Over time, the quality of the food you eat affects joint health. Sugary sodas and high salt use may increase arthritis risk, while an anti-inflammatory or Mediterranean-type diet with fresh produce and lean proteins may offer benefits.As you consider diet, talk with your healthcare provider about food and nutrition before making any changes.
Foods to Avoid
Researchers have studied the relationship between osteoarthritis progression and nutrition. They found that following a Western diet—high in red meat, sugar, fat, salt, and refined grains—was associated with increased progression of osteoarthritis and high rates of obesity.
Below are eight foods that are associated with increased inflammation that people with osteoarthritis should limit or avoid:
1. Sugar
Added sugar is present in many processed foods, like baked goods, sugar-sweetened beverages, and candy. Condiments like barbeque sauce also contain large amounts of added sugar.
Research has associated excessive sugar intake with increased inflammation and a higher likelihood of becoming obese, which can undermine the health of your joints.
2. Salt
Salt is an important part of a healthy diet because it helps your body function properly. Too much salt can cause you to retain too much fluid, and steroids used to treat arthritis can make you retain more salt. Salt can increase inflammation and swelling in the joints.
Most dietary sodium (about 70%) comes from processed and prepared foods. So an easy way to keep your sodium intake in check is to check the nutrition labels on the food you buy.
Use the “% of daily value” (DV) column as a tool as you shop. Five percent DV or less of sodium is low; 20% or more is too high.
3. Saturated Fat and Trans Fats
A diet high in saturated fat is associated with increased inflammation in the body. Foods that are high in saturated fat include butter, red meat, processed meats, full-fat dairy, fast food, fried foods, and coconut.
Small amounts of trans fatty acids naturally occur in some animal products. It can also be artificially created during processing and is used to add texture and flavor, and extend shelf life.
Trans fat increases “bad cholesterol” levels (low-density lipoprotein, or LDL). It has been closely linked with systemic inflammation.
4. Refined Carbs
During processing, fiber and nutrients are removed from grains, leaving them without most of their nutritional value. White flour and rice are simple carbs, which are more easily digested and absorbed into the bloodstream, causing spikes in blood sugar.
Many foods with refined grains—such as breakfast cereals, baked goods, snacks, and sweets—are highly processed with added sugar, salt, and fat. They all spell bad news for people with osteoarthritis.
5. Omega-6 Fatty Acids
There are two main polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet: omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids. Each has a different effect on the body.
Omega-3 fatty acids produce anti-inflammatory properties while omega-6 fatty acids are pro-inflammatory.Certain oils, including soybean and canola, contain a lot of omega-6 fatty acids that may contribute to inflammation.
6. Dairy
Full-fat dairy products are high in saturated fats and are associated with increased levels of inflammation.Cheese, whole milk, cream, and butter are all high in saturated fat.
In addition to being high in fat, some dairy products—like ice cream, sweetened yogurt, and chocolate milk—are also high in sugar. The combination of being high in fat and sugar makes these types of dairy products more inflammatory.
7. Alcohol
Chronic alcohol intake is associated with systemic inflammation that affects organs in the body over time.
The CDC recommends a moderate alcohol intake to reduce short- and long-term health risks, or no more than one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men.
Some alcoholic drinks are also high in sugar, which adds to their inflammatory effect.
8. MSG
Monosodium glutamate (MSG)is a food additive that acts as a flavor enhancer. It is often used in Chinese food, soups, processed meats, and canned foods.
Some research studies have hinted at a possible relationship between MSG and negative health effects like headaches, sweating, nausea, inflammation, and weakness.
Research is inconclusive about the effects of MSG. But if you’re experiencing a lot of inflammation, you could try limiting MSG in your diet and then watch closely for any changes in how you feel.
Foods to Choose
Researchers have demonstrated that nutrient-rich foods that provide antioxidants and limit inflammation may slow the progression of osteoarthritis.
1. Omega-3 fatty acids
Foods that contain omega-3 fatty acids are thought to have beneficial effects with OA.Good sources of omega-3 fatty acids include salmon and other fish sources, like sardines.You also can add omega-3 fatty acids to your diet with some plant-based foods, including walnuts and spinach.
Omega-3 fatty acid supplements also are available.
2. Fruits and Vegetables
Fruits and vegetables may help to reduce inflammation. Many foods also containpolyphenols, which serve as antioxidants in the body. These foods include:
Nightshade plants, including tomatoes, peppers, eggplant, and potatoes, also may offer anti-inflammatory benefits.Products like pomegranate juice provideanthocyaninsthat also may limit pain symptoms in OA.
3. Whole Grains
Your grain choices can contribute to inflammation. Refined grains, such as white bread and white rice, have the bran and germ removed during processing. Better choices for an anti-inflammatory diet can include:
4. Lean Protein
Nuts and seeds are good choices, as are poultry, eggs, fish, and legumes (beans and lentils) common to the Mediterranean diet. In addition to managing weight and providing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits, there’s some evidence that the foods can help limit metabolic syndrome issues.
What Is the Mediterranean Diet?
5. Vitamins and Minerals
More study is needed to understand how diet and nutrition affect OA, but there’s some evidence that specific nutrients might help to limit damage tocartilageand pain symptoms. They include:
On the other hand, foods high in iron and copper may prove harmful in managing OA.
6. Herbal Supplements
Researchers report that some 69% of people diagnosed with OA use a nutraceutical (food or nutrition product) as part of their care. A 2021 review of 42 clinical trials found benefits with a number of supplements including:
Studies also suggest that garlic may have anti-inflammatory benefits for people living with OA, but more research is needed to understand the effects.
Be sure to talk with your healthcare provider about supplement use that may affect your other health conditions or medications you use. Also keep in mind that more research is needed to identify and understand the benefits of supplement use.
Summary
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that is often called “wear and tear” arthritis. Obesity is a risk factor for osteoarthritis because extra weight places stress on the joints.
It’s important to consider diet when you have osteoarthritis because the wrong food can cause more than weight gain; it can also lead to inflammation, which puts pressure on the joints. Talk with your healthcare provider about diet, nutrition, and other measures to improve OA symptoms.
30 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Colletti A, Cicero AFG.Nutraceutical Approach to Chronic Osteoarthritis: From Molecular Research to Clinical Evidence.Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Nov 29;22(23):12920. doi:10.3390/ijms222312920.Cutolo M, Nikiphorou E.Nutrition and Diet in Rheumatoid Arthritis.Nutrients. 2022 Feb 19;14(4):888. doi:10.3390/nu14040888Xu C, Marchand NE, Driban JB, McAlindon T, Eaton CB, Lu B.Dietary patterns and progression of knee osteoarthritis: data from the osteoarthritis initiative.Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;111(3):667-676. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqz333Satokari R.High intake of sugar and the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory gut bacteria.Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1348. doi:10.3390/nu12051348Arthritis Foundation.How to Eat Less Salt.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Sodium in your diet.Duan Y, Zeng L, Zheng C, et al.Inflammatory links between high fat diets and diseases.Front Immunol. 2018;9. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02649Zhu XF, Hu YQ, Dai ZC, Li XJ, Zhang J.Associations between trans fatty acids and systemic immune-inflammation index: a cross-sectional study.Lipids Health Dis. 2024 Apr 27;23(1):122. doi:10.1186/s12944-024-02109-wInnes JK, Calder PC.Omega-6 fatty acids and inflammation.Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids. 2018;132:41-48. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2018.03.004Jeong HY, Moon YS, Cho KK.ω-6 and ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Inflammation, Obesity and Foods of Animal Resources.Food Sci Anim Resour. 2024 Sep;44(5):988-1010. doi:10.5851/kosfa.2024.e65Vore AS, Deak T.Alcohol, inflammation, and blood-brain barrier function in health and disease across development.Int Rev Neurobiol. 2022;161:209-249. doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2021.06.009Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Moderate alcohol use.Niaz K, Zaplatic E, Spoor J.Extensive use of monosodium glutamate: A threat to public health?Excli J. 2018;17:273-278. doi:10.17179/excli2018-1092Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Osteoarthritis.Kolasinski SL, Neogi T, Hochberg MC, Oatis C, Guyatt G, Block J,et al.2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Osteoarthritis of the Hand, Hip, and Knee.Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2020 Feb;72(2):149-162. doi:10.1002/acr.24131Veronese N, Ragusa FS, Dominguez LJ, Cusumano C, Barbagallo M.Mediterranean diet and osteoarthritis: an update.Aging Clin Exp Res. 2024 Dec 3;36(1):231. doi:10.1007/s40520-024-02883-8U.S. Department of Agriculture FoodData Central.Fish, salmon, Atlantic, wild, raw.U.S. Department of Agriculture FoodData Central.Nuts, walnuts, dry roasted, with salt added.U.S. Department of Agriculture FoodData Central.Spinach, cooked, boiled, drained, without salt.Guasch-Ferré M, Merino J, Sun Q, Fitó M, Salas-Salvadó J.Dietary polyphenols, Mediterranean diet, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes: a narrative review of the evidence.Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:6723931. doi:10.1155/2017/6723931Arthritis Foundation.What you should know about nightshades and arthritis.Arthritis Foundation.Best Grains for Arthritis.American Heart Association.What is the Mediterranean diet?Wei N, Dai Z.The Role of Nutrition in Osteoarthritis: A Literature Review.Clin Geriatr Med. 2022 May;38(2):303-322. doi:10.1016/j.cger.2021.11.006National Institutes of Health.Vitamin C: Fact sheet for health professionals.Benedik E.Sources of vitamin D for humans.Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2022;92(2):118-125. doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000733National Institutes of Health: Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin E: Fact sheet for health professionals.Zhang T, O’Connor C, Sheridan H, Barlow JW.Vitamin K2 in health and disease: a clinical perspective.Foods. 2024;13(11):1646. doi:10.3390/foods13111646National Institutes of Health.Selenium - fact sheet for health professionals.Hernández-Cruz EY, Silva-Islas CA, Maldonado PD, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Carballo-Villalobos AI.Antinociceptive effect of garlic, garlic preparations and derivative compounds.Eur J Pain. 2022 May;26(5):947-964. doi:10.1002/ejp.1935
30 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Colletti A, Cicero AFG.Nutraceutical Approach to Chronic Osteoarthritis: From Molecular Research to Clinical Evidence.Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Nov 29;22(23):12920. doi:10.3390/ijms222312920.Cutolo M, Nikiphorou E.Nutrition and Diet in Rheumatoid Arthritis.Nutrients. 2022 Feb 19;14(4):888. doi:10.3390/nu14040888Xu C, Marchand NE, Driban JB, McAlindon T, Eaton CB, Lu B.Dietary patterns and progression of knee osteoarthritis: data from the osteoarthritis initiative.Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;111(3):667-676. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqz333Satokari R.High intake of sugar and the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory gut bacteria.Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1348. doi:10.3390/nu12051348Arthritis Foundation.How to Eat Less Salt.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Sodium in your diet.Duan Y, Zeng L, Zheng C, et al.Inflammatory links between high fat diets and diseases.Front Immunol. 2018;9. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02649Zhu XF, Hu YQ, Dai ZC, Li XJ, Zhang J.Associations between trans fatty acids and systemic immune-inflammation index: a cross-sectional study.Lipids Health Dis. 2024 Apr 27;23(1):122. doi:10.1186/s12944-024-02109-wInnes JK, Calder PC.Omega-6 fatty acids and inflammation.Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids. 2018;132:41-48. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2018.03.004Jeong HY, Moon YS, Cho KK.ω-6 and ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Inflammation, Obesity and Foods of Animal Resources.Food Sci Anim Resour. 2024 Sep;44(5):988-1010. doi:10.5851/kosfa.2024.e65Vore AS, Deak T.Alcohol, inflammation, and blood-brain barrier function in health and disease across development.Int Rev Neurobiol. 2022;161:209-249. doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2021.06.009Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Moderate alcohol use.Niaz K, Zaplatic E, Spoor J.Extensive use of monosodium glutamate: A threat to public health?Excli J. 2018;17:273-278. doi:10.17179/excli2018-1092Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Osteoarthritis.Kolasinski SL, Neogi T, Hochberg MC, Oatis C, Guyatt G, Block J,et al.2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Osteoarthritis of the Hand, Hip, and Knee.Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2020 Feb;72(2):149-162. doi:10.1002/acr.24131Veronese N, Ragusa FS, Dominguez LJ, Cusumano C, Barbagallo M.Mediterranean diet and osteoarthritis: an update.Aging Clin Exp Res. 2024 Dec 3;36(1):231. doi:10.1007/s40520-024-02883-8U.S. Department of Agriculture FoodData Central.Fish, salmon, Atlantic, wild, raw.U.S. Department of Agriculture FoodData Central.Nuts, walnuts, dry roasted, with salt added.U.S. Department of Agriculture FoodData Central.Spinach, cooked, boiled, drained, without salt.Guasch-Ferré M, Merino J, Sun Q, Fitó M, Salas-Salvadó J.Dietary polyphenols, Mediterranean diet, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes: a narrative review of the evidence.Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:6723931. doi:10.1155/2017/6723931Arthritis Foundation.What you should know about nightshades and arthritis.Arthritis Foundation.Best Grains for Arthritis.American Heart Association.What is the Mediterranean diet?Wei N, Dai Z.The Role of Nutrition in Osteoarthritis: A Literature Review.Clin Geriatr Med. 2022 May;38(2):303-322. doi:10.1016/j.cger.2021.11.006National Institutes of Health.Vitamin C: Fact sheet for health professionals.Benedik E.Sources of vitamin D for humans.Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2022;92(2):118-125. doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000733National Institutes of Health: Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin E: Fact sheet for health professionals.Zhang T, O’Connor C, Sheridan H, Barlow JW.Vitamin K2 in health and disease: a clinical perspective.Foods. 2024;13(11):1646. doi:10.3390/foods13111646National Institutes of Health.Selenium - fact sheet for health professionals.Hernández-Cruz EY, Silva-Islas CA, Maldonado PD, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Carballo-Villalobos AI.Antinociceptive effect of garlic, garlic preparations and derivative compounds.Eur J Pain. 2022 May;26(5):947-964. doi:10.1002/ejp.1935
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Colletti A, Cicero AFG.Nutraceutical Approach to Chronic Osteoarthritis: From Molecular Research to Clinical Evidence.Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Nov 29;22(23):12920. doi:10.3390/ijms222312920.Cutolo M, Nikiphorou E.Nutrition and Diet in Rheumatoid Arthritis.Nutrients. 2022 Feb 19;14(4):888. doi:10.3390/nu14040888Xu C, Marchand NE, Driban JB, McAlindon T, Eaton CB, Lu B.Dietary patterns and progression of knee osteoarthritis: data from the osteoarthritis initiative.Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;111(3):667-676. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqz333Satokari R.High intake of sugar and the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory gut bacteria.Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1348. doi:10.3390/nu12051348Arthritis Foundation.How to Eat Less Salt.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Sodium in your diet.Duan Y, Zeng L, Zheng C, et al.Inflammatory links between high fat diets and diseases.Front Immunol. 2018;9. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02649Zhu XF, Hu YQ, Dai ZC, Li XJ, Zhang J.Associations between trans fatty acids and systemic immune-inflammation index: a cross-sectional study.Lipids Health Dis. 2024 Apr 27;23(1):122. doi:10.1186/s12944-024-02109-wInnes JK, Calder PC.Omega-6 fatty acids and inflammation.Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids. 2018;132:41-48. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2018.03.004Jeong HY, Moon YS, Cho KK.ω-6 and ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Inflammation, Obesity and Foods of Animal Resources.Food Sci Anim Resour. 2024 Sep;44(5):988-1010. doi:10.5851/kosfa.2024.e65Vore AS, Deak T.Alcohol, inflammation, and blood-brain barrier function in health and disease across development.Int Rev Neurobiol. 2022;161:209-249. doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2021.06.009Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Moderate alcohol use.Niaz K, Zaplatic E, Spoor J.Extensive use of monosodium glutamate: A threat to public health?Excli J. 2018;17:273-278. doi:10.17179/excli2018-1092Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Osteoarthritis.Kolasinski SL, Neogi T, Hochberg MC, Oatis C, Guyatt G, Block J,et al.2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Osteoarthritis of the Hand, Hip, and Knee.Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2020 Feb;72(2):149-162. doi:10.1002/acr.24131Veronese N, Ragusa FS, Dominguez LJ, Cusumano C, Barbagallo M.Mediterranean diet and osteoarthritis: an update.Aging Clin Exp Res. 2024 Dec 3;36(1):231. doi:10.1007/s40520-024-02883-8U.S. Department of Agriculture FoodData Central.Fish, salmon, Atlantic, wild, raw.U.S. Department of Agriculture FoodData Central.Nuts, walnuts, dry roasted, with salt added.U.S. Department of Agriculture FoodData Central.Spinach, cooked, boiled, drained, without salt.Guasch-Ferré M, Merino J, Sun Q, Fitó M, Salas-Salvadó J.Dietary polyphenols, Mediterranean diet, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes: a narrative review of the evidence.Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:6723931. doi:10.1155/2017/6723931Arthritis Foundation.What you should know about nightshades and arthritis.Arthritis Foundation.Best Grains for Arthritis.American Heart Association.What is the Mediterranean diet?Wei N, Dai Z.The Role of Nutrition in Osteoarthritis: A Literature Review.Clin Geriatr Med. 2022 May;38(2):303-322. doi:10.1016/j.cger.2021.11.006National Institutes of Health.Vitamin C: Fact sheet for health professionals.Benedik E.Sources of vitamin D for humans.Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2022;92(2):118-125. doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000733National Institutes of Health: Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin E: Fact sheet for health professionals.Zhang T, O’Connor C, Sheridan H, Barlow JW.Vitamin K2 in health and disease: a clinical perspective.Foods. 2024;13(11):1646. doi:10.3390/foods13111646National Institutes of Health.Selenium - fact sheet for health professionals.Hernández-Cruz EY, Silva-Islas CA, Maldonado PD, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Carballo-Villalobos AI.Antinociceptive effect of garlic, garlic preparations and derivative compounds.Eur J Pain. 2022 May;26(5):947-964. doi:10.1002/ejp.1935
Colletti A, Cicero AFG.Nutraceutical Approach to Chronic Osteoarthritis: From Molecular Research to Clinical Evidence.Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Nov 29;22(23):12920. doi:10.3390/ijms222312920.
Cutolo M, Nikiphorou E.Nutrition and Diet in Rheumatoid Arthritis.Nutrients. 2022 Feb 19;14(4):888. doi:10.3390/nu14040888
Xu C, Marchand NE, Driban JB, McAlindon T, Eaton CB, Lu B.Dietary patterns and progression of knee osteoarthritis: data from the osteoarthritis initiative.Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;111(3):667-676. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqz333
Satokari R.High intake of sugar and the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory gut bacteria.Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1348. doi:10.3390/nu12051348
Arthritis Foundation.How to Eat Less Salt.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Sodium in your diet.
Duan Y, Zeng L, Zheng C, et al.Inflammatory links between high fat diets and diseases.Front Immunol. 2018;9. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02649
Zhu XF, Hu YQ, Dai ZC, Li XJ, Zhang J.Associations between trans fatty acids and systemic immune-inflammation index: a cross-sectional study.Lipids Health Dis. 2024 Apr 27;23(1):122. doi:10.1186/s12944-024-02109-w
Innes JK, Calder PC.Omega-6 fatty acids and inflammation.Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids. 2018;132:41-48. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2018.03.004
Jeong HY, Moon YS, Cho KK.ω-6 and ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Inflammation, Obesity and Foods of Animal Resources.Food Sci Anim Resour. 2024 Sep;44(5):988-1010. doi:10.5851/kosfa.2024.e65
Vore AS, Deak T.Alcohol, inflammation, and blood-brain barrier function in health and disease across development.Int Rev Neurobiol. 2022;161:209-249. doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2021.06.009
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Moderate alcohol use.
Niaz K, Zaplatic E, Spoor J.Extensive use of monosodium glutamate: A threat to public health?Excli J. 2018;17:273-278. doi:10.17179/excli2018-1092
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Osteoarthritis.
Kolasinski SL, Neogi T, Hochberg MC, Oatis C, Guyatt G, Block J,et al.2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Osteoarthritis of the Hand, Hip, and Knee.Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2020 Feb;72(2):149-162. doi:10.1002/acr.24131
Veronese N, Ragusa FS, Dominguez LJ, Cusumano C, Barbagallo M.Mediterranean diet and osteoarthritis: an update.Aging Clin Exp Res. 2024 Dec 3;36(1):231. doi:10.1007/s40520-024-02883-8
U.S. Department of Agriculture FoodData Central.Fish, salmon, Atlantic, wild, raw.
U.S. Department of Agriculture FoodData Central.Nuts, walnuts, dry roasted, with salt added.
U.S. Department of Agriculture FoodData Central.Spinach, cooked, boiled, drained, without salt.
Guasch-Ferré M, Merino J, Sun Q, Fitó M, Salas-Salvadó J.Dietary polyphenols, Mediterranean diet, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes: a narrative review of the evidence.Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:6723931. doi:10.1155/2017/6723931
Arthritis Foundation.What you should know about nightshades and arthritis.
Arthritis Foundation.Best Grains for Arthritis.
American Heart Association.What is the Mediterranean diet?
Wei N, Dai Z.The Role of Nutrition in Osteoarthritis: A Literature Review.Clin Geriatr Med. 2022 May;38(2):303-322. doi:10.1016/j.cger.2021.11.006
National Institutes of Health.Vitamin C: Fact sheet for health professionals.
Benedik E.Sources of vitamin D for humans.Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2022;92(2):118-125. doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000733
National Institutes of Health: Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin E: Fact sheet for health professionals.
Zhang T, O’Connor C, Sheridan H, Barlow JW.Vitamin K2 in health and disease: a clinical perspective.Foods. 2024;13(11):1646. doi:10.3390/foods13111646
National Institutes of Health.Selenium - fact sheet for health professionals.
Hernández-Cruz EY, Silva-Islas CA, Maldonado PD, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Carballo-Villalobos AI.Antinociceptive effect of garlic, garlic preparations and derivative compounds.Eur J Pain. 2022 May;26(5):947-964. doi:10.1002/ejp.1935
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