
Beverages:Dehydration can disrupt the electrolyte balance in your body and lead to hyperkalemia. Water is the best choice for staying hydrated, but other approved beverages on a low-potassium diet include fresh lemonade and juice made from low-potassium fruit (such as apple juice) or frozen fruit concentrate.
One 8-ounce cup of iced or hot coffee a day is OK. Tea is also acceptable, up to 16 ounces per day. It can be served hot or iced and either plain or sweetened with lemon and sugar or honey.
Avoid high-potassium herbs such as alfalfa, dandelion, and nettle, which are often used in tea and seasoning blends.
Alcohol and Potassium DeficiencyYou may want to avoid drinking alcoholic beverages—and specifically avoid drinking heavily—if you’re on a low-potassium diet. Consuming large amounts of alcohol is a risk factor forhypokalemia, having too little potassium in your blood.
Alcohol and Potassium Deficiency
You may want to avoid drinking alcoholic beverages—and specifically avoid drinking heavily—if you’re on a low-potassium diet. Consuming large amounts of alcohol is a risk factor forhypokalemia, having too little potassium in your blood.
Your total servings from each food group will depend on many factors. Registered dietitians who specialize in kidney disease can tell you specifically how many servings of each food you should have.
In general, a low-potassium daily meal plan may include:
Most ways of cooking food can lower its potassium levels. Examples include:
If you don’t want to completely give up your favorite high-potassium produce, learn how to leach vegetables. While this cooking method can make some higher potassium foods safer to eat, talk to your healthcare provider before you add leached vegetables to your diet.
Even if you remove some of the potassium from a high-potassium vegetable, you’ll still want to have it only occasionally.
How to Leach VegetablesWash veggies in cold water.Peel and thinly slice them, then rinse under warm water.Add unsalted warm water to a pot or bowl. (You’ll need a ratio of about 10 parts water to one part vegetable.)Soak vegetables for at least two hours. You can soak for up to 12 hours; just change the water every four hours.Remove vegetables and rinse them in warm water.Boil in unsalted water using a ratio of about five parts water to one part vegetable.Drain the cooking water when finished, as that’s where the leached potassium has collected.
How to Leach Vegetables
Wash veggies in cold water.Peel and thinly slice them, then rinse under warm water.Add unsalted warm water to a pot or bowl. (You’ll need a ratio of about 10 parts water to one part vegetable.)Soak vegetables for at least two hours. You can soak for up to 12 hours; just change the water every four hours.Remove vegetables and rinse them in warm water.Boil in unsalted water using a ratio of about five parts water to one part vegetable.Drain the cooking water when finished, as that’s where the leached potassium has collected.
If your potassium levels are high due to a chronic health condition, you may need to follow a low-potassium diet permanently to keep your levels managed.
Depending on the cause of hyperkalemia, your healthcare provider may allow you to add more potassium back into your diet. However, if your potassium levels get high again, you will likely need to resume a low-potassium diet until they are under control.
In some cases, following a potassium-restricted diet may not be enough. If your potassium levels don’t respond to changes in your diet, you may need to take medication or havedialysis treatments.
Benefits of a Low-Potassium Diet
Some research has shown that certain negative effects of high potassium may respond to a low potassium diet.
For example, a 2017 study found that people with stage 3 or 4 chronic kidney disease were less likely to experienceneuropathy(nerve damage that can cause pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness) when following a potassium-restricted diet.
While pretty straightforward, there are some things you need to be aware of when beginning a low-potassium diet.
Nutrient Needs
If you are following a low-potassium diet, you may choose to take supplements to bridge any nutritional gaps between your diet and what your body needs. Taking supplements that contain potassium can thwart your eating efforts, so read labels carefully.
Always discuss any supplements you are considering with a registered dietitian or other healthcare provider before taking them.
Flexibility
It’s possible to dine out on a low-potassium diet, but you may need to exercise extra caution when evaluating your options. Don’t hesitate to ask your server questions or explain your dietary needs.
Choose low-potassium foods and keep an eye on portions, which are often oversized at restaurants. Try these suggestions when enjoying these cuisines:
Other Dietary Restrictions
You may have other dietary needs and preferences to consider along with your low-potassium diet. For example, you may need to avoid gluten due toceliac disease, or you may prefer to follow a plant-based diet.
Additional dietary restrictions enhance the challenge of getting proper nutrition while on a low-potassium diet. Thus, it’s best to get professional help to figure out how to meet all your dietary needs.
If you’re overweight or have other risk factors (such as a family history of heart disease) your healthcare provider may suggest you limit your fat intake. High-fat, high-cholesterol foods not only put stress on your kidneys, but they can also contribute to obesity and conditions such as atherosclerosis.
Side Effects
The most common side effect of a low-potassium diet isconstipation.If you’re not able to increase your intake of fiber-rich foods to help with regular bowel movements, your healthcare provider may suggest afiber supplement.
You should also be aware of the signs of a sudden spike in your potassium levels, which can be dangerous. More subtlesymptoms of hyperkalemiainclude general fatigue and nausea, but sudden (acute) hyperkalemia can cause:
If you have these symptoms, seek immediate emergency medical care.
Your potassium levels are related to your body’s sodium levels. If your potassium levels are high because yourkidney function is poor, your healthcare provider might also recommend a lower-sodium diet to make sure you don’t put too much stress on your kidneys.
Summary
Potassium is an essential mineral the body needs to function properly, but sometimes too much builds up in the blood. Usually, this happens because of a medical condition. Too much potassium could potentially be fatal.
To regulate your levels, avoid high-potassium foods and keep serving sides to recommended amounts. Depending on the cause of hyperkalemia, dietary changes may need to be permanent.
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Frequently Asked QuestionsOne large egg contains about 63 mg of potassium.Eggs are considered a low-potassium food but check with your healthcare provider or registered dietitian to find out how often you should eat them.Beef and most types of fish are usually higher in potassium than chicken, turkey, and tuna. For example, a 3-ounce ground turkey patty has 288 mg of potassium; a 3-ounce serving of canned tuna has 283 mg; a 3-ounce serving of salmon has 387 mg; and a 3-ounce steak has about 360 mg.Your healthcare provider can help you decide which to eat and how to watch your portions.At normal levels, potassium helps keep your cells functioning normally. It helps your body process carbohydrates and build proteins. It also plays a role in regulating your heartbeat and keeping your muscles and nerves functioning.
Frequently Asked Questions
One large egg contains about 63 mg of potassium.Eggs are considered a low-potassium food but check with your healthcare provider or registered dietitian to find out how often you should eat them.
Beef and most types of fish are usually higher in potassium than chicken, turkey, and tuna. For example, a 3-ounce ground turkey patty has 288 mg of potassium; a 3-ounce serving of canned tuna has 283 mg; a 3-ounce serving of salmon has 387 mg; and a 3-ounce steak has about 360 mg.Your healthcare provider can help you decide which to eat and how to watch your portions.
At normal levels, potassium helps keep your cells functioning normally. It helps your body process carbohydrates and build proteins. It also plays a role in regulating your heartbeat and keeping your muscles and nerves functioning.
12 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Institute of Health.Potassium.Fresenius Kidney Care.Great Ideas for Shopping Low Potassium Foods.Palmer BF.Regulation of Potassium Homeostasis.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10(6):1050-1060. doi:10.2215/CJN.08580813Leon SJ, Tangri N.Balancing Hyperkalemia Risks with Clinical Benefits of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Inhibitors/Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists Blockade: It’s Apples and Oranges.Kidney360. 2022;3(8):1442-1444. Published 2022 May 18. doi:10.34067/KID.0000952022National Kidney Foundation.Potassium in your CKD Diet.Baj J, Flieger W, Teresiński G, et al.Magnesium, Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, Phosphorus, Selenium, Zinc, and Chromium Levels in Alcohol Use Disorder: A Review.J Clin Med. 2020;9(6):1901. Published 2020 Jun 18. doi:10.3390/jcm9061901National Kidney Foundation.Best Practices in Managing Hyperkalemia in Chronic Kidney Disease.Arnold R, Pianta TJ, Pussell BA, et al.Randomized, Controlled Trial of the Effect of Dietary Potassium Restriction on Nerve Function in CKD.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(10):1569-1577. doi:10.2215/CJN.00670117National Kidney Foundation.Your Guide to a low-potassium diet.Dunn JD, Benton WW, Orozco-Torrentera E, Adamson RT.The burden of hyperkalemia in patients with cardiovascular and renal disease.Am J Manag Care. 2015;21(15 Suppl):s307-s315.Tallman D, Sahathevan S, Karupaiah T, Khosla P.Egg intake in chronic kidney disease.Nutrients. 2018;10(12):1945. doi:10.3390/nu10121945U.S. Department of Agriculture. National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Legacy.Nutrients: Potassium, K(mg). 2018.Additional ReadingArnold R, Pianta TJ, Pussell BA, et al.Randomized, Controlled Trial of the Effect of Dietary Potassium Restriction on Nerve Function in CKD.Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2017;12(10):1569-1577. doi:10.2215/cjn.00670117A to Z Health Guide.Potassium and Your CKD Diet. National Kidney Foundation. Published November 2, 2018.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements -Potassium. Nih.gov. Published 2017.Raebel MA.Hyperkalemia Associated with Use of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers.Cardiovascular Therapeutics. 2011;30(3):e156-e166. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00258.xSt-Jules DE, Goldfarb DS, Sevick MA.Nutrient Non-equivalence: Does Restricting High-Potassium Plant Foods Help to Prevent Hyperkalemia in Hemodialysis Patients?Journal of Renal Nutrition. 2016;26(5):282-287. doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2016.02.005
12 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Institute of Health.Potassium.Fresenius Kidney Care.Great Ideas for Shopping Low Potassium Foods.Palmer BF.Regulation of Potassium Homeostasis.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10(6):1050-1060. doi:10.2215/CJN.08580813Leon SJ, Tangri N.Balancing Hyperkalemia Risks with Clinical Benefits of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Inhibitors/Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists Blockade: It’s Apples and Oranges.Kidney360. 2022;3(8):1442-1444. Published 2022 May 18. doi:10.34067/KID.0000952022National Kidney Foundation.Potassium in your CKD Diet.Baj J, Flieger W, Teresiński G, et al.Magnesium, Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, Phosphorus, Selenium, Zinc, and Chromium Levels in Alcohol Use Disorder: A Review.J Clin Med. 2020;9(6):1901. Published 2020 Jun 18. doi:10.3390/jcm9061901National Kidney Foundation.Best Practices in Managing Hyperkalemia in Chronic Kidney Disease.Arnold R, Pianta TJ, Pussell BA, et al.Randomized, Controlled Trial of the Effect of Dietary Potassium Restriction on Nerve Function in CKD.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(10):1569-1577. doi:10.2215/CJN.00670117National Kidney Foundation.Your Guide to a low-potassium diet.Dunn JD, Benton WW, Orozco-Torrentera E, Adamson RT.The burden of hyperkalemia in patients with cardiovascular and renal disease.Am J Manag Care. 2015;21(15 Suppl):s307-s315.Tallman D, Sahathevan S, Karupaiah T, Khosla P.Egg intake in chronic kidney disease.Nutrients. 2018;10(12):1945. doi:10.3390/nu10121945U.S. Department of Agriculture. National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Legacy.Nutrients: Potassium, K(mg). 2018.Additional ReadingArnold R, Pianta TJ, Pussell BA, et al.Randomized, Controlled Trial of the Effect of Dietary Potassium Restriction on Nerve Function in CKD.Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2017;12(10):1569-1577. doi:10.2215/cjn.00670117A to Z Health Guide.Potassium and Your CKD Diet. National Kidney Foundation. Published November 2, 2018.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements -Potassium. Nih.gov. Published 2017.Raebel MA.Hyperkalemia Associated with Use of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers.Cardiovascular Therapeutics. 2011;30(3):e156-e166. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00258.xSt-Jules DE, Goldfarb DS, Sevick MA.Nutrient Non-equivalence: Does Restricting High-Potassium Plant Foods Help to Prevent Hyperkalemia in Hemodialysis Patients?Journal of Renal Nutrition. 2016;26(5):282-287. doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2016.02.005
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
National Institute of Health.Potassium.Fresenius Kidney Care.Great Ideas for Shopping Low Potassium Foods.Palmer BF.Regulation of Potassium Homeostasis.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10(6):1050-1060. doi:10.2215/CJN.08580813Leon SJ, Tangri N.Balancing Hyperkalemia Risks with Clinical Benefits of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Inhibitors/Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists Blockade: It’s Apples and Oranges.Kidney360. 2022;3(8):1442-1444. Published 2022 May 18. doi:10.34067/KID.0000952022National Kidney Foundation.Potassium in your CKD Diet.Baj J, Flieger W, Teresiński G, et al.Magnesium, Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, Phosphorus, Selenium, Zinc, and Chromium Levels in Alcohol Use Disorder: A Review.J Clin Med. 2020;9(6):1901. Published 2020 Jun 18. doi:10.3390/jcm9061901National Kidney Foundation.Best Practices in Managing Hyperkalemia in Chronic Kidney Disease.Arnold R, Pianta TJ, Pussell BA, et al.Randomized, Controlled Trial of the Effect of Dietary Potassium Restriction on Nerve Function in CKD.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(10):1569-1577. doi:10.2215/CJN.00670117National Kidney Foundation.Your Guide to a low-potassium diet.Dunn JD, Benton WW, Orozco-Torrentera E, Adamson RT.The burden of hyperkalemia in patients with cardiovascular and renal disease.Am J Manag Care. 2015;21(15 Suppl):s307-s315.Tallman D, Sahathevan S, Karupaiah T, Khosla P.Egg intake in chronic kidney disease.Nutrients. 2018;10(12):1945. doi:10.3390/nu10121945U.S. Department of Agriculture. National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Legacy.Nutrients: Potassium, K(mg). 2018.
National Institute of Health.Potassium.
Fresenius Kidney Care.Great Ideas for Shopping Low Potassium Foods.
Palmer BF.Regulation of Potassium Homeostasis.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10(6):1050-1060. doi:10.2215/CJN.08580813
Leon SJ, Tangri N.Balancing Hyperkalemia Risks with Clinical Benefits of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Inhibitors/Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists Blockade: It’s Apples and Oranges.Kidney360. 2022;3(8):1442-1444. Published 2022 May 18. doi:10.34067/KID.0000952022
National Kidney Foundation.Potassium in your CKD Diet.
Baj J, Flieger W, Teresiński G, et al.Magnesium, Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, Phosphorus, Selenium, Zinc, and Chromium Levels in Alcohol Use Disorder: A Review.J Clin Med. 2020;9(6):1901. Published 2020 Jun 18. doi:10.3390/jcm9061901
National Kidney Foundation.Best Practices in Managing Hyperkalemia in Chronic Kidney Disease.
Arnold R, Pianta TJ, Pussell BA, et al.Randomized, Controlled Trial of the Effect of Dietary Potassium Restriction on Nerve Function in CKD.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(10):1569-1577. doi:10.2215/CJN.00670117
National Kidney Foundation.Your Guide to a low-potassium diet.
Dunn JD, Benton WW, Orozco-Torrentera E, Adamson RT.The burden of hyperkalemia in patients with cardiovascular and renal disease.Am J Manag Care. 2015;21(15 Suppl):s307-s315.
Tallman D, Sahathevan S, Karupaiah T, Khosla P.Egg intake in chronic kidney disease.Nutrients. 2018;10(12):1945. doi:10.3390/nu10121945
U.S. Department of Agriculture. National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Legacy.Nutrients: Potassium, K(mg). 2018.
Arnold R, Pianta TJ, Pussell BA, et al.Randomized, Controlled Trial of the Effect of Dietary Potassium Restriction on Nerve Function in CKD.Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2017;12(10):1569-1577. doi:10.2215/cjn.00670117A to Z Health Guide.Potassium and Your CKD Diet. National Kidney Foundation. Published November 2, 2018.National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements -Potassium. Nih.gov. Published 2017.Raebel MA.Hyperkalemia Associated with Use of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers.Cardiovascular Therapeutics. 2011;30(3):e156-e166. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00258.xSt-Jules DE, Goldfarb DS, Sevick MA.Nutrient Non-equivalence: Does Restricting High-Potassium Plant Foods Help to Prevent Hyperkalemia in Hemodialysis Patients?Journal of Renal Nutrition. 2016;26(5):282-287. doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2016.02.005
Arnold R, Pianta TJ, Pussell BA, et al.Randomized, Controlled Trial of the Effect of Dietary Potassium Restriction on Nerve Function in CKD.Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2017;12(10):1569-1577. doi:10.2215/cjn.00670117
A to Z Health Guide.Potassium and Your CKD Diet. National Kidney Foundation. Published November 2, 2018.
National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements -Potassium. Nih.gov. Published 2017.
Raebel MA.Hyperkalemia Associated with Use of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers.Cardiovascular Therapeutics. 2011;30(3):e156-e166. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00258.x
St-Jules DE, Goldfarb DS, Sevick MA.Nutrient Non-equivalence: Does Restricting High-Potassium Plant Foods Help to Prevent Hyperkalemia in Hemodialysis Patients?Journal of Renal Nutrition. 2016;26(5):282-287. doi:10.1053/j.jrn.2016.02.005
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Hyperkalemia: Symptoms, Treatment, and MoreSigns and Symptoms of Hyperkalemia (High Potassium)Causes and Risk Factors of HyperkalemiaHow Hyperkalemia (High Potassium) Is DiagnosedWhat to Eat on a Low Potassium Diet
Hyperkalemia: Symptoms, Treatment, and More
Signs and Symptoms of Hyperkalemia (High Potassium)
Causes and Risk Factors of Hyperkalemia
How Hyperkalemia (High Potassium) Is Diagnosed
What to Eat on a Low Potassium Diet
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