Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsNutrition & GoutGout SupplementsVitamins to AvoidHerbs for Gout
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Nutrition & Gout
Gout Supplements
Vitamins to Avoid
Herbs for Gout
Nutritional deficiencies don’t cause gout, but people with gout often have them. Research indicates that adding supplements such asmethylsulfonylmethane(MSM), folic acid, and vitamins C, D, and B12 to the diet may help control the high uric acid levels associated with gout.This is especially true for people who lack these nutrients in their diets.
However, while some supplements may improve gout symptoms, others may make symptoms worse. More studies are needed to confirm the effects of supplements on gout.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs. That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or pharmacist.
Getty Images / The Good Brigade
What is gout?
Nutrition plays a crucial role in the development and management of gout.
Research suggests that an overall well-balanced diet may reduce the risk of gout. Certain nutrients, like vitamins, minerals,fiber, and unsaturated fats, are highly recommended for gout prevention.
A diet high inpurines, however, may increase your risk of gout or make gout symptoms worse. Purines are substances found both naturally in the body and in certain foods. In the body, purines are broken down into uric acid, which can cause gout if levels become too high.
Although a purine-rich diet doesn’t always lead to gout, it does increase the risk. Purines are abundant in red meats, organ meats, and certain types of seafood.
Additionally, a diet high ina type of sugar called fructosemay increase your chance of getting gout. This is because your body breaks fructose down into purines. Fructose is naturally found in fruits. It is also added to high-fructose corn syrup.
If you’re diagnosed with gout, it’s important to avoid foods and nutrients that may induce flare-ups. It’s also important to include nutrients that may lower levels of purines and uric acid.
There is evidence to suggest that diets high in vitamins and minerals from fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and plant-based proteins may keep uric acid levels at bay and, thus, reduce the risk of gout.
Foods to Eat and Avoid With Gout
Who Should Take Supplements for Gout?
Some people may benefit from taking dietary supplements for gout. Although research is still emerging, some supplements show promise in helping to alleviate gout symptoms and/or prevent flare-ups for some people.
Nutrient deficiencies are not known to cause gout. However, researchers suspect that people with gout are more likely to have lowvitamin Dandvitamin B12due to dietary choices or to health conditions often associated with gout. Gout supplements may be most helpful to those with nutritional deficiencies that should be corrected.
Fish Oil
Fish oil is a source ofomega-3 fatty acids, which are essentialpolyunsaturatedfats that are important to various aspects of health.
In a small pilot study, 40 people with gout were randomized to receive either 6.2 grams (g) of daily fish oil or nothing for 24 weeks. The study results showed no significant changes in uric acid levels among those who took fish oil supplements.
In an observational study, high consumption of omega-3 fatty acid–rich fish was associated with fewer gout flares. However, taking fish oil supplements alone was not shown to decrease gout flares.
As can be seen, current research doesn’t support using fish oil supplements for gout. However, there may be benefits to consuming foods that contain omega-3 fatty acids, such as fatty fish,flaxseed,walnuts, and certain plant oils.
Overall, more research is needed in this area.
This photo contains content that some people may find graphic or disturbing.See PhotoAcute gout tophi.DermNet / CC BY-NC-ND
This photo contains content that some people may find graphic or disturbing.See Photo
This photo contains content that some people may find graphic or disturbing.
DermNet / CC BY-NC-ND
Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM)
Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is a sulfur-containing chemical found in humans as well as certain plants and animals.
MSM is commonly used in supplement form for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
In human research, MSM has been found to reduce uric acid levels. However, much of the research has been carried out on athletes rather than people with gout.
Other studies have shown thatMSM supplementationreduces pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis, another form of arthritis.MSM has not been investigated regarding its effects on gout.
Aside from most anecdotal evidence, more scientific evidence is needed on MSM for gout.
Folic Acid
A diet that is rich infolic acid(a B vitamin) may reduce uric acid levels and prevent gout, at least according to some research.
Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) revealed that men with higher intakes of folic acid and folate (another form of vitamin B9) had lower instances of hyperuricemia. In females, a higher intake of folate and not folic acid was found to reduce hyperuricemia risk.
However, there is limited research on the direct effect of folic acid on gout.
Folate and folic acid are available in mostly plant-based foods like spinach, legumes, grains, and avocados.
Vitamin C
Due to its antioxidant properties,vitamin C(found in bell peppers, citrus, broccoli, strawberries, and other produce) has been studied as a potential treatment option for gout.
According to one literature review, several studies have shown an inverse relationship between vitamin C intake (food or supplements) and uric acid levels. In other words, high serum vitamin C levels tend to be associated with low serum uric acid levels.
A meta-analysis of studies on vitamin C supplementation for gout also found promising results. Per the meta-analysis,vitamin C supplementationmay reduce serum uric acid and, thus, the risk of gout. These results were most significant in those younger than 65 years old.
Vitamin D
Vitamin D from supplements or foods may be beneficial for gout prevention and management. Vitamin D can be found in foods like dairy, certain fish, mushrooms, and fortified foods.
Based on information from the NHANES, researchers reported that vitamin D consumption may decrease uric acid levels in males and females. While males were shown to have benefited from both food and supplement sources of vitamin D, females only benefited from food sources.
A small study on the effects ofvitamin D supplementationon uric acid found more promising results. In the study, 71 adults with prediabetes (people with blood sugar levels not quite high enough to be considered type 2 diabetes) were given either vitamin D2, vitamin D3, or nothing for 12 weeks. Those who usedeither formof vitamin D experienced decreased uric acid levels.
Stronger studies should be conducted to determine if vitamin D plays a role in gout.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 performs many important functions in the body and can be found in many animal-based foods and fortified foods.
Some research shows that people with gout may be more likely to bedeficient in vitamin B12.
Vitamin B12 levels were found to be inversely related to uric acid levels in an NHANES study on B vitamins. Per the study, however, vitamin B12 intake was only associated with lower levels of serum uric acid in males and not females.
Few other studies exist on vitamin B12 and gout.
What Vitamins to Avoid With Gout
Some vitamins and other nutrients may make gout worse.
Niacin, also known as vitamin B3, is found in foods and supplements and may increase uric acid levels and make gout worse.
Healthcare professionals sometimes prescribe niacin for certain health conditions, like heart disease. However, there is some evidence that niacin may inhibit an enzyme that acts on uric acid, which may lead to uric acid buildup.
Nicotinic acid, a derivative of niacin, has also been found to increase uric acid levels and even induce gout. These effects have been seen with varying doses of nicotinic acid.
Another vitamin to be careful of is vitamin A.
Although evidence isn’t solid, it’s thought thatvitamin Amay also increase uric acid levels, which could cause gout or make symptoms worse. According to one NHANES, people with high serum vitamin A were more likely to have hyperuricemia than those with low serum vitamin A.
While more research is needed to confirm the effects of niacin and vitamin A on gout, it’s best to talk with a healthcare professional about these vitamins if you have gout.
You may consider herbs instead of dietary supplements when it comes to treating your gout.
While dietary supplements typically contain vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients, herbal supplements contain herbs from plants. Herbs are often used as complementary or alternative treatments for health conditions like gout, most commonly intraditional Chinese medicine (TCM).
Variousherbs for gouthave been studied for their potential roles in gout treatment or prevention. Study results are mixed, however, and research is still emerging.
Herbs that have been studied for their use in gout include:
These and other herbs can be found in various forms, including teas, capsules, and tinctures.
Be sure to check with a healthcare provider before using herbs for gout. Many herbs interact with medications or other supplements and may not be safe for everyone.
Summary
Gout is a type of inflammatory arthritis that occurs when uric acid levels are too high in the body. Some supplements for gout may reduce symptoms and prevent flare-ups. Many gout supplements contain vitamins and minerals, but other nutrients or herbs may also provide benefits.
If you’re interested in taking supplements or herbs for gout, talk with a healthcare provider to learn more.
26 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Yokose C, McCormick N, Choi HK.The role of diet in hyperuricemia and gout.Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2021;33(2):135-144. doi:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000779Zhang Y, Chen S, Yuan M, Xu Y, Xu H.Gout and diet: A comprehensive review of mechanisms and management.Nutrients. 2022; 14(17):3525. doi:10.3390/nu14173525National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Gout.Zhang Y, Chen S, Yuan M, Xu Y, Xu H.Gout and diet: a comprehensive review of mechanisms and management.Nutrients. 2022;14(17):3525. doi:10.3390/nu14173525Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Gout.Jamnik J, Rehman S, Blanco Mejia S, et al.Fructose intake and risk of gout and hyperuricemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.BMJ Open. 2016;6(10):e013191. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013191Yokose C, McCormick N, Choi HK.The role of diet in hyperuricemia and gout.Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2021;33(2):135-144. doi:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000779Yandı YE, Gencer E, Kılavuz B, et al.Cyanocobalamin and 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in gout patients: an overlooked issue.OJRA. 2016;6(4):96-101. doi:10.4236/ojra.2016.64015Stamp LK, Grainger R, Frampton C, Drake J, Hill CL.Effect of omega-three supplementation on serum urate and gout flares in people with gout; a pilot randomized trial.BMC Rheumatol. 2022;6(1):31. doi:10.1186/s41927-022-00263-1Zhang M, Zhang Y, Terkeltaub R, Chen C, Neogi T.Effect of dietary and supplemental omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on risk of recurrent gout flares.Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71(9):1580-1586. doi:10.1002/art.40896MedlinePlus.Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM).Butawan M, Benjamin RL, Bloomer RJ.Methylsulfonylmethane: applications and safety of a novel dietary supplement.Nutrients. 2017;9(3):290. doi:10.3390/nu9030290Zhang Y, Qiu H.Folate, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 intake in relation to hyperuricemia.J Clin Med. 2018;7(8):210. doi:10.3390/jcm7080210Brzezińska O, Styrzyński F, Makowska J, Walczak K.Role of vitamin C in prophylaxis and treatment of gout-a literature review.Nutrients. 2021;13(2):701. doi:10.3390/nu13020701National Institute of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin C.Zhang YY, Qiu HB, Tian JW.Association between vitamin D and hyperuricemia among adults in the United States.Front Nutr. 2020;7:592777. doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.592777Nimitphong H, Saetung S, Chailurkit LO, Chanprasertyothin S, Ongphiphadhanakul B.Vitamin D supplementation is associated with serum uric acid concentration in patients with prediabetes and hyperuricemia.J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2021;24:100255. doi:10.1016/j.jcte.2021.100255Song WL, FitzGerald GA.Niacin, an old drug with a new twist.J Lipid Res. 2013;54(10):2586-2594. doi:10.1194/jlr.R040592Ben Salem C, Slim R, Fathallah N, Hmouda H.Drug-induced hyperuricaemia and gout.Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017;56(5):679-688. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kew293Ford ES, Choi HK.Associations between concentrations of uric acid with concentrations of vitamin A and beta-carotene among adults in the United States.Nutr Res. 2013;33(12):995-1002. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2013.08.008Liang H, Deng P, Ma YF, et al.Advances in experimental and clinical research of the gouty arthritis treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021;2021:8698232. doi:10.1155/2021/8698232Mashhadi NS, Ghiasvand R, Askari G, Hariri M, Darvishi L, Mofid MR.Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of ginger in health and physical activity: review of current evidence.Int J Prev Med. 2013;4(Suppl 1):S36-S42.Chen PE, Liu CY, Chien WH, Chien CW, Tung TH.Effectiveness of cherries in reducing uric acid and gout: a systematic review.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019;2019:9896757. doi:10.1155/2019/9896757Li S, Li L, Yan H, et al.Anti‑gouty arthritis and anti‑hyperuricemia properties of celery seed extracts in rodent models.Mol Med Rep. 2019;20(5):4623-4633. doi:10.3892/mmr.2019.10708Montalvo-González E, Villagrán Z, González-Torres S, et al.Physiological effects and human health benefits ofHibiscus sabdariffa: a review of clinical trials.Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022;15(4):464. doi:10.3390/ph15040464Hou B, Wang W, Gao H, Cai S, Wang C.Effects of aqueous extract of Arctium lappa L. roots on serum lipid metabolism.J Int Med Res. 2018;46(1):158-167. doi:10.1177/0300060517716341
26 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Yokose C, McCormick N, Choi HK.The role of diet in hyperuricemia and gout.Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2021;33(2):135-144. doi:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000779Zhang Y, Chen S, Yuan M, Xu Y, Xu H.Gout and diet: A comprehensive review of mechanisms and management.Nutrients. 2022; 14(17):3525. doi:10.3390/nu14173525National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Gout.Zhang Y, Chen S, Yuan M, Xu Y, Xu H.Gout and diet: a comprehensive review of mechanisms and management.Nutrients. 2022;14(17):3525. doi:10.3390/nu14173525Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Gout.Jamnik J, Rehman S, Blanco Mejia S, et al.Fructose intake and risk of gout and hyperuricemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.BMJ Open. 2016;6(10):e013191. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013191Yokose C, McCormick N, Choi HK.The role of diet in hyperuricemia and gout.Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2021;33(2):135-144. doi:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000779Yandı YE, Gencer E, Kılavuz B, et al.Cyanocobalamin and 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in gout patients: an overlooked issue.OJRA. 2016;6(4):96-101. doi:10.4236/ojra.2016.64015Stamp LK, Grainger R, Frampton C, Drake J, Hill CL.Effect of omega-three supplementation on serum urate and gout flares in people with gout; a pilot randomized trial.BMC Rheumatol. 2022;6(1):31. doi:10.1186/s41927-022-00263-1Zhang M, Zhang Y, Terkeltaub R, Chen C, Neogi T.Effect of dietary and supplemental omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on risk of recurrent gout flares.Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71(9):1580-1586. doi:10.1002/art.40896MedlinePlus.Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM).Butawan M, Benjamin RL, Bloomer RJ.Methylsulfonylmethane: applications and safety of a novel dietary supplement.Nutrients. 2017;9(3):290. doi:10.3390/nu9030290Zhang Y, Qiu H.Folate, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 intake in relation to hyperuricemia.J Clin Med. 2018;7(8):210. doi:10.3390/jcm7080210Brzezińska O, Styrzyński F, Makowska J, Walczak K.Role of vitamin C in prophylaxis and treatment of gout-a literature review.Nutrients. 2021;13(2):701. doi:10.3390/nu13020701National Institute of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin C.Zhang YY, Qiu HB, Tian JW.Association between vitamin D and hyperuricemia among adults in the United States.Front Nutr. 2020;7:592777. doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.592777Nimitphong H, Saetung S, Chailurkit LO, Chanprasertyothin S, Ongphiphadhanakul B.Vitamin D supplementation is associated with serum uric acid concentration in patients with prediabetes and hyperuricemia.J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2021;24:100255. doi:10.1016/j.jcte.2021.100255Song WL, FitzGerald GA.Niacin, an old drug with a new twist.J Lipid Res. 2013;54(10):2586-2594. doi:10.1194/jlr.R040592Ben Salem C, Slim R, Fathallah N, Hmouda H.Drug-induced hyperuricaemia and gout.Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017;56(5):679-688. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kew293Ford ES, Choi HK.Associations between concentrations of uric acid with concentrations of vitamin A and beta-carotene among adults in the United States.Nutr Res. 2013;33(12):995-1002. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2013.08.008Liang H, Deng P, Ma YF, et al.Advances in experimental and clinical research of the gouty arthritis treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021;2021:8698232. doi:10.1155/2021/8698232Mashhadi NS, Ghiasvand R, Askari G, Hariri M, Darvishi L, Mofid MR.Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of ginger in health and physical activity: review of current evidence.Int J Prev Med. 2013;4(Suppl 1):S36-S42.Chen PE, Liu CY, Chien WH, Chien CW, Tung TH.Effectiveness of cherries in reducing uric acid and gout: a systematic review.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019;2019:9896757. doi:10.1155/2019/9896757Li S, Li L, Yan H, et al.Anti‑gouty arthritis and anti‑hyperuricemia properties of celery seed extracts in rodent models.Mol Med Rep. 2019;20(5):4623-4633. doi:10.3892/mmr.2019.10708Montalvo-González E, Villagrán Z, González-Torres S, et al.Physiological effects and human health benefits ofHibiscus sabdariffa: a review of clinical trials.Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022;15(4):464. doi:10.3390/ph15040464Hou B, Wang W, Gao H, Cai S, Wang C.Effects of aqueous extract of Arctium lappa L. roots on serum lipid metabolism.J Int Med Res. 2018;46(1):158-167. doi:10.1177/0300060517716341
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Yokose C, McCormick N, Choi HK.The role of diet in hyperuricemia and gout.Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2021;33(2):135-144. doi:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000779Zhang Y, Chen S, Yuan M, Xu Y, Xu H.Gout and diet: A comprehensive review of mechanisms and management.Nutrients. 2022; 14(17):3525. doi:10.3390/nu14173525National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Gout.Zhang Y, Chen S, Yuan M, Xu Y, Xu H.Gout and diet: a comprehensive review of mechanisms and management.Nutrients. 2022;14(17):3525. doi:10.3390/nu14173525Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Gout.Jamnik J, Rehman S, Blanco Mejia S, et al.Fructose intake and risk of gout and hyperuricemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.BMJ Open. 2016;6(10):e013191. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013191Yokose C, McCormick N, Choi HK.The role of diet in hyperuricemia and gout.Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2021;33(2):135-144. doi:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000779Yandı YE, Gencer E, Kılavuz B, et al.Cyanocobalamin and 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in gout patients: an overlooked issue.OJRA. 2016;6(4):96-101. doi:10.4236/ojra.2016.64015Stamp LK, Grainger R, Frampton C, Drake J, Hill CL.Effect of omega-three supplementation on serum urate and gout flares in people with gout; a pilot randomized trial.BMC Rheumatol. 2022;6(1):31. doi:10.1186/s41927-022-00263-1Zhang M, Zhang Y, Terkeltaub R, Chen C, Neogi T.Effect of dietary and supplemental omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on risk of recurrent gout flares.Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71(9):1580-1586. doi:10.1002/art.40896MedlinePlus.Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM).Butawan M, Benjamin RL, Bloomer RJ.Methylsulfonylmethane: applications and safety of a novel dietary supplement.Nutrients. 2017;9(3):290. doi:10.3390/nu9030290Zhang Y, Qiu H.Folate, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 intake in relation to hyperuricemia.J Clin Med. 2018;7(8):210. doi:10.3390/jcm7080210Brzezińska O, Styrzyński F, Makowska J, Walczak K.Role of vitamin C in prophylaxis and treatment of gout-a literature review.Nutrients. 2021;13(2):701. doi:10.3390/nu13020701National Institute of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin C.Zhang YY, Qiu HB, Tian JW.Association between vitamin D and hyperuricemia among adults in the United States.Front Nutr. 2020;7:592777. doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.592777Nimitphong H, Saetung S, Chailurkit LO, Chanprasertyothin S, Ongphiphadhanakul B.Vitamin D supplementation is associated with serum uric acid concentration in patients with prediabetes and hyperuricemia.J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2021;24:100255. doi:10.1016/j.jcte.2021.100255Song WL, FitzGerald GA.Niacin, an old drug with a new twist.J Lipid Res. 2013;54(10):2586-2594. doi:10.1194/jlr.R040592Ben Salem C, Slim R, Fathallah N, Hmouda H.Drug-induced hyperuricaemia and gout.Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017;56(5):679-688. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kew293Ford ES, Choi HK.Associations between concentrations of uric acid with concentrations of vitamin A and beta-carotene among adults in the United States.Nutr Res. 2013;33(12):995-1002. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2013.08.008Liang H, Deng P, Ma YF, et al.Advances in experimental and clinical research of the gouty arthritis treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021;2021:8698232. doi:10.1155/2021/8698232Mashhadi NS, Ghiasvand R, Askari G, Hariri M, Darvishi L, Mofid MR.Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of ginger in health and physical activity: review of current evidence.Int J Prev Med. 2013;4(Suppl 1):S36-S42.Chen PE, Liu CY, Chien WH, Chien CW, Tung TH.Effectiveness of cherries in reducing uric acid and gout: a systematic review.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019;2019:9896757. doi:10.1155/2019/9896757Li S, Li L, Yan H, et al.Anti‑gouty arthritis and anti‑hyperuricemia properties of celery seed extracts in rodent models.Mol Med Rep. 2019;20(5):4623-4633. doi:10.3892/mmr.2019.10708Montalvo-González E, Villagrán Z, González-Torres S, et al.Physiological effects and human health benefits ofHibiscus sabdariffa: a review of clinical trials.Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022;15(4):464. doi:10.3390/ph15040464Hou B, Wang W, Gao H, Cai S, Wang C.Effects of aqueous extract of Arctium lappa L. roots on serum lipid metabolism.J Int Med Res. 2018;46(1):158-167. doi:10.1177/0300060517716341
Yokose C, McCormick N, Choi HK.The role of diet in hyperuricemia and gout.Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2021;33(2):135-144. doi:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000779
Zhang Y, Chen S, Yuan M, Xu Y, Xu H.Gout and diet: A comprehensive review of mechanisms and management.Nutrients. 2022; 14(17):3525. doi:10.3390/nu14173525
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Gout.
Zhang Y, Chen S, Yuan M, Xu Y, Xu H.Gout and diet: a comprehensive review of mechanisms and management.Nutrients. 2022;14(17):3525. doi:10.3390/nu14173525
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Gout.
Jamnik J, Rehman S, Blanco Mejia S, et al.Fructose intake and risk of gout and hyperuricemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.BMJ Open. 2016;6(10):e013191. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013191
Yandı YE, Gencer E, Kılavuz B, et al.Cyanocobalamin and 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in gout patients: an overlooked issue.OJRA. 2016;6(4):96-101. doi:10.4236/ojra.2016.64015
Stamp LK, Grainger R, Frampton C, Drake J, Hill CL.Effect of omega-three supplementation on serum urate and gout flares in people with gout; a pilot randomized trial.BMC Rheumatol. 2022;6(1):31. doi:10.1186/s41927-022-00263-1
Zhang M, Zhang Y, Terkeltaub R, Chen C, Neogi T.Effect of dietary and supplemental omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on risk of recurrent gout flares.Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71(9):1580-1586. doi:10.1002/art.40896
MedlinePlus.Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM).
Butawan M, Benjamin RL, Bloomer RJ.Methylsulfonylmethane: applications and safety of a novel dietary supplement.Nutrients. 2017;9(3):290. doi:10.3390/nu9030290
Zhang Y, Qiu H.Folate, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 intake in relation to hyperuricemia.J Clin Med. 2018;7(8):210. doi:10.3390/jcm7080210
Brzezińska O, Styrzyński F, Makowska J, Walczak K.Role of vitamin C in prophylaxis and treatment of gout-a literature review.Nutrients. 2021;13(2):701. doi:10.3390/nu13020701
National Institute of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin C.
Zhang YY, Qiu HB, Tian JW.Association between vitamin D and hyperuricemia among adults in the United States.Front Nutr. 2020;7:592777. doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.592777
Nimitphong H, Saetung S, Chailurkit LO, Chanprasertyothin S, Ongphiphadhanakul B.Vitamin D supplementation is associated with serum uric acid concentration in patients with prediabetes and hyperuricemia.J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2021;24:100255. doi:10.1016/j.jcte.2021.100255
Song WL, FitzGerald GA.Niacin, an old drug with a new twist.J Lipid Res. 2013;54(10):2586-2594. doi:10.1194/jlr.R040592
Ben Salem C, Slim R, Fathallah N, Hmouda H.Drug-induced hyperuricaemia and gout.Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017;56(5):679-688. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kew293
Ford ES, Choi HK.Associations between concentrations of uric acid with concentrations of vitamin A and beta-carotene among adults in the United States.Nutr Res. 2013;33(12):995-1002. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2013.08.008
Liang H, Deng P, Ma YF, et al.Advances in experimental and clinical research of the gouty arthritis treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021;2021:8698232. doi:10.1155/2021/8698232
Mashhadi NS, Ghiasvand R, Askari G, Hariri M, Darvishi L, Mofid MR.Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of ginger in health and physical activity: review of current evidence.Int J Prev Med. 2013;4(Suppl 1):S36-S42.
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