Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsBenefitsDeficiencySide EffectsPrecautionsDosageInteractionsStorageHow to BuyLegality
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Benefits
Deficiency
Side Effects
Precautions
Dosage
Interactions
Storage
How to Buy
Legality
NAC supplements are the synthetic form of the amino acidcysteine. Cysteine is a nonessential (or semi-essential) amino acid. This means your body can produce it even if it’s not consumed via food. Cysteine plays a key role in making protein and collagen.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs.That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or a pharmacist.
Health Benefits of N-Acetylcysteine
Little or no evidence supports most purported NAC benefits. Research to date has been preliminary. Some of those findings are promising, though, and warrant further research.
Some research suggests NAC supplements can increase the amount ofglutathionein your body.Glutathioneis a powerful antioxidant. To create it, NAC bonds with two other amino acids—glutamine andglycine.
Glutathione plays essential roles in the body, including:
Integrative medicine practitioners suggest the glutathione increase might help prevent and manage some health conditions.These include:
You should not use NAC supplements for the sole treatment or prevention of any of the above conditions. Before using a supplement, talk to your healthcare provider. They can determine whether it’s safe for you based on your medical history and what else you’re taking.
Supplement Facts
Verywell / Anastasia Tretiak
Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Poisoning
The FDA doesn’t often approve supplements for medicinal use, but NAC has the agency’s stamp of approval for treatingTylenol (acetaminophen) poisoning.Acetaminophen is safe at low doses, but overdose can cause liver toxicity and failure, which can be fatal.
In overdose cases, healthcare providers can use intravenous (IV) infusions of NAC to prevent liver damage and other symptoms. (IV means it’s delivered directly into a vein via a needle.) The NAC is usually given in three infusions over the course of 21 hours.
Get Emergency TreatmentTylenol poisoning is a medical emergency. Don’t try to treat it yourself. Call 911 immediately if you or someone you know may have overdosed on acetaminophen.
Get Emergency Treatment
Tylenol poisoning is a medical emergency. Don’t try to treat it yourself. Call 911 immediately if you or someone you know may have overdosed on acetaminophen.
Lung Disease
Some studies have looked into the NAC benefits in people with lung diseases such as:
A 2015 meta-analysis published inEuropean Respiratory Reviewevaluated 13 studies involving 4,155 people with COPD. It concluded that 1,200 milligrams (mg) of NAC per day reduced the incidence and severity of flares compared to a placebo.
The FDA has approved inhaled NAC as an add-on treatment for helping break up mucus in lung conditions.
An Overview of COPD Exacerbations
COVID-19 and Other Viral Illnesses
Due to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics of NAC, it has been used in clinical practice for people hospitalized withCOVID-19.
But the study authors concluded that larger, well-designed trials need to be run to determine how safe and effective this treatment is. Two clinical trials quickly got underway.
Some evidence also supports using NAC to help treat:
Heart Disease
In research, daily use of NAC reducedhypertension(high blood pressure), which is a significant contributor toatherosclerosis(plaque build-up in the arteries).
A 2015 study in theAmerican Journal of Clinical Nutritionsays people taking NAC supplements for four weeks had a significant drop in systolic (top number) anddiastolic (bottom number) blood pressure. These drops occurred regardless of their weight, cholesterol levels, or whether they smoked.
The same study also suggested NAC may reduce your blood’s homocysteine levels. High levels of homocysteine can increase your risk of heart disease. However, the long-term effects of NAC on blood pressure are unknown.
This study was too small to draw firm conclusions but provided promising evidence that may encourage further study.
Male Infertility
Research has looked at whether NAC may further improve fertility in biological males withvaricoceles, enlarged veins in the scrotum and testicles. Varicoceles is a leading cause of male infertility.
According to a 2016 study,people who underwent surgery to treat varicoceles had higher conception rates if they took NAC before and after surgery.Again, though, this was a small, preliminary study.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
NAC may help alleviate symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), according to a 2015 systematic review.
The review evaluated eight studies with a total of 910 people with PCOS. Investigators found NAC improved ovulation and pregnancy rates compared to a placebo. However, the improvement was not as great as it was withmetformin(a prescription drug used to treat PCOS).
Researchers also reported NACdid notimprove other common symptoms of PCOS, such as menstrual irregularities or weight gain.
5 Benefits of N-Acetylcysteine for PCOS
Mental Health Disorders
NAC may play a role in treating mental health conditions related to inflammation and dysregulation of the neurotransmitter (brain chemical) glutamate.
Preliminary results have mostly been inconclusive, but some research suggests NAC supplements may be an effective add-on treatment for:
NAC supplements shouldn’t be used alone for treating any mental health disorders. You should look at it as an additional treatment, and only after clearing it with your healthcare provider.
Neurological Diseases
NAC may have a use as an add-on treatment for some neurological conditions, including:
This is also believed to be due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)is an umbrella term forCrohn’s disease (CD)andulcerative colitis (UC). Oxidative stress is believed to be involved in these conditions, so antioxidant treatments have gotten a fair amount of attention.
In studies, NAC supplements helped prevent relapses in people who were tapering off of the drug prednisone, both with CD and UC.
Sleep Apnea
Sleep apneacauses you to stop breathing for short periods while you sleep. It’s considered a cause of inflammation and a risk factor for high blood pressure, stroke, and heart disease.
Some small studies have suggested that NAC supplements may help improve nighttime breathing and reducesnoringin people with sleep apnea.
Cysteine Deficiency
Since cysteine is made in the body and found in high-protein foods, deficiency is rare.
However, if you’re a vegetarian or vegan, you may be at risk of cysteine deficiency, especially if you don’t eat a lot of cysteine-rich plants.
As with all supplements, side effects are possible when taking NAC. They’re more common at high doses and different for different forms of the supplement.
Possible side effects from oral NAC supplements include:
NAC supplements smell like rotten eggs, which may contribute to nausea and vomiting. Using forms that mask the taste, such as flavored tablets that dissolve in water, can help with that.
Inhaled NAC may cause:
If you have asthma, your healthcare provider should monitor you for reactions to inhaled NAC.
Allergies to NAC are uncommon but can occur. The risk is highest during NAC infusions. In rare cases, an infusion may causeanaphylaxis, a life-threatening allergic reaction.
Although NAC is generally safe when used as directed, it’s not safe for everyone or at all times of life.
Since NAC may affect blood tests and slow blood clotting, you may need to stop taking it 12 hours before a blood draw and for two weeks before elective surgeries.
Dosage of NAC
Most NAC supplements are sold in 600 mg dosages, although some are as high as 1,200 mg. Product suggested doses range from one to four doses per day for a total of 600 mg to 3,000 mg daily.
What Happens If I Take Too Much?
Oral NAC hasn’t been tied to any cases of toxicity (overdose). However, taking too much NAC may make side effects more likely.
Accidental overdoses of IV NAC have caused deaths.
NAC may intensify or interfere with the action of some medications, including:
How to Store NAC
NAC supplements should be stored at room temperature in a cool, dry room. Discard any supplements that have expired, are discolored, or show signs of deterioration.
It is important to note that NAC may have an odor similar to sulfur, which is normal.
NAC is available over-the-counter (OTC) in several formulations, including:
Are NAC Supplements Being Banned?
Because the FDA has approved NAC for some medical uses, it’s considered a drug in the United States. In July 2020, the FDA issued a reminder for manufacturers that an approved drug can’t be sold as a dietary supplement, putting the legality of NAC supplements in question.
Since the FDA’s full safety review on NAC supplements is ongoing, the agency issued a statement in August 2022 declaring that it would turn a blind-eye to the sale of NAC-containing dietary supplements until further notice. In other words, NAC-containing dietary supplements are permitted for the time being, so long as the product does not make false claims about its medical benefits.
Summary
NAC is an FDA-approved drug as an intravenous treatment for acetaminophen poisoning and an inhaled treatment for breaking up mucus in some lung conditions.
NAC supplements have some preliminary evidence supporting their use for managing symptoms of viral illnesses, including COVID-19, heart disease, male infertility, PCOS, mental health and neurological disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, and sleep apnea.
Side effects and drug interactions are possible with NAC supplements. Always check with your healthcare provider before starting any medicinal product.
NAC is currently sold as a dietary supplement in many forms, but the FDA may put an end to that because it’s legally classified as a drug.
33 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Šalamon Š, Kramar B, Marolt TP, Poljšak B, Milisav I.Medical and dietary uses of N-acetylcysteine.Antioxidants (Basel). 2019;8(5):111. doi:10.3390/antiox8050111U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Questions and answers on dietary supplements.Lizzo G, Migliavacca E, Lamers D, et al.A randomized controlled clinical trial in healthy older adults to determine efficacy of glycine and n-acetylcysteine supplementation on glutathione redox status and oxidative damage.Front Aging. 2022;3:852569. doi:10.3389/fragi.2022.852569Gaucher C, Boudier A, Bonetti J, Clarot I, Leroy P, Parent M.Glutathione: antioxidant properties dedicated to nanotechnologies.Antioxidants (Basel). 2018;7(5):62. doi:10.3390/antiox7050062National Library of Medicine.N-acetyl cysteine (NAC).Turgut T, Ilhan N, Deveci F, Akpolat N, Erden EŞ, Muz MH.Glutathione and nitrite levels in induced sputum at COPD patients and healthy smokers.J Thorac Dis. 2014;6(6):765-771. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.04.24Adeoye O, Olawumi J, Opeyemi A, Christiania O.Review on the role of glutathione on oxidative stress and infertility.JBRA Assist Reprod. 2018;22(1):61-66. doi:10.5935/1518-0557.20180003National Library of Medicine.Acetadote—acetylcysteine injection, solution.National Library of Medicine: LiverTox.Acetaminophen.Schwalfenberg GK.N-acetylcysteine: a review of clinical usefulness (an old drug with new tricks).J Nutr Metab. 2021;2021:9949453. doi:10.1155/2021/9949453Cazzola M, Calzetta L, Page C, et al.Influence ofN-acetylcysteine on chronic bronchitis or COPD exacerbations: a meta-analysis.Eur Respir Rev.2015;24(137):451-461. doi:10.1183/16000617.00002215National Library of Medicine (MedLine Plus).Acetylcysteine oral inhalation.Assimakopoulos SF, Aretha D, Komninos D, et al.N-acetyl-cysteine reduces the risk for mechanical ventilation and mortality in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: a two-center retrospective cohort study.Infect Dis. 2021;53(11):847-854. doi:10.1080/23744235.2021.1945675Dludla PV, Nkambule BB, Dias SC, Johnson R.Cardioprotective potential of N-acetyl cysteine against hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative damage: a protocol for a systematic review. Syst Rev. 2017 May 12;6(1):96. doi: 10.1186/s13643-017-0493-8.Hildebrandt W, Sauer R, Bonaterra G, Dugi KA, Edler L, Kinscherf R.Oral N-acetylcysteine reduces plasma homocysteine concentrations regardless of lipid or smoking status.Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(5):1014-1024. doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.101964Barekat F, Tavalaee M, Deemeh MR, et al.A preliminary study: N-acetyl-L-cysteine improves semen quality following varicocelectomy.Int J Fertil Steril. 2016;10(1):120-126. doi:10.22074/ijfs.2016.4777Thakker D, Raval A, Patel I, et al.N-Acetylcysteine for polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.Obstet Gynecol Int.2015;2015:817849. doi:10.1155/2015/817849Ooi SL, Green R, Pak SC.N-acetylcysteine for the treatment of psychiatric disorders: a review of current evidence.Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:2469486. doi:10.1155/2018/2469486Çakici N, van Beveren NJM, Judge-Hundal G, Koola MM, Sommer IEC.An update on the efficacy of anti-inflammatory agents for patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis.Psychol Med. 2019;49(14):2307-2319. doi:10.1017/S0033291719001995Masnadi Shirazi K, Sotoudeh S, Masnadi Shirazi A, Moaddab SY, Nourpanah Z, Nikniaz Z.Effect of N-acetylcysteine on remission maintenance in patients with ulcerative colitis: A randomized, double-blind controlled clinical trial.Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2021;45(4):101532. doi:10.1016/j.clinre.2020.08.010Jean-Louis G, Zizi F, Clark LT, Brown CD, McFarlane SI.Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: role of the metabolic syndrome and its components.Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. 2008;4(3):261.Wu K, Su X, Li G, Zhang N.Antioxidant carbocysteine treatment in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a randomized clinical trial.PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0148519. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148519de Jong JCW, van Rooijen KS, Stigter ECA, et al.Dietary cystine restriction increases the proliferative capacity of the small intestine of mice.PLoS One. 2024;19(1):e0290493. Published 2024 Jan 5. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290493Tenório MCDS, Graciliano NG, Moura FA, Oliveira ACM, Goulart MOF.N-Acetylcysteine (NAC): impacts on human health.Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10(6):967. doi:10.3390/antiox10060967American Academy of Family Physicians.N-Acetylcysteine: multiple clinical applications.Mount Sinai.Cysteine.Yarema M, Chopra P, Sivilotti ML, et al.Anaphylactoid reactions to intravenous N-acetylcysteine during treatment for acetaminophen poisoning.J Med Toxicol. 2018;14(2):120-127. doi:10.1007/s13181-018-0653-9Nikbakht M, Ahmadi F, Vaseghi G, et al.The role of n-acetylcysteine in platelet aggregation and reperfusion injury in recent years.Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2017;12(2):83-91. doi:10.2174/1574884712666170704145842Genzen JR, Hunsaker JJ, Nelson LS, Faine BA, Krasowski MD.N-acetylcysteine interference of Trinder-based assays.Clin Biochem. 2016;49(1-2):100-104. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.10.005Mahmoudi GA, Astaraki P, Mohtashami AZ, Ahadi M.N-acetylcysteine overdose after acetaminophen poisoning.Int Med Case Rep J. 2015;8:65-69. doi:10.2147/IMCRJ.S74563Mount Sinai.Cysteine.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Warning letter: Vita Heaven, LLC dba Hangover Heaven.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.FDA releases final guidance on enforcement discretion for certain NAC products.
33 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Šalamon Š, Kramar B, Marolt TP, Poljšak B, Milisav I.Medical and dietary uses of N-acetylcysteine.Antioxidants (Basel). 2019;8(5):111. doi:10.3390/antiox8050111U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Questions and answers on dietary supplements.Lizzo G, Migliavacca E, Lamers D, et al.A randomized controlled clinical trial in healthy older adults to determine efficacy of glycine and n-acetylcysteine supplementation on glutathione redox status and oxidative damage.Front Aging. 2022;3:852569. doi:10.3389/fragi.2022.852569Gaucher C, Boudier A, Bonetti J, Clarot I, Leroy P, Parent M.Glutathione: antioxidant properties dedicated to nanotechnologies.Antioxidants (Basel). 2018;7(5):62. doi:10.3390/antiox7050062National Library of Medicine.N-acetyl cysteine (NAC).Turgut T, Ilhan N, Deveci F, Akpolat N, Erden EŞ, Muz MH.Glutathione and nitrite levels in induced sputum at COPD patients and healthy smokers.J Thorac Dis. 2014;6(6):765-771. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.04.24Adeoye O, Olawumi J, Opeyemi A, Christiania O.Review on the role of glutathione on oxidative stress and infertility.JBRA Assist Reprod. 2018;22(1):61-66. doi:10.5935/1518-0557.20180003National Library of Medicine.Acetadote—acetylcysteine injection, solution.National Library of Medicine: LiverTox.Acetaminophen.Schwalfenberg GK.N-acetylcysteine: a review of clinical usefulness (an old drug with new tricks).J Nutr Metab. 2021;2021:9949453. doi:10.1155/2021/9949453Cazzola M, Calzetta L, Page C, et al.Influence ofN-acetylcysteine on chronic bronchitis or COPD exacerbations: a meta-analysis.Eur Respir Rev.2015;24(137):451-461. doi:10.1183/16000617.00002215National Library of Medicine (MedLine Plus).Acetylcysteine oral inhalation.Assimakopoulos SF, Aretha D, Komninos D, et al.N-acetyl-cysteine reduces the risk for mechanical ventilation and mortality in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: a two-center retrospective cohort study.Infect Dis. 2021;53(11):847-854. doi:10.1080/23744235.2021.1945675Dludla PV, Nkambule BB, Dias SC, Johnson R.Cardioprotective potential of N-acetyl cysteine against hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative damage: a protocol for a systematic review. Syst Rev. 2017 May 12;6(1):96. doi: 10.1186/s13643-017-0493-8.Hildebrandt W, Sauer R, Bonaterra G, Dugi KA, Edler L, Kinscherf R.Oral N-acetylcysteine reduces plasma homocysteine concentrations regardless of lipid or smoking status.Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(5):1014-1024. doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.101964Barekat F, Tavalaee M, Deemeh MR, et al.A preliminary study: N-acetyl-L-cysteine improves semen quality following varicocelectomy.Int J Fertil Steril. 2016;10(1):120-126. doi:10.22074/ijfs.2016.4777Thakker D, Raval A, Patel I, et al.N-Acetylcysteine for polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.Obstet Gynecol Int.2015;2015:817849. doi:10.1155/2015/817849Ooi SL, Green R, Pak SC.N-acetylcysteine for the treatment of psychiatric disorders: a review of current evidence.Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:2469486. doi:10.1155/2018/2469486Çakici N, van Beveren NJM, Judge-Hundal G, Koola MM, Sommer IEC.An update on the efficacy of anti-inflammatory agents for patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis.Psychol Med. 2019;49(14):2307-2319. doi:10.1017/S0033291719001995Masnadi Shirazi K, Sotoudeh S, Masnadi Shirazi A, Moaddab SY, Nourpanah Z, Nikniaz Z.Effect of N-acetylcysteine on remission maintenance in patients with ulcerative colitis: A randomized, double-blind controlled clinical trial.Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2021;45(4):101532. doi:10.1016/j.clinre.2020.08.010Jean-Louis G, Zizi F, Clark LT, Brown CD, McFarlane SI.Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: role of the metabolic syndrome and its components.Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. 2008;4(3):261.Wu K, Su X, Li G, Zhang N.Antioxidant carbocysteine treatment in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a randomized clinical trial.PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0148519. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148519de Jong JCW, van Rooijen KS, Stigter ECA, et al.Dietary cystine restriction increases the proliferative capacity of the small intestine of mice.PLoS One. 2024;19(1):e0290493. Published 2024 Jan 5. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290493Tenório MCDS, Graciliano NG, Moura FA, Oliveira ACM, Goulart MOF.N-Acetylcysteine (NAC): impacts on human health.Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10(6):967. doi:10.3390/antiox10060967American Academy of Family Physicians.N-Acetylcysteine: multiple clinical applications.Mount Sinai.Cysteine.Yarema M, Chopra P, Sivilotti ML, et al.Anaphylactoid reactions to intravenous N-acetylcysteine during treatment for acetaminophen poisoning.J Med Toxicol. 2018;14(2):120-127. doi:10.1007/s13181-018-0653-9Nikbakht M, Ahmadi F, Vaseghi G, et al.The role of n-acetylcysteine in platelet aggregation and reperfusion injury in recent years.Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2017;12(2):83-91. doi:10.2174/1574884712666170704145842Genzen JR, Hunsaker JJ, Nelson LS, Faine BA, Krasowski MD.N-acetylcysteine interference of Trinder-based assays.Clin Biochem. 2016;49(1-2):100-104. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.10.005Mahmoudi GA, Astaraki P, Mohtashami AZ, Ahadi M.N-acetylcysteine overdose after acetaminophen poisoning.Int Med Case Rep J. 2015;8:65-69. doi:10.2147/IMCRJ.S74563Mount Sinai.Cysteine.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Warning letter: Vita Heaven, LLC dba Hangover Heaven.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.FDA releases final guidance on enforcement discretion for certain NAC products.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Šalamon Š, Kramar B, Marolt TP, Poljšak B, Milisav I.Medical and dietary uses of N-acetylcysteine.Antioxidants (Basel). 2019;8(5):111. doi:10.3390/antiox8050111U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Questions and answers on dietary supplements.Lizzo G, Migliavacca E, Lamers D, et al.A randomized controlled clinical trial in healthy older adults to determine efficacy of glycine and n-acetylcysteine supplementation on glutathione redox status and oxidative damage.Front Aging. 2022;3:852569. doi:10.3389/fragi.2022.852569Gaucher C, Boudier A, Bonetti J, Clarot I, Leroy P, Parent M.Glutathione: antioxidant properties dedicated to nanotechnologies.Antioxidants (Basel). 2018;7(5):62. doi:10.3390/antiox7050062National Library of Medicine.N-acetyl cysteine (NAC).Turgut T, Ilhan N, Deveci F, Akpolat N, Erden EŞ, Muz MH.Glutathione and nitrite levels in induced sputum at COPD patients and healthy smokers.J Thorac Dis. 2014;6(6):765-771. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.04.24Adeoye O, Olawumi J, Opeyemi A, Christiania O.Review on the role of glutathione on oxidative stress and infertility.JBRA Assist Reprod. 2018;22(1):61-66. doi:10.5935/1518-0557.20180003National Library of Medicine.Acetadote—acetylcysteine injection, solution.National Library of Medicine: LiverTox.Acetaminophen.Schwalfenberg GK.N-acetylcysteine: a review of clinical usefulness (an old drug with new tricks).J Nutr Metab. 2021;2021:9949453. doi:10.1155/2021/9949453Cazzola M, Calzetta L, Page C, et al.Influence ofN-acetylcysteine on chronic bronchitis or COPD exacerbations: a meta-analysis.Eur Respir Rev.2015;24(137):451-461. doi:10.1183/16000617.00002215National Library of Medicine (MedLine Plus).Acetylcysteine oral inhalation.Assimakopoulos SF, Aretha D, Komninos D, et al.N-acetyl-cysteine reduces the risk for mechanical ventilation and mortality in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: a two-center retrospective cohort study.Infect Dis. 2021;53(11):847-854. doi:10.1080/23744235.2021.1945675Dludla PV, Nkambule BB, Dias SC, Johnson R.Cardioprotective potential of N-acetyl cysteine against hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative damage: a protocol for a systematic review. Syst Rev. 2017 May 12;6(1):96. doi: 10.1186/s13643-017-0493-8.Hildebrandt W, Sauer R, Bonaterra G, Dugi KA, Edler L, Kinscherf R.Oral N-acetylcysteine reduces plasma homocysteine concentrations regardless of lipid or smoking status.Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(5):1014-1024. doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.101964Barekat F, Tavalaee M, Deemeh MR, et al.A preliminary study: N-acetyl-L-cysteine improves semen quality following varicocelectomy.Int J Fertil Steril. 2016;10(1):120-126. doi:10.22074/ijfs.2016.4777Thakker D, Raval A, Patel I, et al.N-Acetylcysteine for polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.Obstet Gynecol Int.2015;2015:817849. doi:10.1155/2015/817849Ooi SL, Green R, Pak SC.N-acetylcysteine for the treatment of psychiatric disorders: a review of current evidence.Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:2469486. doi:10.1155/2018/2469486Çakici N, van Beveren NJM, Judge-Hundal G, Koola MM, Sommer IEC.An update on the efficacy of anti-inflammatory agents for patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis.Psychol Med. 2019;49(14):2307-2319. doi:10.1017/S0033291719001995Masnadi Shirazi K, Sotoudeh S, Masnadi Shirazi A, Moaddab SY, Nourpanah Z, Nikniaz Z.Effect of N-acetylcysteine on remission maintenance in patients with ulcerative colitis: A randomized, double-blind controlled clinical trial.Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2021;45(4):101532. doi:10.1016/j.clinre.2020.08.010Jean-Louis G, Zizi F, Clark LT, Brown CD, McFarlane SI.Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: role of the metabolic syndrome and its components.Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. 2008;4(3):261.Wu K, Su X, Li G, Zhang N.Antioxidant carbocysteine treatment in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a randomized clinical trial.PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0148519. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148519de Jong JCW, van Rooijen KS, Stigter ECA, et al.Dietary cystine restriction increases the proliferative capacity of the small intestine of mice.PLoS One. 2024;19(1):e0290493. Published 2024 Jan 5. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290493Tenório MCDS, Graciliano NG, Moura FA, Oliveira ACM, Goulart MOF.N-Acetylcysteine (NAC): impacts on human health.Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10(6):967. doi:10.3390/antiox10060967American Academy of Family Physicians.N-Acetylcysteine: multiple clinical applications.Mount Sinai.Cysteine.Yarema M, Chopra P, Sivilotti ML, et al.Anaphylactoid reactions to intravenous N-acetylcysteine during treatment for acetaminophen poisoning.J Med Toxicol. 2018;14(2):120-127. doi:10.1007/s13181-018-0653-9Nikbakht M, Ahmadi F, Vaseghi G, et al.The role of n-acetylcysteine in platelet aggregation and reperfusion injury in recent years.Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2017;12(2):83-91. doi:10.2174/1574884712666170704145842Genzen JR, Hunsaker JJ, Nelson LS, Faine BA, Krasowski MD.N-acetylcysteine interference of Trinder-based assays.Clin Biochem. 2016;49(1-2):100-104. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.10.005Mahmoudi GA, Astaraki P, Mohtashami AZ, Ahadi M.N-acetylcysteine overdose after acetaminophen poisoning.Int Med Case Rep J. 2015;8:65-69. doi:10.2147/IMCRJ.S74563Mount Sinai.Cysteine.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Warning letter: Vita Heaven, LLC dba Hangover Heaven.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.FDA releases final guidance on enforcement discretion for certain NAC products.
Šalamon Š, Kramar B, Marolt TP, Poljšak B, Milisav I.Medical and dietary uses of N-acetylcysteine.Antioxidants (Basel). 2019;8(5):111. doi:10.3390/antiox8050111
U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Questions and answers on dietary supplements.
Lizzo G, Migliavacca E, Lamers D, et al.A randomized controlled clinical trial in healthy older adults to determine efficacy of glycine and n-acetylcysteine supplementation on glutathione redox status and oxidative damage.Front Aging. 2022;3:852569. doi:10.3389/fragi.2022.852569
Gaucher C, Boudier A, Bonetti J, Clarot I, Leroy P, Parent M.Glutathione: antioxidant properties dedicated to nanotechnologies.Antioxidants (Basel). 2018;7(5):62. doi:10.3390/antiox7050062
National Library of Medicine.N-acetyl cysteine (NAC).
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