Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsNatural vs. Synthetic CaffeineWhat Is Natural Caffeine?Health BenefitsSources of CaffeineEffects on the BodyIs It Good for Me?
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Natural vs. Synthetic Caffeine
What Is Natural Caffeine?
Health Benefits
Sources of Caffeine
Effects on the Body
Is It Good for Me?
Natural caffeine comes from plants like coffee, tea, cocoa, and other whole food sources.
Non-natural caffeine (synthetic or manufactured caffeine) can be found in sodas, energy drinks, dietary supplements, and even cosmetics.
Caffeinehas been widely studied for years for its potential health benefits. Research shows natural caffeine may improve alertness, thinking, and physical performance.
This article discusses natural caffeine, including its health benefits, sources, effects on the body, comparisons to synthetic caffeine, and more.
yipengge / Getty Images
The bottom line is that natural and synthetic caffeine have the same effects on your body. However, natural caffeine sources differ from synthetic caffeine, especially regarding overall nutritional value.
Caffeine may be natural or synthetic. These two types of caffeine have some similarities and some differences.
Natural and synthetic caffeine have the same chemical structure but vary in their sources.
While natural caffeine comes from plants, synthetic caffeine is made in a lab and added to foods and drinks like sodas, energy drinks, chewing gum, processed snacks, cosmetics, and dietary supplements.This means that, generally, natural caffeine is in whole food sources, and synthetic caffeine is in processed food sources.
Synthetic caffeine sources tend to be lower in nutrients than natural caffeine sources. Natural caffeine comes from plants, so its sources (coffee,tea,dark chocolate, etc.) contain additional nutrients, like antioxidants. These nutrients are thought to increase nutritional value and health benefits.
Studies have found that natural and synthetic caffeine act similarly once in your body. The two types have similarbioavailability(the way your body processes them), safety, and effects on the heart and other organs.
Research shows that synthetic caffeine may take slightly less time (a matter of minutes) to peak in your body than natural caffeine.
Natural caffeine, found in the leaves, bark, and seeds of more than 60 types of plants, has been used worldwide for thousands of years.
It is naturally found incoffee, tea,guarana, and cocoa plants.
Natural caffeine is defined as a stimulant drug. Caffeine stimulates your central nervous system, giving you more energy.
Synthetic caffeine is made in a lab and added to various foods, drinks, cosmetics, and supplements.
Natural and synthetic caffeine are chemically identical and thought to work the same in your body.The most significant difference between the two is the foods and other products containing them.
Health Benefits of Natural Caffeine
An estimated 80% of the world uses caffeine daily. It’s thought that most people use caffeine for its effects on cognition and performance.
Due to caffeine’s vast popularity, many studies have been completed on its effects and potential health benefits.
Natural caffeine itself is not considered a nutrient. However, natural caffeine sources come from plants. These plants and their products contain nutrients likevitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.
Coffee, the most popular source of natural caffeine, provides amino acids, proteins, and minerals likepotassium,calcium,magnesium,phosphorus, and sodium.
Both coffee and tea contain various antioxidants, includingpolyphenols, linked to several health benefits.
These and other bioactive compounds found in natural caffeine sources may provide health benefits. Researched health benefits of natural caffeine include:
Natural Caffeine Sources
Several food and beverage sources naturally contain caffeine.
Coffee, tea, and cocoa (used to make chocolate) are the most prominent natural caffeine sources. Coffee, tea, and cocoa plants have caffeine in their leaves and beans. The leaves of the guarana plant also contain caffeine.
The amount of natural caffeine varies widely from one source to the next:
Whiledark chocolatecontains more caffeine than milk chocolate, extra-dark chocolate has an even higher caffeine content than dark chocolate because it contains more cocoa.
The type of coffee or tea and how you brew it also impact the caffeine content. Increasing the time tea steeps increases the amount of caffeine and other components liketheanine.
In one study, researchers found espresso coffee from theRobustaplant had the highest overall caffeine content. Pour-over coffee was also found to contain more caffeine than drip coffee, while hot coffee made in a machine had more caffeine than cold brew coffee.
Other factors, including water temperature, brew time, roast type, and water pressure, may also impact the amount of caffeine in a cup of coffee.
Natural Caffeine’s Effects on Your Body
Many people use natural caffeine for its stimulating effects, but it also affects the body in several ways.
After consuming caffeine, your small intestine absorbs it. Your liver then metabolizes it (further breaks it down and processes it). Caffeine also enters your brain after consumption.
It takes an average of 30 minutes to feel the effects of caffeine. After about five to six hours, half the caffeine you consumed has been cleared from your system.
Caffeine has other effects on the body. Aside from being a stimulant, caffeine also:
However, caffeine affects everyone differently; some people are more sensitive to it than others.
Research shows that genetics may cause an increased sensitivity in some people. Differences in specific genes may cause a person to metabolize caffeine quickly or slowly.
Someone who metabolizes caffeine quickly tends to feel the effects of caffeine quickly and intensely.
However, a cup of coffee may keep people who are slow metabolizers of caffeine up late into the night because their bodies may clear it from their systems more slowly. Additionally, slow metabolizers may be at higher risk of kidney issues with heavy coffee use (more than three cups a day).
Medications may change how caffeine is absorbed and broken down in your body. Your age and health status may also impact how caffeine affects you.
Caffeine Use and ChildrenChildren are known to be more sensitive to caffeine than adults. Currently, pediatricians recommend avoiding caffeine consumption for children under 12 years old. They also advise against the use of energy drinks for all children and teenagers. For those aged 12 to 18, they suggest limiting caffeine intake to a maximum of 100 mg per day (about two 12-oz cans of cola).
Caffeine Use and Children
Children are known to be more sensitive to caffeine than adults. Currently, pediatricians recommend avoiding caffeine consumption for children under 12 years old. They also advise against the use of energy drinks for all children and teenagers. For those aged 12 to 18, they suggest limiting caffeine intake to a maximum of 100 mg per day (about two 12-oz cans of cola).
Is Natural Caffeine Good for Me?
For most people, moderate natural caffeine use can fit into a healthy diet. However, consuming caffeine comes with the risk of side effects and other potential problems.
The FDA recommends that adults keep caffeine intake at 400 mg or less per day.Four eight-ounce cups of coffee contain about 400 mg of caffeine.
Consuming too much caffeine, however, may result in side effects like the following:
Caffeine can also be habit-forming and evenaddictingfor some people.
According to one study, people may become either psychologically or physically dependent on caffeine, which may be harmful. If a person is dependent on caffeine, performing daily tasks may take more effort and time until caffeine has been consumed.Consuming caffeine in moderation may help reduce the risk of side effects and dependency.
Slowly weaning off caffeine may help you reduce the amount you take in without having to quit it completely. You can talk with ahealthcare providerabout ways to gently cut back on caffeine.
Summary
Caffeine is naturally present in various plants. Common sources of natural caffeine include coffee, tea, and cocoa.
Synthetic caffeine, on the other hand, is human-made and mostly found in processed foods and drinks as well as cosmetics and dietary supplements.
Natural caffeine and its sources have been linked to several potential health benefits, including increased alertness, improved cognitive function, and better physical performance.
Caffeine is considered safe for most people when used in moderation. To learn more about natural caffeine, its benefits, and how to safely use it, talk with a healthcare provider.
29 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Temple JL, Bernard C, Lipshultz SE, et al.The safety of ingested caffeine: a comprehensive review.Front Psychiatry. 2017;8:80. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00080Abalo R.Coffee and caffeine consumption for human health.Nutrients. 2021;13(9):2918. doi:10.3390/nu13092918Morton K, Knight K, Kalman D, Hewlings S.A prospective randomized, double-blind, two-period crossover pharmacokinetic trial comparing green coffee bean extract-a botanically sourced caffeine-with a synthetic USP control.Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2018;7(8):871-879. doi:10.1002/cpdd.451Cappelletti S, Piacentino D, Sani G, Aromatario M.Caffeine: cognitive and physical performance enhancer or psychoactive drug?Curr Neuropharmacol. 2015;13(1):71-88. doi:10.2174/1570159X13666141210215655MedlinePlus.Caffeine.National Library of Medicine - PubChem.Caffeine.Samoggia A, Rezzaghi T.The consumption of caffeine-containing products to enhance sports performance: an application of an extended model of the theory of planned behavior.Nutrients. 2021;13(2):344. doi:10.3390/nu13020344Olechno E, Puścion-Jakubik A, Socha K, Zujko ME.Coffee brews: are they a source of macroelements in human nutrition?.Foods. 2021;10(6):1328. doi:10.3390/foods10061328LIczbiński P, Bukowska B.Tea and coffee polyphenols and their biological properties based on the latestin vitroinvestigations.Ind Crops Prod. 2022;175:114265. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114265Pasman WJ, Boessen R, Donner Y, Clabbers N, Boorsma A.Effect of caffeine on attention and alertness measured in a home-setting, using web-based cognition tests.JMIR Res Protoc. 2017;6(9):e169. doi:10.2196/resprot.6727Gardener SL, Rainey-Smith SR, Villemagne VL, et al.Higher coffee consumption is associated with slower cognitive decline and less cerebral Aβ-amyloid accumulation over 126 months: data from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers, and Lifestyle Study.Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:744872. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.744872Mielgo-Ayuso J, Marques-Jiménez D, Refoyo I, Del Coso J, León-Guereño P, Calleja-González J.Effect of caffeine supplementation on sports performance based on differences between sexes: a systematic review.Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2313. doi:10.3390/nu11102313Mendoza MF, Sulague RM, Posas-Mendoza T, Lavie CJ.Impact of coffee consumption on cardiovascular health.Ochsner J. 2023;23(2):152-158. doi:10.31486/toj.22.0073Voskoboinik A, Kalman JM, Kistler PM.Caffeine and arrhythmias: Time to grind the data.JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2018;4(4):425-432. doi:10.1016/j.jacep.2018.01.012Kolb H, Martin S, Kempf K.Coffee and lower risk of type 2 diabetes: arguments for a causal relationship.Nutrients. 2021;13(4):1144. doi:10.3390/nu13041144USDA FoodData Central.Beverages, coffee, brewed, prepared with tap water.USDA FoodData Central.Beverages, tea, black, brewed, prepared with tap water.USDA FoodData Central.Beverages, tea, green, brewed, regular.USDA FoodData Central.Chocolate, dark, 45-59% cacao solids.USDA FoodData Central.Chocolate, dark, 70-85% cacao solids.USDA FoodData Central.Candies, milk chocolate.Olechno E, Puścion-Jakubik A, Zujko ME, Socha K.Influence of various factors on caffeine content in coffee brews.Foods. 2021;10(6):1208. doi:10.3390/foods10061208Rodak K, Kokot I, Kratz EM.Caffeine as a factor influencing the functioning of the human body-friend or foe?.Nutrients. 2021;13(9):3088. doi:10.3390/nu13093088CDC.Caffeine.Kapellou A, King A, Graham CAM, Pilic L, Mavrommatis Y.Genetics of caffeine and brain-related outcomes - a systematic review of observational studies and randomized trials.Nutr Rev. 2023;81(12):1571-1598. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuad029Mahdavi S, Palatini P, El-Sohemy A.CYP1A2genetic variation, coffee intake, and kidney dysfunction.JAMA Netw Open.2023;6(1):e2247868. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.47868American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.Caffeine and children.USDA.Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020-2025.Amer SA, AlAmri FA, AlRadini FA, et al.Caffeine addiction and determinants of caffeine consumption among health care providers: a descriptive national study.Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2023;27(8):3230-3242. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202304_32093
29 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Temple JL, Bernard C, Lipshultz SE, et al.The safety of ingested caffeine: a comprehensive review.Front Psychiatry. 2017;8:80. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00080Abalo R.Coffee and caffeine consumption for human health.Nutrients. 2021;13(9):2918. doi:10.3390/nu13092918Morton K, Knight K, Kalman D, Hewlings S.A prospective randomized, double-blind, two-period crossover pharmacokinetic trial comparing green coffee bean extract-a botanically sourced caffeine-with a synthetic USP control.Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2018;7(8):871-879. doi:10.1002/cpdd.451Cappelletti S, Piacentino D, Sani G, Aromatario M.Caffeine: cognitive and physical performance enhancer or psychoactive drug?Curr Neuropharmacol. 2015;13(1):71-88. doi:10.2174/1570159X13666141210215655MedlinePlus.Caffeine.National Library of Medicine - PubChem.Caffeine.Samoggia A, Rezzaghi T.The consumption of caffeine-containing products to enhance sports performance: an application of an extended model of the theory of planned behavior.Nutrients. 2021;13(2):344. doi:10.3390/nu13020344Olechno E, Puścion-Jakubik A, Socha K, Zujko ME.Coffee brews: are they a source of macroelements in human nutrition?.Foods. 2021;10(6):1328. doi:10.3390/foods10061328LIczbiński P, Bukowska B.Tea and coffee polyphenols and their biological properties based on the latestin vitroinvestigations.Ind Crops Prod. 2022;175:114265. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114265Pasman WJ, Boessen R, Donner Y, Clabbers N, Boorsma A.Effect of caffeine on attention and alertness measured in a home-setting, using web-based cognition tests.JMIR Res Protoc. 2017;6(9):e169. doi:10.2196/resprot.6727Gardener SL, Rainey-Smith SR, Villemagne VL, et al.Higher coffee consumption is associated with slower cognitive decline and less cerebral Aβ-amyloid accumulation over 126 months: data from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers, and Lifestyle Study.Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:744872. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.744872Mielgo-Ayuso J, Marques-Jiménez D, Refoyo I, Del Coso J, León-Guereño P, Calleja-González J.Effect of caffeine supplementation on sports performance based on differences between sexes: a systematic review.Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2313. doi:10.3390/nu11102313Mendoza MF, Sulague RM, Posas-Mendoza T, Lavie CJ.Impact of coffee consumption on cardiovascular health.Ochsner J. 2023;23(2):152-158. doi:10.31486/toj.22.0073Voskoboinik A, Kalman JM, Kistler PM.Caffeine and arrhythmias: Time to grind the data.JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2018;4(4):425-432. doi:10.1016/j.jacep.2018.01.012Kolb H, Martin S, Kempf K.Coffee and lower risk of type 2 diabetes: arguments for a causal relationship.Nutrients. 2021;13(4):1144. doi:10.3390/nu13041144USDA FoodData Central.Beverages, coffee, brewed, prepared with tap water.USDA FoodData Central.Beverages, tea, black, brewed, prepared with tap water.USDA FoodData Central.Beverages, tea, green, brewed, regular.USDA FoodData Central.Chocolate, dark, 45-59% cacao solids.USDA FoodData Central.Chocolate, dark, 70-85% cacao solids.USDA FoodData Central.Candies, milk chocolate.Olechno E, Puścion-Jakubik A, Zujko ME, Socha K.Influence of various factors on caffeine content in coffee brews.Foods. 2021;10(6):1208. doi:10.3390/foods10061208Rodak K, Kokot I, Kratz EM.Caffeine as a factor influencing the functioning of the human body-friend or foe?.Nutrients. 2021;13(9):3088. doi:10.3390/nu13093088CDC.Caffeine.Kapellou A, King A, Graham CAM, Pilic L, Mavrommatis Y.Genetics of caffeine and brain-related outcomes - a systematic review of observational studies and randomized trials.Nutr Rev. 2023;81(12):1571-1598. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuad029Mahdavi S, Palatini P, El-Sohemy A.CYP1A2genetic variation, coffee intake, and kidney dysfunction.JAMA Netw Open.2023;6(1):e2247868. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.47868American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.Caffeine and children.USDA.Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020-2025.Amer SA, AlAmri FA, AlRadini FA, et al.Caffeine addiction and determinants of caffeine consumption among health care providers: a descriptive national study.Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2023;27(8):3230-3242. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202304_32093
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Temple JL, Bernard C, Lipshultz SE, et al.The safety of ingested caffeine: a comprehensive review.Front Psychiatry. 2017;8:80. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00080Abalo R.Coffee and caffeine consumption for human health.Nutrients. 2021;13(9):2918. doi:10.3390/nu13092918Morton K, Knight K, Kalman D, Hewlings S.A prospective randomized, double-blind, two-period crossover pharmacokinetic trial comparing green coffee bean extract-a botanically sourced caffeine-with a synthetic USP control.Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2018;7(8):871-879. doi:10.1002/cpdd.451Cappelletti S, Piacentino D, Sani G, Aromatario M.Caffeine: cognitive and physical performance enhancer or psychoactive drug?Curr Neuropharmacol. 2015;13(1):71-88. doi:10.2174/1570159X13666141210215655MedlinePlus.Caffeine.National Library of Medicine - PubChem.Caffeine.Samoggia A, Rezzaghi T.The consumption of caffeine-containing products to enhance sports performance: an application of an extended model of the theory of planned behavior.Nutrients. 2021;13(2):344. doi:10.3390/nu13020344Olechno E, Puścion-Jakubik A, Socha K, Zujko ME.Coffee brews: are they a source of macroelements in human nutrition?.Foods. 2021;10(6):1328. doi:10.3390/foods10061328LIczbiński P, Bukowska B.Tea and coffee polyphenols and their biological properties based on the latestin vitroinvestigations.Ind Crops Prod. 2022;175:114265. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114265Pasman WJ, Boessen R, Donner Y, Clabbers N, Boorsma A.Effect of caffeine on attention and alertness measured in a home-setting, using web-based cognition tests.JMIR Res Protoc. 2017;6(9):e169. doi:10.2196/resprot.6727Gardener SL, Rainey-Smith SR, Villemagne VL, et al.Higher coffee consumption is associated with slower cognitive decline and less cerebral Aβ-amyloid accumulation over 126 months: data from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers, and Lifestyle Study.Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:744872. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.744872Mielgo-Ayuso J, Marques-Jiménez D, Refoyo I, Del Coso J, León-Guereño P, Calleja-González J.Effect of caffeine supplementation on sports performance based on differences between sexes: a systematic review.Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2313. doi:10.3390/nu11102313Mendoza MF, Sulague RM, Posas-Mendoza T, Lavie CJ.Impact of coffee consumption on cardiovascular health.Ochsner J. 2023;23(2):152-158. doi:10.31486/toj.22.0073Voskoboinik A, Kalman JM, Kistler PM.Caffeine and arrhythmias: Time to grind the data.JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2018;4(4):425-432. doi:10.1016/j.jacep.2018.01.012Kolb H, Martin S, Kempf K.Coffee and lower risk of type 2 diabetes: arguments for a causal relationship.Nutrients. 2021;13(4):1144. doi:10.3390/nu13041144USDA FoodData Central.Beverages, coffee, brewed, prepared with tap water.USDA FoodData Central.Beverages, tea, black, brewed, prepared with tap water.USDA FoodData Central.Beverages, tea, green, brewed, regular.USDA FoodData Central.Chocolate, dark, 45-59% cacao solids.USDA FoodData Central.Chocolate, dark, 70-85% cacao solids.USDA FoodData Central.Candies, milk chocolate.Olechno E, Puścion-Jakubik A, Zujko ME, Socha K.Influence of various factors on caffeine content in coffee brews.Foods. 2021;10(6):1208. doi:10.3390/foods10061208Rodak K, Kokot I, Kratz EM.Caffeine as a factor influencing the functioning of the human body-friend or foe?.Nutrients. 2021;13(9):3088. doi:10.3390/nu13093088CDC.Caffeine.Kapellou A, King A, Graham CAM, Pilic L, Mavrommatis Y.Genetics of caffeine and brain-related outcomes - a systematic review of observational studies and randomized trials.Nutr Rev. 2023;81(12):1571-1598. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuad029Mahdavi S, Palatini P, El-Sohemy A.CYP1A2genetic variation, coffee intake, and kidney dysfunction.JAMA Netw Open.2023;6(1):e2247868. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.47868American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.Caffeine and children.USDA.Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020-2025.Amer SA, AlAmri FA, AlRadini FA, et al.Caffeine addiction and determinants of caffeine consumption among health care providers: a descriptive national study.Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2023;27(8):3230-3242. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202304_32093
Temple JL, Bernard C, Lipshultz SE, et al.The safety of ingested caffeine: a comprehensive review.Front Psychiatry. 2017;8:80. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00080
Abalo R.Coffee and caffeine consumption for human health.Nutrients. 2021;13(9):2918. doi:10.3390/nu13092918
Morton K, Knight K, Kalman D, Hewlings S.A prospective randomized, double-blind, two-period crossover pharmacokinetic trial comparing green coffee bean extract-a botanically sourced caffeine-with a synthetic USP control.Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2018;7(8):871-879. doi:10.1002/cpdd.451
Cappelletti S, Piacentino D, Sani G, Aromatario M.Caffeine: cognitive and physical performance enhancer or psychoactive drug?Curr Neuropharmacol. 2015;13(1):71-88. doi:10.2174/1570159X13666141210215655
MedlinePlus.Caffeine.
National Library of Medicine - PubChem.Caffeine.
Samoggia A, Rezzaghi T.The consumption of caffeine-containing products to enhance sports performance: an application of an extended model of the theory of planned behavior.Nutrients. 2021;13(2):344. doi:10.3390/nu13020344
Olechno E, Puścion-Jakubik A, Socha K, Zujko ME.Coffee brews: are they a source of macroelements in human nutrition?.Foods. 2021;10(6):1328. doi:10.3390/foods10061328
LIczbiński P, Bukowska B.Tea and coffee polyphenols and their biological properties based on the latestin vitroinvestigations.Ind Crops Prod. 2022;175:114265. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114265
Pasman WJ, Boessen R, Donner Y, Clabbers N, Boorsma A.Effect of caffeine on attention and alertness measured in a home-setting, using web-based cognition tests.JMIR Res Protoc. 2017;6(9):e169. doi:10.2196/resprot.6727
Gardener SL, Rainey-Smith SR, Villemagne VL, et al.Higher coffee consumption is associated with slower cognitive decline and less cerebral Aβ-amyloid accumulation over 126 months: data from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers, and Lifestyle Study.Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:744872. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.744872
Mielgo-Ayuso J, Marques-Jiménez D, Refoyo I, Del Coso J, León-Guereño P, Calleja-González J.Effect of caffeine supplementation on sports performance based on differences between sexes: a systematic review.Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2313. doi:10.3390/nu11102313
Mendoza MF, Sulague RM, Posas-Mendoza T, Lavie CJ.Impact of coffee consumption on cardiovascular health.Ochsner J. 2023;23(2):152-158. doi:10.31486/toj.22.0073
Voskoboinik A, Kalman JM, Kistler PM.Caffeine and arrhythmias: Time to grind the data.JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2018;4(4):425-432. doi:10.1016/j.jacep.2018.01.012
Kolb H, Martin S, Kempf K.Coffee and lower risk of type 2 diabetes: arguments for a causal relationship.Nutrients. 2021;13(4):1144. doi:10.3390/nu13041144
USDA FoodData Central.Beverages, coffee, brewed, prepared with tap water.
USDA FoodData Central.Beverages, tea, black, brewed, prepared with tap water.
USDA FoodData Central.Beverages, tea, green, brewed, regular.
USDA FoodData Central.Chocolate, dark, 45-59% cacao solids.
USDA FoodData Central.Chocolate, dark, 70-85% cacao solids.
USDA FoodData Central.Candies, milk chocolate.
Olechno E, Puścion-Jakubik A, Zujko ME, Socha K.Influence of various factors on caffeine content in coffee brews.Foods. 2021;10(6):1208. doi:10.3390/foods10061208
Rodak K, Kokot I, Kratz EM.Caffeine as a factor influencing the functioning of the human body-friend or foe?.Nutrients. 2021;13(9):3088. doi:10.3390/nu13093088
CDC.Caffeine.
Kapellou A, King A, Graham CAM, Pilic L, Mavrommatis Y.Genetics of caffeine and brain-related outcomes - a systematic review of observational studies and randomized trials.Nutr Rev. 2023;81(12):1571-1598. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuad029
Mahdavi S, Palatini P, El-Sohemy A.CYP1A2genetic variation, coffee intake, and kidney dysfunction.JAMA Netw Open.2023;6(1):e2247868. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.47868
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.Caffeine and children.
USDA.Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020-2025.
Amer SA, AlAmri FA, AlRadini FA, et al.Caffeine addiction and determinants of caffeine consumption among health care providers: a descriptive national study.Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2023;27(8):3230-3242. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202304_32093
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