Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsMenopause and HealthBone HealthOther BenefitsRisks and Side EffectsSource of MagnesiumFrequently Asked Questions
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Menopause and Health
Bone Health
Other Benefits
Risks and Side Effects
Source of Magnesium
Frequently Asked Questions
Magnesiumis a mineral that is essential for bodily functions like regulating our heartbeat and keeping our bones strong.
The body stores magnesium in the bones, but our bones can weaken as we age, causing magnesium levels to drop, especially in postmenopausal women. This reduction puts them at risk of injuries and developing disorders likeosteoporosis. Evidence suggests magnesium is especially beneficial for women after menopause.
This article will explore how our bodies use magnesium, why magnesium is vital during and after menopause, and the daily recommended amount.
Daniel Grill / Tetra Images / Getty Images
Menopauseoccurs when a woman experiences hormonal shifts and her period stops for at least one year. The decrease of certain hormones causessymptomsthat affect different body systems.
Not everyone needs to supplement with magnesium. Speak with your healthcare provider before starting any over-the-counter (OTC) supplement.
Magnesium and Bone Health
Magnesium is a mineral found naturally in many foods, added to products, or offered as a supplement. This mineral plays a role in more than 300 different types of biochemical reactions in the body, working to build proteins, control blood sugar, and help nerve and muscle fibers conduct signals.
Adults have about 25 grams of magnesium in their bodies at any given time; roughly half of it is in the bones.When magnesium stores are too low, it causes the bone formation to suffer and crystallize, reducing blood flow to the bones and increasing the risk of diseases like osteoporosis.
Bone lossin women increases during menopause. Magnesium supplements may offer some preventative benefits. However, there are questions about the risks of over-supplementation. Some evidence suggests that too much magnesium may adversely affect bone health.
While the link between magnesium levels and bone health in postmenopausal women is clear, the role of magnesium supplements in preventing or treating conditions like osteoporosis requires more research before formal recommendations can be made.
How Estrogen Affects Osteoporosis and Bone Health
Other Magnesium Benefits for Women
It is thought that the relationship between magnesium and calcium makes it especially beneficial to women’s health. Additional research is needed to confirm the benefits of magnesium and these conditions.
Sleep Health
About 25% of all women in menopause experience sleep problems that impact daily functioning. Primary complaints about sleep quality includeinsomniaand sleep problems due to depression or hot flashes. More studies are needed to determine the relationship between menopause and sleep quality. The research indicates there is a pattern, if not a direct link.
Hormonal shifts in menopause provide a more distinct cause of sleep problems. A decrease in estrogen can alter the function of thehypothalamus, which controls body temperature. In contrast, a drop in progesterone can decrease respiratory rates and contribute tobreathing problemsthat disrupt sleep.
Magnesium drops alongside estrogen levels in postmenopausal women.Studies have found thatmagnesium supplementationcan positively impact sleep quality and quantity in all older adults. Additional studies show that there may be benefits to taking oral magnesium supplements for insomnia, but more research is needed to identify ideal dosing and risks.
Insomnia and Common Sleep Disorders
Depression and Anxiety
Some studies have drawn a connection betweenmagnesium and depression.One study found that menopausal women with higher levels ofmagnesium and zincreported less severe depression.
A separate study found that participants who took between 248 and 500 milligrams of magnesium daily showed a drop in depressive symptoms.
What Are Epsom Salts?
Heart Health
Menopause doesn’t cause cardiovascular disease, but the risk of heart disease in women increases around the early to mid-50s, close to the time that menopause occurs.
According to the American Heart Association, heart disease is the leading cause of death in women, and the overall risk for heart attack in women increases about a decade after menopause begins.
Low levels of magnesium have been linked to other cardiac issues like:
Magnesium for Hot FlashesHot flashesare a common symptom of menopause, but thecause of hot flashesis complex. Anecdotal and some clinical trial evidence point to magnesium supplements to help relieve hot flashes, but there is not enough evidence for providers to recommend magnesium as a treatment option.
Magnesium for Hot Flashes
Hot flashesare a common symptom of menopause, but thecause of hot flashesis complex. Anecdotal and some clinical trial evidence point to magnesium supplements to help relieve hot flashes, but there is not enough evidence for providers to recommend magnesium as a treatment option.
Risks and Side Effects of Magnesium for Women
High magnesium levels can cause toxicity, leading to fatal heartarrhythmias(heart rhythm irregularities). Toxicity is most common in people withkidney diseasewho cannot eliminate excess magnesium from their system.
Knowing which foods contain magnesium and whether it is safe to take magnesium supplements is crucial to avoid dangerous consequences.
Supplements
Magnesium is found naturally in many foods or consumed in supplement form. The daily recommended magnesium intake for adults is between 300 and 400 milligrams,depending on how well it is absorbedin the digestive tract and how fast its excreted.
Magnesium Rich Foods
Magnesium is primarily found in leafy green vegetables and other unprocessed fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts.Foods high in magnesiuminclude:
Magnesium Supplements
Your body absorbs about 30% to 40% of the magnesium you get from your diet. Still, liquid forms of magnesium found in manysupplementsand medications are easier for your body to absorb.
There are several formulations of magnesium supplements available, including:
Most adult women can safely consume up to 350 milligrams of supplemental magnesium per day. This total does not account for magnesium intake from natural sources like food and drinks.Consult your healthcare provider before starting a new supplement.
Summary
Magnesium is a critical mineral in the health of every human, but people may notice the effects of a decline of this substance in menopause. Magnesium typically decreases along with estrogen in menopause, making symptoms associated with low magnesium levels more noticeable. Magnesium supplements can benefit people in menopause, but be sure to talk to your healthcare provider before taking any new supplements.
While it may benefit some, magnesium can be toxic at high levels. Any vitamin or supplement can interact dangerously with specific health problems or medications. Talk to your healthcare provider about your menopause symptoms and options before taking any supplements.
Frequently Asked QuestionsThere are several types of magnesium supplements available, which you’ll choose depending on the symptom you are trying to relieve. Deciding on a magnesium supplement is a conversation best shared with your healthcare provider.Learn MoreThe Health Benefits of MagnesiumIf you don’t consume enough magnesium in your daily diet, you could find supplementation beneficial at any life stage. Talk to your healthcare provider before beginning any supplements.Learn MoreReducing the Symptoms of PerimenopauseThe amount of magnesium supplementation you use depends on how much you consume naturally in your diet and your individual health. Generally, you should take no more than 350 milligrams of supplemental magnesium daily.Learn MoreSupplements That Can Help Manage Menopause SymptomsSome people say that magnesium supplements can help with night sweats, but there isn’t enough evidence for healthcare providers to make any official recommendations,Learn Morehttps://www.verywellhealth.com/night-sweats-514441
There are several types of magnesium supplements available, which you’ll choose depending on the symptom you are trying to relieve. Deciding on a magnesium supplement is a conversation best shared with your healthcare provider.Learn MoreThe Health Benefits of Magnesium
There are several types of magnesium supplements available, which you’ll choose depending on the symptom you are trying to relieve. Deciding on a magnesium supplement is a conversation best shared with your healthcare provider.
Learn MoreThe Health Benefits of Magnesium
If you don’t consume enough magnesium in your daily diet, you could find supplementation beneficial at any life stage. Talk to your healthcare provider before beginning any supplements.Learn MoreReducing the Symptoms of Perimenopause
If you don’t consume enough magnesium in your daily diet, you could find supplementation beneficial at any life stage. Talk to your healthcare provider before beginning any supplements.
Learn MoreReducing the Symptoms of Perimenopause
The amount of magnesium supplementation you use depends on how much you consume naturally in your diet and your individual health. Generally, you should take no more than 350 milligrams of supplemental magnesium daily.Learn MoreSupplements That Can Help Manage Menopause Symptoms
The amount of magnesium supplementation you use depends on how much you consume naturally in your diet and your individual health. Generally, you should take no more than 350 milligrams of supplemental magnesium daily.
Learn MoreSupplements That Can Help Manage Menopause Symptoms
Some people say that magnesium supplements can help with night sweats, but there isn’t enough evidence for healthcare providers to make any official recommendations,Learn Morehttps://www.verywellhealth.com/night-sweats-514441
Some people say that magnesium supplements can help with night sweats, but there isn’t enough evidence for healthcare providers to make any official recommendations,
Learn Morehttps://www.verywellhealth.com/night-sweats-514441
24 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Library of Medicine.Magnesium in diet.Rondanelli M, Faliva MA, Tartara A, Gasparri C, Perna S, Infantino V, Riva A, Petrangolini G, Peroni G.An update on magnesium and bone health. Biometals. 2021 Aug;34(4):715-736. doi:10.1007/s10534-021-00305-0.National Library of Medicine.Menopause.National Institutes of Health.Magnesium.Orchard TS, Larson JC, Alghothani N, Bout-Tabaku S, Cauley JA, Chen Z, LaCroix AZ, Wactawski-Wende J, Jackson RD.Magnesium intake, bone mineral density, and fractures: results from the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study.The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.February 2014;99(4):926–933. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.067488.Al Alawi AM, Majoni SW, Falhammar H.Magnesium and human health: Perspectives and research directions.Int J Endocrinol. April 2018;9041694. doi:10.1155/2018/9041694.Geyer C.Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: The role of lifestyle in maintaining bone mass and reducing fracture risk.Am J Lifestyle Med. December 2016;11(2):125-128. doi:10.1177/1559827616682938.Tian L, Yang R, Wei L, Liu J, Yang Y, Shao F, Ma W, Li T, Wang Y, Guo T.Prevalence of osteoporosis and related lifestyle and metabolic factors of postmenopausal women and elderly men: A cross-sectional study in Gansu province, Northwestern of China.Medicine.October2017;96(43):e8294. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000008294.Castiglioni S, Cazzaniga A, Albisetti W, Maier JA.Magnesium and osteoporosis: current state of knowledge and future research directions.Nutrients. July 2013;5(8):3022-3033. doi:10.3390/nu5083022.Chang J, et al.The association between the concentration of serum magnesium and postmenopausal osteoporosis.Front Med.August 2020. doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.00381Schwalfenberg GK, Genuis SJ.The Importance of Magnesium in Clinical Healthcare. Scientifica (Cairo). 2017;2017:4179326. doi:10.1155/2017/4179326.Tonick S, Muneyyirci-Delale O.Magnesium in women’s health and gynecology.Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2016;6(5):325-333. doi:10.4236/ojog.2016.65041Baker FC, de Zambotti M, Colrain IM, Bei B.Sleep problems during the menopausal transition: prevalence, impact, and management challenges.Nat Sci Sleep. February 2018;10:73-95. doi:10.2147/NSS.S125807Jehan S, Masters-Isarilov A, Salifu I, et al.Sleep disorders in postmenopausal women.J Sleep Disord Ther. August 2015;4(5):212.Maria C, et al.Magnesium: A forgotten cation in women.Eur Journ Biomed Pharm Sci. January 2018;5(3):538-541.Yijia Zhang, Cheng Chen, Liping Lu, Kristen L Knutson, Mercedes R Carnethon, Alyce D Fly, Juhua Luo, David M Haas, James M Shikany, Ka Kahe,Association of magnesium intake with sleep duration and sleep quality: findings from the CARDIA study.Sleep.April 2022;45(4). doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsab276.Mah, J., Pitre, T.Oral magnesium supplementation for insomnia in older adults: A systematic review & meta-analysis.BMC Complement Med Ther.January 2021;21(125). doi:10.1186/s12906-021-03297-z.Tarleton EK, Littenberg B.Magnesium intake and depression in adults.J Am Board Fam Med.April2015;28(2):249-56. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2015.02.140176.Wang J, Um P, Dickerman BA, Liu J.Zinc, Magnesium, selenium and depression: A review of the evidence, potential mechanisms and implications.Nutrients. May 2018;10(5):584. doi:10.3390/nu10050584American Heart Association.Menopause and heart disease.DiNicolantonio JJ, Liu J, O’Keefe JH.Magnesium for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.Open Heart.2018;5:e000775. doi:10.1136/openhrt-2018-000775.Goddard JP, Hume AL.After larger study, mixed messages on magnesium for menopause.Int Med. May 2017;23(5):20. doi:10.1016/j.ptdy.2017.04.010.Razzaque MS.Magnesium: Are we consuming enough?Nutrients. December 2018;10(12):1863. doi:10.3390/nu10121863.American Association for the Study of Liver Disease.The best magnesium supplements.
24 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Library of Medicine.Magnesium in diet.Rondanelli M, Faliva MA, Tartara A, Gasparri C, Perna S, Infantino V, Riva A, Petrangolini G, Peroni G.An update on magnesium and bone health. Biometals. 2021 Aug;34(4):715-736. doi:10.1007/s10534-021-00305-0.National Library of Medicine.Menopause.National Institutes of Health.Magnesium.Orchard TS, Larson JC, Alghothani N, Bout-Tabaku S, Cauley JA, Chen Z, LaCroix AZ, Wactawski-Wende J, Jackson RD.Magnesium intake, bone mineral density, and fractures: results from the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study.The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.February 2014;99(4):926–933. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.067488.Al Alawi AM, Majoni SW, Falhammar H.Magnesium and human health: Perspectives and research directions.Int J Endocrinol. April 2018;9041694. doi:10.1155/2018/9041694.Geyer C.Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: The role of lifestyle in maintaining bone mass and reducing fracture risk.Am J Lifestyle Med. December 2016;11(2):125-128. doi:10.1177/1559827616682938.Tian L, Yang R, Wei L, Liu J, Yang Y, Shao F, Ma W, Li T, Wang Y, Guo T.Prevalence of osteoporosis and related lifestyle and metabolic factors of postmenopausal women and elderly men: A cross-sectional study in Gansu province, Northwestern of China.Medicine.October2017;96(43):e8294. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000008294.Castiglioni S, Cazzaniga A, Albisetti W, Maier JA.Magnesium and osteoporosis: current state of knowledge and future research directions.Nutrients. July 2013;5(8):3022-3033. doi:10.3390/nu5083022.Chang J, et al.The association between the concentration of serum magnesium and postmenopausal osteoporosis.Front Med.August 2020. doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.00381Schwalfenberg GK, Genuis SJ.The Importance of Magnesium in Clinical Healthcare. Scientifica (Cairo). 2017;2017:4179326. doi:10.1155/2017/4179326.Tonick S, Muneyyirci-Delale O.Magnesium in women’s health and gynecology.Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2016;6(5):325-333. doi:10.4236/ojog.2016.65041Baker FC, de Zambotti M, Colrain IM, Bei B.Sleep problems during the menopausal transition: prevalence, impact, and management challenges.Nat Sci Sleep. February 2018;10:73-95. doi:10.2147/NSS.S125807Jehan S, Masters-Isarilov A, Salifu I, et al.Sleep disorders in postmenopausal women.J Sleep Disord Ther. August 2015;4(5):212.Maria C, et al.Magnesium: A forgotten cation in women.Eur Journ Biomed Pharm Sci. January 2018;5(3):538-541.Yijia Zhang, Cheng Chen, Liping Lu, Kristen L Knutson, Mercedes R Carnethon, Alyce D Fly, Juhua Luo, David M Haas, James M Shikany, Ka Kahe,Association of magnesium intake with sleep duration and sleep quality: findings from the CARDIA study.Sleep.April 2022;45(4). doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsab276.Mah, J., Pitre, T.Oral magnesium supplementation for insomnia in older adults: A systematic review & meta-analysis.BMC Complement Med Ther.January 2021;21(125). doi:10.1186/s12906-021-03297-z.Tarleton EK, Littenberg B.Magnesium intake and depression in adults.J Am Board Fam Med.April2015;28(2):249-56. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2015.02.140176.Wang J, Um P, Dickerman BA, Liu J.Zinc, Magnesium, selenium and depression: A review of the evidence, potential mechanisms and implications.Nutrients. May 2018;10(5):584. doi:10.3390/nu10050584American Heart Association.Menopause and heart disease.DiNicolantonio JJ, Liu J, O’Keefe JH.Magnesium for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.Open Heart.2018;5:e000775. doi:10.1136/openhrt-2018-000775.Goddard JP, Hume AL.After larger study, mixed messages on magnesium for menopause.Int Med. May 2017;23(5):20. doi:10.1016/j.ptdy.2017.04.010.Razzaque MS.Magnesium: Are we consuming enough?Nutrients. December 2018;10(12):1863. doi:10.3390/nu10121863.American Association for the Study of Liver Disease.The best magnesium supplements.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
National Library of Medicine.Magnesium in diet.Rondanelli M, Faliva MA, Tartara A, Gasparri C, Perna S, Infantino V, Riva A, Petrangolini G, Peroni G.An update on magnesium and bone health. Biometals. 2021 Aug;34(4):715-736. doi:10.1007/s10534-021-00305-0.National Library of Medicine.Menopause.National Institutes of Health.Magnesium.Orchard TS, Larson JC, Alghothani N, Bout-Tabaku S, Cauley JA, Chen Z, LaCroix AZ, Wactawski-Wende J, Jackson RD.Magnesium intake, bone mineral density, and fractures: results from the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study.The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.February 2014;99(4):926–933. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.067488.Al Alawi AM, Majoni SW, Falhammar H.Magnesium and human health: Perspectives and research directions.Int J Endocrinol. April 2018;9041694. doi:10.1155/2018/9041694.Geyer C.Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: The role of lifestyle in maintaining bone mass and reducing fracture risk.Am J Lifestyle Med. December 2016;11(2):125-128. doi:10.1177/1559827616682938.Tian L, Yang R, Wei L, Liu J, Yang Y, Shao F, Ma W, Li T, Wang Y, Guo T.Prevalence of osteoporosis and related lifestyle and metabolic factors of postmenopausal women and elderly men: A cross-sectional study in Gansu province, Northwestern of China.Medicine.October2017;96(43):e8294. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000008294.Castiglioni S, Cazzaniga A, Albisetti W, Maier JA.Magnesium and osteoporosis: current state of knowledge and future research directions.Nutrients. July 2013;5(8):3022-3033. doi:10.3390/nu5083022.Chang J, et al.The association between the concentration of serum magnesium and postmenopausal osteoporosis.Front Med.August 2020. doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.00381Schwalfenberg GK, Genuis SJ.The Importance of Magnesium in Clinical Healthcare. Scientifica (Cairo). 2017;2017:4179326. doi:10.1155/2017/4179326.Tonick S, Muneyyirci-Delale O.Magnesium in women’s health and gynecology.Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2016;6(5):325-333. doi:10.4236/ojog.2016.65041Baker FC, de Zambotti M, Colrain IM, Bei B.Sleep problems during the menopausal transition: prevalence, impact, and management challenges.Nat Sci Sleep. February 2018;10:73-95. doi:10.2147/NSS.S125807Jehan S, Masters-Isarilov A, Salifu I, et al.Sleep disorders in postmenopausal women.J Sleep Disord Ther. August 2015;4(5):212.Maria C, et al.Magnesium: A forgotten cation in women.Eur Journ Biomed Pharm Sci. January 2018;5(3):538-541.Yijia Zhang, Cheng Chen, Liping Lu, Kristen L Knutson, Mercedes R Carnethon, Alyce D Fly, Juhua Luo, David M Haas, James M Shikany, Ka Kahe,Association of magnesium intake with sleep duration and sleep quality: findings from the CARDIA study.Sleep.April 2022;45(4). doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsab276.Mah, J., Pitre, T.Oral magnesium supplementation for insomnia in older adults: A systematic review & meta-analysis.BMC Complement Med Ther.January 2021;21(125). doi:10.1186/s12906-021-03297-z.Tarleton EK, Littenberg B.Magnesium intake and depression in adults.J Am Board Fam Med.April2015;28(2):249-56. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2015.02.140176.Wang J, Um P, Dickerman BA, Liu J.Zinc, Magnesium, selenium and depression: A review of the evidence, potential mechanisms and implications.Nutrients. May 2018;10(5):584. doi:10.3390/nu10050584American Heart Association.Menopause and heart disease.DiNicolantonio JJ, Liu J, O’Keefe JH.Magnesium for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.Open Heart.2018;5:e000775. doi:10.1136/openhrt-2018-000775.Goddard JP, Hume AL.After larger study, mixed messages on magnesium for menopause.Int Med. May 2017;23(5):20. doi:10.1016/j.ptdy.2017.04.010.Razzaque MS.Magnesium: Are we consuming enough?Nutrients. December 2018;10(12):1863. doi:10.3390/nu10121863.American Association for the Study of Liver Disease.The best magnesium supplements.
National Library of Medicine.Magnesium in diet.
Rondanelli M, Faliva MA, Tartara A, Gasparri C, Perna S, Infantino V, Riva A, Petrangolini G, Peroni G.An update on magnesium and bone health. Biometals. 2021 Aug;34(4):715-736. doi:10.1007/s10534-021-00305-0.
National Library of Medicine.Menopause.
National Institutes of Health.Magnesium.
Orchard TS, Larson JC, Alghothani N, Bout-Tabaku S, Cauley JA, Chen Z, LaCroix AZ, Wactawski-Wende J, Jackson RD.Magnesium intake, bone mineral density, and fractures: results from the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study.The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.February 2014;99(4):926–933. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.067488.
Al Alawi AM, Majoni SW, Falhammar H.Magnesium and human health: Perspectives and research directions.Int J Endocrinol. April 2018;9041694. doi:10.1155/2018/9041694.
Geyer C.Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: The role of lifestyle in maintaining bone mass and reducing fracture risk.Am J Lifestyle Med. December 2016;11(2):125-128. doi:10.1177/1559827616682938.
Tian L, Yang R, Wei L, Liu J, Yang Y, Shao F, Ma W, Li T, Wang Y, Guo T.Prevalence of osteoporosis and related lifestyle and metabolic factors of postmenopausal women and elderly men: A cross-sectional study in Gansu province, Northwestern of China.Medicine.October2017;96(43):e8294. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000008294.
Castiglioni S, Cazzaniga A, Albisetti W, Maier JA.Magnesium and osteoporosis: current state of knowledge and future research directions.Nutrients. July 2013;5(8):3022-3033. doi:10.3390/nu5083022.
Chang J, et al.The association between the concentration of serum magnesium and postmenopausal osteoporosis.Front Med.August 2020. doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.00381
Schwalfenberg GK, Genuis SJ.The Importance of Magnesium in Clinical Healthcare. Scientifica (Cairo). 2017;2017:4179326. doi:10.1155/2017/4179326.
Tonick S, Muneyyirci-Delale O.Magnesium in women’s health and gynecology.Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2016;6(5):325-333. doi:10.4236/ojog.2016.65041
Baker FC, de Zambotti M, Colrain IM, Bei B.Sleep problems during the menopausal transition: prevalence, impact, and management challenges.Nat Sci Sleep. February 2018;10:73-95. doi:10.2147/NSS.S125807
Jehan S, Masters-Isarilov A, Salifu I, et al.Sleep disorders in postmenopausal women.J Sleep Disord Ther. August 2015;4(5):212.
Maria C, et al.Magnesium: A forgotten cation in women.Eur Journ Biomed Pharm Sci. January 2018;5(3):538-541.
Yijia Zhang, Cheng Chen, Liping Lu, Kristen L Knutson, Mercedes R Carnethon, Alyce D Fly, Juhua Luo, David M Haas, James M Shikany, Ka Kahe,Association of magnesium intake with sleep duration and sleep quality: findings from the CARDIA study.Sleep.April 2022;45(4). doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsab276.
Mah, J., Pitre, T.Oral magnesium supplementation for insomnia in older adults: A systematic review & meta-analysis.BMC Complement Med Ther.January 2021;21(125). doi:10.1186/s12906-021-03297-z.
Tarleton EK, Littenberg B.Magnesium intake and depression in adults.J Am Board Fam Med.April2015;28(2):249-56. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2015.02.140176.
Wang J, Um P, Dickerman BA, Liu J.Zinc, Magnesium, selenium and depression: A review of the evidence, potential mechanisms and implications.Nutrients. May 2018;10(5):584. doi:10.3390/nu10050584
American Heart Association.Menopause and heart disease.
DiNicolantonio JJ, Liu J, O’Keefe JH.Magnesium for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.Open Heart.2018;5:e000775. doi:10.1136/openhrt-2018-000775.
Goddard JP, Hume AL.After larger study, mixed messages on magnesium for menopause.Int Med. May 2017;23(5):20. doi:10.1016/j.ptdy.2017.04.010.
Razzaque MS.Magnesium: Are we consuming enough?Nutrients. December 2018;10(12):1863. doi:10.3390/nu10121863.
American Association for the Study of Liver Disease.The best magnesium supplements.
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