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Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsSymptoms of Paroxysmal Nocturnal DyspneaCausesDiagnosisTreatment Table of ContentsView All View All Table of Contents Symptoms of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea Causes Diagnosis Treatment Tetra Images / Getty Images Contradiction of Terms?Some healthcare providers use the term PND to refer to nighttime breathlessness that can occur as a result of conditions likesleep apnea, while cardiologists often use the term only in reference to congestive heart failure. Contradiction of Terms?...

Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsTypes of PNHSymptomsCausesDiagnosisTreatmentPrognosisPrecautions Table of ContentsView All View All Table of Contents Types of PNH Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Precautions Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria(PNH) is an acquired, potentially life-threatening disorder. It causes the red blood cells to break apart, a process calledhemolysis. This releases hemoglobin from the red blood cells into the urine, which turns dark or blood-colored. At first, the disease was thought to occur in bursts called paroxysms, and only at night....

Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsPurpose of the TestRisks and ContraindicationsBefore the TestDuring the TestAfter the TestInterpreting Results Table of ContentsView All View All Table of Contents Purpose of the Test Risks and Contraindications Before the Test During the Test After the Test Interpreting Results These tests can help provide information about lung and kidney function and your body’s general metabolic state. This article explains the purpose and risks of a PaCO2 test....

Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsSymptomsCausesDiagnosisTreatmentComplications Table of ContentsView All View All Table of Contents Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Complications Parvovirus is a virus that causesfifth disease. Many pregnant people have immunity from the disease and do not pass the virus on to their babies. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), almost half of pregnant people are immune to parvovirus B19. Pregnant people without immunity don’t usually develop serious symptoms....

Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsDefinitionUsesWhat to ExpectFrequently Asked Questions Table of ContentsView All View All Table of Contents Definition Uses What to Expect Frequently Asked Questions Patellar mobilizations are a hands-on treatment used to address movement limitations in the knee joint. Thepatella (or kneecap)is a bone that is located in a shallow groove (called the trochlea) at the bottom of yourthighbone (femur). This important anatomical structure connects to both thequadriceps muscles(via the quadriceps tendon) and thetibia bone(via the patellar tendon) and plays an influential role in the knee’s ability to bend and straighten....

Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsSymptoms of PCSWhat Causes PCS?Diagnosing PCSPCS TreatmentPCS Prognosis Table of ContentsView All View All Table of Contents Symptoms of PCS What Causes PCS? Diagnosing PCS PCS Treatment PCS Prognosis Pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS) is a condition that causes pelvic or abdominal pain in women. It tends to occur in younger women who have not undergonemenopauseor have previously given birth. The slow movement of blood through poorly functioning pelvicveinsis what causes pain....

Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsTypesSymptomsCausesDiagnosisTreatmentPrognosis Table of ContentsView All View All Table of Contents Types Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) happens when a pelvic organ drops from its normal position due to surrounding muscle weakness or damage. POP typically occurs after pregnancy, childbirth, and sometimes menopause. The affected organs can include theuterus,cervix, vagina, prostate,bladder,urethra, or rectum.Many POP cases do not come with noticeable symptoms, but some people experience pressure or bulging in the vaginal area and other similar signs....

Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsSymptomsCausesDiagnosisTreatmentFrequently Asked Questions Table of ContentsView All View All Table of Contents Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Frequently Asked Questions Pencil-in-cup is a rare type of deformity associated witharthritis mutilans(AM), a severe form ofpsoriatic arthritis(PsA). The term “pencil-in-cup” is used to describe what the affected bone looks like on an X-ray. The appearance is similar to that of a bone having worn away and now resembling a sharpened pencil that is facing a bone that also has worn away and is now in the shape of a cup....

Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhat It IsUsesResistanceBefore TakingDirectionsSide EffectsWarnings Table of ContentsView All View All Table of Contents What It Is Uses Resistance Before Taking Directions Side Effects Warnings SDI Productions / Getty Images Penicillin is anantibioticused to treat certain types ofbacterial infections, such as pneumonia, meningitis, or strep throat. There are different types of penicillin with differentmechanisms of action. All forms are derived, at least in part, from the fungusPenicillium chrysogenum....

Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsTypesSymptomsCausesDiagnosisTreatmentPrognosisPreventionCoping Table of ContentsView All View All Table of Contents Types Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Prevention Coping Penile cancer is a rarecancerthat develops in the skin or tissues of the penis. It is closely linked to thehuman papillomavirus (HPV)and can often start with a lesion on the foreskin, head, or shaft of the penis that turns wart-like and oozes blood or foul-smelling fluid. Surgery,radiation, andchemotherapyare commonly used to treat penile cancer....

Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhat Is PMD?SymptomsCausesDiagnosisTreatment Table of ContentsView All View All Table of Contents What Is PMD? Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment vchal / Getty Images The diagnosis of PMD can be made with a physical exam andultrasound. The treatment of this otherwise benign (not harmful) and self-limiting condition is typically supportive to relieve pain and inflammation. This article discusses penile Mondor’s disease and its symptoms and causes. It also looks at how the condition is diagnosed and treated....

Table of ContentsView All View All Table of Contents What It Treats How It Works Efficacy Cost of Devices Penile traction therapy (PTT) is a type of physical therapy that can be used to treat a curved or shrunken penis that happens due toPeyronie’s disease, which causes a curved or shortened erection. This can make it painful or difficult to have sexual intercourse. Penile traction therapy has been shown to help people with Peyronie’s disease return to a more typical penis shape....

Table of ContentsView All View All Table of Contents What Is PEP? Who Should Use It? When to Call Your Doctor How Do You Take PEP? Paying for PEP Verywell / Danie Drankwalter PEP is a way to help prevent the transmission of HIV in an HIV-negative person who may have been recently exposed to the virus. PEP consists of taking three HIV antiviral drugs for 28 days after exposure to the virus....