Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsSymptomsDiagnosisComplicationsWhat You Can Do
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Complications
What You Can Do
Recognizing the signs of low testosterone, also known ashypogonadismor “low T,” can be challenging because many of the symptoms (like tiredness, weight gain, and low sex drive) are nonspecific and easily attributed to other causes. This is especially true for older males who are more likely to have low testosterone and will often discount their symptoms as being a part of aging.
Even so, there are telltale signs that warrant a visit to your healthcare provider. With a proper diagnosis, you can exploreways to raise your testosterone levels, including lifestyle changes and hormone replacement therapy.
This article explains the symptoms of low testosterone and the damaging effects untreated hypogonadism can have on your body and quality of life. It also explains how low T is diagnosed and ways to change it with or without hormones.
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A Note on Gender and Sex TerminologyMale hypogonadism affects people born with testes and a penis who are typically assigned male at birth.Verywell Health acknowledges thatsex and genderare related concepts but are not the same. To accurately reflect our sources, this article uses terms like “female,” “male,” “woman,” and “man” as the sources use them.
A Note on Gender and Sex Terminology
Male hypogonadism affects people born with testes and a penis who are typically assigned male at birth.Verywell Health acknowledges thatsex and genderare related concepts but are not the same. To accurately reflect our sources, this article uses terms like “female,” “male,” “woman,” and “man” as the sources use them.
Male hypogonadism affects people born with testes and a penis who are typically assigned male at birth.
Verywell Health acknowledges thatsex and genderare related concepts but are not the same. To accurately reflect our sources, this article uses terms like “female,” “male,” “woman,” and “man” as the sources use them.
Low Testosterone Symptoms in Males
From puberty onward, testosterone plays a central role in the following:
A drop in the normal, expected level of testosterone can interfere with all these functions.
Although low testosterone is common in older males, it can sometimes affect younger males and even boys due to congenital conditions likeKlinefelter’s syndrome, infections like themumps,testicular injury,pituitary tumors, and even certain medications.
How Common Is Low T?Hypogonadism affects around 4 to 5 million males in the United States. Although it can occur at any age, low testosterone is especially common in older males.Studies suggest that 1 in 4 men ages 40 to 70 have low testosterone.By age 65, over 60% of men have testosterone levels well below those seen in men ages 30 to 35.
How Common Is Low T?
Hypogonadism affects around 4 to 5 million males in the United States. Although it can occur at any age, low testosterone is especially common in older males.Studies suggest that 1 in 4 men ages 40 to 70 have low testosterone.By age 65, over 60% of men have testosterone levels well below those seen in men ages 30 to 35.
Hypogonadism affects around 4 to 5 million males in the United States. Although it can occur at any age, low testosterone is especially common in older males.
Studies suggest that 1 in 4 men ages 40 to 70 have low testosterone.
By age 65, over 60% of men have testosterone levels well below those seen in men ages 30 to 35.
Common symptoms oflow testosteronein older males include:
In younger males, low testosterone can be harder to recognize because symptoms such as low libido or erectile dysfunction commonly seen in older males are sometimes not present.
Instead, younger males with hypogonadism may experience nonspecific symptoms such as:
Low T and InfertilityLow testosterone is often only considered when a couple is unable to get pregnant and seeks fertility counseling. In 40% of cases,infertilityis attributed at least in part to male hypogonadism.
Low T and Infertility
Low testosterone is often only considered when a couple is unable to get pregnant and seeks fertility counseling. In 40% of cases,infertilityis attributed at least in part to male hypogonadism.
Causes of Low Testosterone In Young Males
Do I Have Low T?
If you suspect you have low testosterone, the only way to know for sure is to get tested. Your healthcare provider can do this, but a specialist in the male reproductive tract called aurologistmay provide a more thorough evaluation.
The diagnosis will typically start with a review of your symptoms and medical history (including any medications you take or illnesses you’ve had).You may also be asked about how much you drink and smoke, as these can also affect testosterone levels.
In addition to symptoms, hypogonadism can be diagnosed with several blood tests that establish if testosterone levels are low and help narrow the possible causes.
Total Testosterone (TT)
Thetotal testosterone (TT) testmeasures testosterone in nanograms per deciliter of blood (ng/dL). In adult males, readings that fall anywhere between 300 and 1,000 ng/dL are considered normal.TT levels below 300 ng/dL are considered low.
Because testosterone levels can fluctuate from day to day, two to three consecutive low counts are needed to definitively diagnose male hypogonadism. The blood tests should be taken at least a week apart, ideally between 7 a.m. and 10 a.m. when testosterone levels are at their highest.
In-home testosterone tests are available online and in many drugstores. But, they may be unreliable, especially when testosterone levels are low.
Pros and Cons of At-Home Testosterone Tests
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Thepituitary glandproduces hormones that regulate how and when the testicles produce testosterone and sperm. The pituitary gland is part of theendocrine systemthat regulates hormones in the body.
As part of the investigation, your urologist will order the following blood tests to measure levels of these two pituitary hormones:
These tests are important because they can help establish if the cause of your condition is your testicles (primary testis failure includes elevated LH and FSH) or due to pituitary issues (LH and FSH are low). Testosterone may be low in both circumstances.
What Is the Normal Testosterone Level for My Age?
Effects of Low T
Having low T can significantly impact your life, not only physically but also your moods, well-being, relationships, and quality of life.
Physiological Effects
From a physiological standpoint, untreated hypogonadism can cause the profound loss of muscle and bone mass over time, leading tomuscle atrophy(wasting),osteoporosis(porous bones), and an increased risk of hip fractures.
In tandem with the decline of muscle mass, your body’s metabolism will also start to slow down. This can lead to increased body fat and weight gain, which, in turn, increases the risk of the following:
Psychological and Social Effects
Left untreated, low testosterone can have a significant impact on a person’s mental health, self-image, quality of life, and relationships.
This is especially true when physical symptoms like gynecomastia and muscle wasting start to undermine a person’s confidence and self-esteem.These changes are also linked to an increased risk ofstigma, both real and perceived, particularly when hypogonadism occurs at an early age.
Some studies have also shown a link between low T and relationship conflicts—not only with spouses or partners but with other family members. Males with severe ED coupled with high levels of anxiety or depression tend to be most affected.
Do Women Need Testosterone?
How to Raise Low Testosterone Levels
Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT)is the primary form of treatment for male hypogonadism.However, not everyone with low testosterone needs TRT, and some people need to avoid it outright.
TRT is generally recommended when hypogonadism causes symptoms. In the absence of symptoms, treatment is rarely pursued.
Ultimately, the decision to treat or not treat is shared between you and your healthcare provider, weighing the benefits with the potential risks.
Without Hormones
If your symptoms are not significant or you do not want (or cannot have) TRT, there are things you can do to boost your testosterone. These generally involve changing lifestyle factors that contribute to testosterone deficiency.
These include:
Do Natural Remedies for Low Testosterone Work?
With Hormones
Testosterone replacement therapy comes in many different forms, some of which deliver higher doses (to treat severe hypogonadism or children with growth delays) and others that offer lower doses (typically for long-term maintenance).
Benefit of TRT
A 2019 review of 27 studiesreported TRT given at doses greater than 0.5 grams per week was more than twice as effective at reducing depression symptoms in men compared to a placebo (sham drug).
Managing Testosterone Therapy Side Effects
Possible side effects of TRT include:
To better manage TRT over the long term, see your healthcare provider every 3 to 6 months to repeat blood testing and check for side effects. This may involve having regularprostate-specific antigen (PSA) teststo check for signs of prostate enlargement or cancer.
Who Should Not Receive TRT?
TRT is avoided in males with untreatedprostate or breast canceras testosterone may stimulate the growth of the tumor.TRR is also avoided in people with a recentheart attack or strokeas well as those with advancedheart failuredue to the risk of clotting.
Summary
Symptoms of low testosterone (“low T”) are easily missed, especially in older males who experience non-specific symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, low libido, and erectile dysfunction (ED). Spotting low T can even be more challenging in younger males, who often complain of tiredness in the absence of low libido and ED.
Low T is diagnosed with a review of your medical history, a physical exam, and a total testosterone (TT) blood test.
22 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Tyagi V, Scordo M, Yoon RS, Liporace FA, Greene LW.Revisiting the role of testosterone: are we missing something?Rev Urol.2017;19(1):16–24. doi:10.3909/riu0716Salonia A, Rastrellia G, Hackett G, et al.Paediatric and adult-onset male hypogonadism.Nat Rev Dis Primers.2019;5(1):38. doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0087-yBoston University School of Medicine.Prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of hypogonadism in primary care practice.Alihhai SMH.Testosterone replacement in men With hypogonadism and effects on anemia—blood, sex, and aging.JAMA Netw Open.2023;6(10):e2339969. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.39969Mulhall JP, Trost LW, Brannigan RE, et al.Evaluation and management of testosterone deficiency: AUA guideline.J Urol.2018;200:423. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2018.03.115Cohen J, Nassau DE, Patel P, Ramasamy R.Low testosterone in adolescents & young adults.Front Endocrinol (Lausanne).2019;10:916. doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00916Papanikolaou N, Luo R, Jayasena CN.Fertility considerations in hypogonadal men.Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am.2022;51(1):133-148. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2021.11.009Veterans Health Administration.Improving low testosterone naturally. 2020.TRTed.org.Clinical vs. home testosterone test,Munari EV, Amer M, Amodea A, et al.The complications of male hypogonadism: is it just a matter of low testosterone?Front Endocrinol (Lausanne).2023;14:1201313. doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1201313Duberstein A.The psychology of hypogonadism.Psychotherapy Bulletin, 2020;55(4),32-37.Dwyer AA, Quinton R, Petteloud N, Morin D.Psychosexual development in men with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism on long-term treatment: a mixed methods study.Sex Med.2015;3(1):32–41. doi:10.1002/sm2.50Indirli R, Lanzi V, Arosio M, Mantovani G, Ferranti E.The association of hypogonadism with depression and its treatments.Front Endocrinol (Lausanne).2023;14:1198437. doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1198437Corona G, Maggi M.The role of testosterone in male sexual function.Rev Endocr Metab Disord.2022;23(6):1159–1172. doi:10.1007/s11154-022-09748-3Patel AS, Leong JY, Ramos L, Ramasamy R.Testosterone is a contraceptive and should not be used in men who desire fertility.World J Mens Health. 2019;37(1):45-54. doi:10.5534/wjmh.180036Liu Q, Peng X, Gu Y, et al.Associations between smoking, sex hormone levels and late-onset hypogonadism in men differ depending on age.Aging (Albany NY).2021;13(4):5226–5237. doi:10.18632/aging.202442Smith SJ, Lopresti AL, Teo SYM, Fairchild TJ.Examining the effects of herbs on testosterone concentrations in men: a systematic review.Adv Nutr.2021;12(3):744–765. doi:10.1093/advances/nmaa134Walther A, Breidenstein J, Miller R.Association of testosterone treatment with alleviation of depressive symptoms in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis.JAMA Psychiatry.2019;76(1):31-40. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.2734Pencina KM, Travison TG, Cunningham GR, et al.Effect of testosterone replacement therapy on sexual function and hypogonadal symptoms in men with hypogonadism.J Clin Endocrinol Metab.2024;109(2):569-580. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgad484Campbell K, Muthigi A, Ghomeshi A, Schuppe K, Sandler MD, Ramasamy B.Safety aspects and rational use of testosterone undecanoate in the treatment of testosterone deficiency: clinical insights.Drug Healthc Patient Saf.2023;15:73–84. doi:10.2147/DHPS.S383130Ahmed T, Alattar M, Pantalone K, Haque R.Is testosterone replacement safe in men with cardiovascular disease?Cureus.2020;12(3):e7324. doi:10.7759/cureus.7324Sahib BO, Hussein IH, Alibrahim NT, Mansour AA.Management outcomes in males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism treated with gonadotropins.Cureus.2023;15(2):e35601. doi:10.7759/cureus.35601
22 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Tyagi V, Scordo M, Yoon RS, Liporace FA, Greene LW.Revisiting the role of testosterone: are we missing something?Rev Urol.2017;19(1):16–24. doi:10.3909/riu0716Salonia A, Rastrellia G, Hackett G, et al.Paediatric and adult-onset male hypogonadism.Nat Rev Dis Primers.2019;5(1):38. doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0087-yBoston University School of Medicine.Prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of hypogonadism in primary care practice.Alihhai SMH.Testosterone replacement in men With hypogonadism and effects on anemia—blood, sex, and aging.JAMA Netw Open.2023;6(10):e2339969. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.39969Mulhall JP, Trost LW, Brannigan RE, et al.Evaluation and management of testosterone deficiency: AUA guideline.J Urol.2018;200:423. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2018.03.115Cohen J, Nassau DE, Patel P, Ramasamy R.Low testosterone in adolescents & young adults.Front Endocrinol (Lausanne).2019;10:916. doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00916Papanikolaou N, Luo R, Jayasena CN.Fertility considerations in hypogonadal men.Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am.2022;51(1):133-148. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2021.11.009Veterans Health Administration.Improving low testosterone naturally. 2020.TRTed.org.Clinical vs. home testosterone test,Munari EV, Amer M, Amodea A, et al.The complications of male hypogonadism: is it just a matter of low testosterone?Front Endocrinol (Lausanne).2023;14:1201313. doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1201313Duberstein A.The psychology of hypogonadism.Psychotherapy Bulletin, 2020;55(4),32-37.Dwyer AA, Quinton R, Petteloud N, Morin D.Psychosexual development in men with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism on long-term treatment: a mixed methods study.Sex Med.2015;3(1):32–41. doi:10.1002/sm2.50Indirli R, Lanzi V, Arosio M, Mantovani G, Ferranti E.The association of hypogonadism with depression and its treatments.Front Endocrinol (Lausanne).2023;14:1198437. doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1198437Corona G, Maggi M.The role of testosterone in male sexual function.Rev Endocr Metab Disord.2022;23(6):1159–1172. doi:10.1007/s11154-022-09748-3Patel AS, Leong JY, Ramos L, Ramasamy R.Testosterone is a contraceptive and should not be used in men who desire fertility.World J Mens Health. 2019;37(1):45-54. doi:10.5534/wjmh.180036Liu Q, Peng X, Gu Y, et al.Associations between smoking, sex hormone levels and late-onset hypogonadism in men differ depending on age.Aging (Albany NY).2021;13(4):5226–5237. doi:10.18632/aging.202442Smith SJ, Lopresti AL, Teo SYM, Fairchild TJ.Examining the effects of herbs on testosterone concentrations in men: a systematic review.Adv Nutr.2021;12(3):744–765. doi:10.1093/advances/nmaa134Walther A, Breidenstein J, Miller R.Association of testosterone treatment with alleviation of depressive symptoms in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis.JAMA Psychiatry.2019;76(1):31-40. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.2734Pencina KM, Travison TG, Cunningham GR, et al.Effect of testosterone replacement therapy on sexual function and hypogonadal symptoms in men with hypogonadism.J Clin Endocrinol Metab.2024;109(2):569-580. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgad484Campbell K, Muthigi A, Ghomeshi A, Schuppe K, Sandler MD, Ramasamy B.Safety aspects and rational use of testosterone undecanoate in the treatment of testosterone deficiency: clinical insights.Drug Healthc Patient Saf.2023;15:73–84. doi:10.2147/DHPS.S383130Ahmed T, Alattar M, Pantalone K, Haque R.Is testosterone replacement safe in men with cardiovascular disease?Cureus.2020;12(3):e7324. doi:10.7759/cureus.7324Sahib BO, Hussein IH, Alibrahim NT, Mansour AA.Management outcomes in males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism treated with gonadotropins.Cureus.2023;15(2):e35601. doi:10.7759/cureus.35601
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Tyagi V, Scordo M, Yoon RS, Liporace FA, Greene LW.Revisiting the role of testosterone: are we missing something?Rev Urol.2017;19(1):16–24. doi:10.3909/riu0716Salonia A, Rastrellia G, Hackett G, et al.Paediatric and adult-onset male hypogonadism.Nat Rev Dis Primers.2019;5(1):38. doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0087-yBoston University School of Medicine.Prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of hypogonadism in primary care practice.Alihhai SMH.Testosterone replacement in men With hypogonadism and effects on anemia—blood, sex, and aging.JAMA Netw Open.2023;6(10):e2339969. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.39969Mulhall JP, Trost LW, Brannigan RE, et al.Evaluation and management of testosterone deficiency: AUA guideline.J Urol.2018;200:423. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2018.03.115Cohen J, Nassau DE, Patel P, Ramasamy R.Low testosterone in adolescents & young adults.Front Endocrinol (Lausanne).2019;10:916. doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00916Papanikolaou N, Luo R, Jayasena CN.Fertility considerations in hypogonadal men.Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am.2022;51(1):133-148. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2021.11.009Veterans Health Administration.Improving low testosterone naturally. 2020.TRTed.org.Clinical vs. home testosterone test,Munari EV, Amer M, Amodea A, et al.The complications of male hypogonadism: is it just a matter of low testosterone?Front Endocrinol (Lausanne).2023;14:1201313. doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1201313Duberstein A.The psychology of hypogonadism.Psychotherapy Bulletin, 2020;55(4),32-37.Dwyer AA, Quinton R, Petteloud N, Morin D.Psychosexual development in men with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism on long-term treatment: a mixed methods study.Sex Med.2015;3(1):32–41. doi:10.1002/sm2.50Indirli R, Lanzi V, Arosio M, Mantovani G, Ferranti E.The association of hypogonadism with depression and its treatments.Front Endocrinol (Lausanne).2023;14:1198437. doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1198437Corona G, Maggi M.The role of testosterone in male sexual function.Rev Endocr Metab Disord.2022;23(6):1159–1172. doi:10.1007/s11154-022-09748-3Patel AS, Leong JY, Ramos L, Ramasamy R.Testosterone is a contraceptive and should not be used in men who desire fertility.World J Mens Health. 2019;37(1):45-54. doi:10.5534/wjmh.180036Liu Q, Peng X, Gu Y, et al.Associations between smoking, sex hormone levels and late-onset hypogonadism in men differ depending on age.Aging (Albany NY).2021;13(4):5226–5237. doi:10.18632/aging.202442Smith SJ, Lopresti AL, Teo SYM, Fairchild TJ.Examining the effects of herbs on testosterone concentrations in men: a systematic review.Adv Nutr.2021;12(3):744–765. doi:10.1093/advances/nmaa134Walther A, Breidenstein J, Miller R.Association of testosterone treatment with alleviation of depressive symptoms in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis.JAMA Psychiatry.2019;76(1):31-40. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.2734Pencina KM, Travison TG, Cunningham GR, et al.Effect of testosterone replacement therapy on sexual function and hypogonadal symptoms in men with hypogonadism.J Clin Endocrinol Metab.2024;109(2):569-580. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgad484Campbell K, Muthigi A, Ghomeshi A, Schuppe K, Sandler MD, Ramasamy B.Safety aspects and rational use of testosterone undecanoate in the treatment of testosterone deficiency: clinical insights.Drug Healthc Patient Saf.2023;15:73–84. doi:10.2147/DHPS.S383130Ahmed T, Alattar M, Pantalone K, Haque R.Is testosterone replacement safe in men with cardiovascular disease?Cureus.2020;12(3):e7324. doi:10.7759/cureus.7324Sahib BO, Hussein IH, Alibrahim NT, Mansour AA.Management outcomes in males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism treated with gonadotropins.Cureus.2023;15(2):e35601. doi:10.7759/cureus.35601
Tyagi V, Scordo M, Yoon RS, Liporace FA, Greene LW.Revisiting the role of testosterone: are we missing something?Rev Urol.2017;19(1):16–24. doi:10.3909/riu0716
Salonia A, Rastrellia G, Hackett G, et al.Paediatric and adult-onset male hypogonadism.Nat Rev Dis Primers.2019;5(1):38. doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0087-y
Boston University School of Medicine.Prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of hypogonadism in primary care practice.
Alihhai SMH.Testosterone replacement in men With hypogonadism and effects on anemia—blood, sex, and aging.JAMA Netw Open.2023;6(10):e2339969. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.39969
Mulhall JP, Trost LW, Brannigan RE, et al.Evaluation and management of testosterone deficiency: AUA guideline.J Urol.2018;200:423. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2018.03.115
Cohen J, Nassau DE, Patel P, Ramasamy R.Low testosterone in adolescents & young adults.Front Endocrinol (Lausanne).2019;10:916. doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00916
Papanikolaou N, Luo R, Jayasena CN.Fertility considerations in hypogonadal men.Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am.2022;51(1):133-148. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2021.11.009
Veterans Health Administration.Improving low testosterone naturally. 2020.
TRTed.org.Clinical vs. home testosterone test,
Munari EV, Amer M, Amodea A, et al.The complications of male hypogonadism: is it just a matter of low testosterone?Front Endocrinol (Lausanne).2023;14:1201313. doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1201313
Duberstein A.The psychology of hypogonadism.Psychotherapy Bulletin, 2020;55(4),32-37.
Dwyer AA, Quinton R, Petteloud N, Morin D.Psychosexual development in men with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism on long-term treatment: a mixed methods study.Sex Med.2015;3(1):32–41. doi:10.1002/sm2.50
Indirli R, Lanzi V, Arosio M, Mantovani G, Ferranti E.The association of hypogonadism with depression and its treatments.Front Endocrinol (Lausanne).2023;14:1198437. doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1198437
Corona G, Maggi M.The role of testosterone in male sexual function.Rev Endocr Metab Disord.2022;23(6):1159–1172. doi:10.1007/s11154-022-09748-3
Patel AS, Leong JY, Ramos L, Ramasamy R.Testosterone is a contraceptive and should not be used in men who desire fertility.World J Mens Health. 2019;37(1):45-54. doi:10.5534/wjmh.180036
Liu Q, Peng X, Gu Y, et al.Associations between smoking, sex hormone levels and late-onset hypogonadism in men differ depending on age.Aging (Albany NY).2021;13(4):5226–5237. doi:10.18632/aging.202442
Smith SJ, Lopresti AL, Teo SYM, Fairchild TJ.Examining the effects of herbs on testosterone concentrations in men: a systematic review.Adv Nutr.2021;12(3):744–765. doi:10.1093/advances/nmaa134
Walther A, Breidenstein J, Miller R.Association of testosterone treatment with alleviation of depressive symptoms in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis.JAMA Psychiatry.2019;76(1):31-40. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.2734
Pencina KM, Travison TG, Cunningham GR, et al.Effect of testosterone replacement therapy on sexual function and hypogonadal symptoms in men with hypogonadism.J Clin Endocrinol Metab.2024;109(2):569-580. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgad484
Campbell K, Muthigi A, Ghomeshi A, Schuppe K, Sandler MD, Ramasamy B.Safety aspects and rational use of testosterone undecanoate in the treatment of testosterone deficiency: clinical insights.Drug Healthc Patient Saf.2023;15:73–84. doi:10.2147/DHPS.S383130
Ahmed T, Alattar M, Pantalone K, Haque R.Is testosterone replacement safe in men with cardiovascular disease?Cureus.2020;12(3):e7324. doi:10.7759/cureus.7324
Sahib BO, Hussein IH, Alibrahim NT, Mansour AA.Management outcomes in males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism treated with gonadotropins.Cureus.2023;15(2):e35601. doi:10.7759/cureus.35601
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