Penile Enhancement Options and if They Work

Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsReasons It’s DoneTechniques That HelpUnproven TechniquesInjectionsSurgeries

Table of ContentsView All

View All

Table of Contents

Reasons It’s Done

Techniques That Help

Unproven Techniques

Injections

Surgeries

Penis enlargement products and procedures include supplements, vacuum pumps, traction devices, injectable fillers, surgeries, and implants. Unfortunately, there isn’t much scientific evidence that these things can help improve the length and girth of your penis.

This article explores the various reasons people pursue penis enhancement and the different techniques used, some of which can be performed at home and others that require specialist treatment. It also weighs the benefits and risks, as well as how effective (or ineffective) the various options are.

Reasons for Seeking Penis Enlargement

Many men are dissatisfied with their penis size. It’s common to wonder if the size of your penis is smaller than average. Anxiety about penis size can even impact your self esteem and sexual performance.

It is also common to believe that the average penis size is larger than it actually is.

What Is the Average Penis Size?The average length of an erect penis is between 5.1 and 5.5 inches.

What Is the Average Penis Size?

The average length of an erect penis is between 5.1 and 5.5 inches.

There are even some people with above-average penises who have an abnormal preoccupation with their penis size. When the preoccupation interferes with their quality of life, it is typically diagnosed as penile dysmorphic disorder (PDD). It is a condition that may benefit more from psychological counseling than penile enlargement.

According to a 2019 review inSexual Medicine Review,counseling was effective for the majority of people who felt inferior about their penis size, with most coming to understand that theirpenis size was normaland in no need of augmentation.

Medical Conditions Affecting Penis Size

In some cases, a person’s penis might be genuinely smaller due to ageneticor hormonal disorder that causesmicropenis. Micropenis is defined as a stretched penis length of under 3 inches.

Having a penis this size may interfere with a person’s ability to direct a urine stream. It can also make sexual intercourse difficult and decrease the odds of conceiving.

There are other conditions associated with reduced penis size:

The Dangers of Body Dysmorphia

If you think your penis is too small, be sure tomeasure it accurately. Even if it is shorter than average, it’s important to place thesize of your penisin context and ask yourself why it is causing you such distress. It sometimes helps to speak with a psychologist who can help you sort through your feelings and provide the perspective you need.

If you decide to pursue penile augmentation, meet with a specialist known as aurologistto discuss the benefits and risks of the procedure. Ask about the response rate and possible complications. If you’re concerned about infertility, speak with a fertility specialist first to get an accurate picture of your sperm count and sperm motility.

Penis Enhancement Techniques That Might Help

There are a few things you can do to safely improve the appearance of your penis.

Lifestyle Changes

If you want to enhance the appearance of your penis because it makes you feel more confident, there are simple ways to do so:

Unproven Penis Enhancement Techniques

There are many product manufacturers and websites that claim to have products or recommendations that will help you improve the length of your penis. Most of these are unproven and some may even cause permanent harm.

Exercises

Some websites recommendpenis exercisesto increase the length or girth of the penis. The rationale behind penis enlargement exercises is that repetitively rubbing the penis creates “micro-tears” in tissues that make the penis seem bigger or thicker when healed.

There is one popular technique calledjelqingin which the thumb and forefinger are wrapped around the penis to repetitively stretch the shaft from the base to the tip for 20 minutes every day.

Does It Work?Despite claims to the contrary, there has never been any evidence that physical exercise of any sort, including jelqing, can increase penis size. In fact, the persistent rough handling of the penis can cause injury or scarring that can interfere with the erectile function of the penis.

Does It Work?

Despite claims to the contrary, there has never been any evidence that physical exercise of any sort, including jelqing, can increase penis size. In fact, the persistent rough handling of the penis can cause injury or scarring that can interfere with the erectile function of the penis.

Theresa Chiechi / Verywell

Do Penises Shrink With Age?

Penis Enlargement Supplements

There are many companies that claim their supplements can enhance penis size. At best, they will do nothing more than waste your money. At worst, they may contain traces ofViagra (sildenafil)or other drugs dangerous to individuals with heart disease.

Supplements likeL-citrullineorL-arginineare said to increase nitric oxide levels in the blood, which may improve circulation to the penis.Although some people claim this helps improve erections, there is no evidence that it increases penis size.

Penile Traction

While there has never been an FDA-approved device for a penile extension, there has been growing interest in products that may help increase penis length using traction. With penile traction, a weighted device is connected to the shaft of the penis and worn for a specific amount of time each day to gradually stretch the penis.

Penile Clamps and Rings

These devices marketed for penis enlargement wrap around the shaft and provide a gentle squeezing pressure to “stretch out” the penis. Some are suggested for use during an erection, while others are used while the penis is flaccid.

There is no evidence that wrapping anything around the penis will lengthen it. In fact, this can cut off the blood flow, causing bruising,hematomas, and nerve damage.

Topical Penis Enlargement Treatments

There is no evidence that any of these work; some may even cause skin irritation or allergy.

Penis Vacuums and Pumps

If used consistently over a long period of time, they can cause the skin of the penis to become “spongy” and have a thicker appearance. Despite their popularity, there is no evidence that vacuums or pumps can increase the length of a penis.

Vacuum pumps can cause injury if the suction is too extreme or the device is worn for too long. Urethra bleeding and bruising can occur as superficial veins in the penis are ruptured. This can reduce penis sensitivity and impair erections.

Penis Enlargement Injections

Some people with penises seek the injection of natural and synthetic fillers to increase the girth of the penis. Others seek surgery if a smaller penis size or penile abnormality is interfering with the ability to urinate.

Small penis size usually is not an indication for surgery to treat infertility. In such cases, assisted fertility procedures may be the better option.

The use of injectable penile fillers is still considered experimental.

Some people have been known to self-inject synthetic materials, like silicone and paraffin, in an attempt to increase the girth of their penis. Practices like these are dangerous and can lead to infection, abscesses, induration (tissue hardening),tissue necrosis(death), and even penis loss.

Is Surgery an Option?

Most healthcare providers do not recommend penis enhancement surgery for cosmetic reasons, with the exception of micropenis. Most of the surgical techniques described below are performed to correct micropenis or other conditions such as buried penis, Peyronie’s disease, congenital defects, or cancer-related deformities.

The construction, reconstruction, or modification of the penis is referred to asphalloplasty.

These are the most common:

How Much Does Penis Enlargement Surgery Cost?The cost of penis enlargement procedures varies depending on geographic location and the type of procedure. In the United States, implants may cost around $20,000 when also factoring in additional costs such as anesthesia.

How Much Does Penis Enlargement Surgery Cost?

The cost of penis enlargement procedures varies depending on geographic location and the type of procedure. In the United States, implants may cost around $20,000 when also factoring in additional costs such as anesthesia.

Summary

Specialist treatments used to increase penile girth include injectable fillers and fat-grafting surgery. Penile length may be increased with more invasive surgeries such as V-Y plasty and penile disassembly, although they come with significant risks.

23 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.King BM.Average-size erect penis: fiction, fact, and the need for counseling.J Sex Marital Ther. 2021;47(1):80–9. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2020.1787279Veale D, Miles S, Read J, et al.Penile dysmorphic disorder: development of a screening scale.Arch Sex Behav.2015;44(8):2311-21. doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0484-6Marra G, Drury A, Tran L, Veale D, Muir GH.Systematic review of surgical and nonsurgical interventions in normal men complaining of small penis size.Sex Med Rev.2019;2019:S2050-0521(19)30012-5. doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2019.01.004Hatipoğlu N, Kurtoğlu S.Micropenis: etiology, diagnosis and treatment approaches. JClin Res Pediatr Endocrinol.2013;5(4):217-23. doi:10.4274/Jcrpe.1135Karavalos S, Stewart J, Evbuomwan, McEleny K, Aird I.Assessment of the infertile male.TOG.2013 Jan;15(1):1-9. doi:10.1111/j.1744-4667.2012.00145.xVan der Horst HJ, De Wall LL.Hypospadias, all there is to know.Eur J Pediatr.2017;176(4):435-41. doi:10.1007/s00431-017-2864-5Egydio PH, Kuehhas FE, Sansalone S.Penile length and girth restoration in severe Peyronie’s disease using circular and longitudinal grafting.BJU Int.2013;111(4 Pt B):E213-9. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11582.xKwon YS, Farber N, Yu JW, et al.Longitudinal recovery patterns of penile length and the underexplored benefit of long-term phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor use after radical prostatectomy.BMC Urol.2018;18(1):37. doi:10.1186/s12894-018-0341-8King IC, Tahir A, Ramanathan C, Siddiqui H.Buried penis: evaluation of outcomes in children and adults, modification of a unified treatment algorithm, and review of the literature.ISRN Urol.2013;2013:109349. doi:10.1155/2013/109349Oderda M, Gontero P.Non-invasive methods of penile lengthening: fact or fiction?.BJU Int.2011;107(8):1278-82. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09647.xOates J, Sharp G.Nonsurgical medical penile girth augmentation: Experience-based recommendations.Aesthet Surg J. 2017;37(9):1032-8. doi:10.1093/asj/sjx068Bescós R, Sureda A, Tur JA, Pons A.The effect of nitric-oxide-related supplements on human performance.Sports Med.2012;42(2):99-117. doi:10.2165/11596860-000000000-00000Usta MF, Ipekci T.Penile traction therapy for Peyronie’s disease - what’s the evidence?.Transl Androl Urol.2016;5(3):303-9. doi:10.21037/tau.2016.03.25Krzastek SC, Bopp J, Smith RP, Kovac JR.Recent advances in the understanding and management of erectile dysfunction.F1000Res. 2019;8:F1000 Faculty Rev-102. doi:10.12688/f1000research.16576.1Ahmed U, Freeman A, Kirkham A, Ralph DJ, Minhas S, Muneer A.Self injection of foreign materials into the penis.Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2017;99(2):e78-e82. doi:10.1308/rcsann.2016.0346Campbell J, Gillis J.A review of penile elongation surgery.Transl Androl Urol.2017;6(1):69-78. doi:10.21037/tau.2016.11.19Xu L, Zhao M, Chen W, et al.Augmentation phalloplasty with autologous dermal fat graft in the treatment of small penis.Ann Plast Surg.2016 Feb;77(Suppl 1):S60-5. doi:10.1097/SAP.0000000000000782Srinivas BV, Vasan SS, Mohammed S.Penile lengthening procedure with V-Y advancement flap and an interposing silicone sheath: a novel methodology.Indian J Urol.2012;28(3):340-2. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.102722Anandan L, Mohammed A.Surgical management of buried penis in adults.Cent European J Urol.2018;71(3):346-52. doi:10.5173/ceju.2018.1676Egydio PH, Kuehhas FE.Penile lengthening and widening without grafting according to a modified ‘sliding’ technique.BJU Int. 2015;116(6):965-72. doi:10.1111/bju.13065Loreto C, Garaffa G, Dijnovic R, Barbagli G, Villa M, Sansalone S.Penile disassembly: anatomical surgical steps.BJU Int. 2013;112(7):1035-45. doi:10.1111/bju.12413Rodriguez KM, Kohn TP, Davis AB, Hakky TS.Penile implants: a look into the future.Transl Androl Urol.2017;6(Suppl 5):S860-S866. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.05.28Allure Plastic Surgery.A comprehensive guide to penile enhancement surgery.

23 Sources

Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.King BM.Average-size erect penis: fiction, fact, and the need for counseling.J Sex Marital Ther. 2021;47(1):80–9. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2020.1787279Veale D, Miles S, Read J, et al.Penile dysmorphic disorder: development of a screening scale.Arch Sex Behav.2015;44(8):2311-21. doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0484-6Marra G, Drury A, Tran L, Veale D, Muir GH.Systematic review of surgical and nonsurgical interventions in normal men complaining of small penis size.Sex Med Rev.2019;2019:S2050-0521(19)30012-5. doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2019.01.004Hatipoğlu N, Kurtoğlu S.Micropenis: etiology, diagnosis and treatment approaches. JClin Res Pediatr Endocrinol.2013;5(4):217-23. doi:10.4274/Jcrpe.1135Karavalos S, Stewart J, Evbuomwan, McEleny K, Aird I.Assessment of the infertile male.TOG.2013 Jan;15(1):1-9. doi:10.1111/j.1744-4667.2012.00145.xVan der Horst HJ, De Wall LL.Hypospadias, all there is to know.Eur J Pediatr.2017;176(4):435-41. doi:10.1007/s00431-017-2864-5Egydio PH, Kuehhas FE, Sansalone S.Penile length and girth restoration in severe Peyronie’s disease using circular and longitudinal grafting.BJU Int.2013;111(4 Pt B):E213-9. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11582.xKwon YS, Farber N, Yu JW, et al.Longitudinal recovery patterns of penile length and the underexplored benefit of long-term phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor use after radical prostatectomy.BMC Urol.2018;18(1):37. doi:10.1186/s12894-018-0341-8King IC, Tahir A, Ramanathan C, Siddiqui H.Buried penis: evaluation of outcomes in children and adults, modification of a unified treatment algorithm, and review of the literature.ISRN Urol.2013;2013:109349. doi:10.1155/2013/109349Oderda M, Gontero P.Non-invasive methods of penile lengthening: fact or fiction?.BJU Int.2011;107(8):1278-82. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09647.xOates J, Sharp G.Nonsurgical medical penile girth augmentation: Experience-based recommendations.Aesthet Surg J. 2017;37(9):1032-8. doi:10.1093/asj/sjx068Bescós R, Sureda A, Tur JA, Pons A.The effect of nitric-oxide-related supplements on human performance.Sports Med.2012;42(2):99-117. doi:10.2165/11596860-000000000-00000Usta MF, Ipekci T.Penile traction therapy for Peyronie’s disease - what’s the evidence?.Transl Androl Urol.2016;5(3):303-9. doi:10.21037/tau.2016.03.25Krzastek SC, Bopp J, Smith RP, Kovac JR.Recent advances in the understanding and management of erectile dysfunction.F1000Res. 2019;8:F1000 Faculty Rev-102. doi:10.12688/f1000research.16576.1Ahmed U, Freeman A, Kirkham A, Ralph DJ, Minhas S, Muneer A.Self injection of foreign materials into the penis.Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2017;99(2):e78-e82. doi:10.1308/rcsann.2016.0346Campbell J, Gillis J.A review of penile elongation surgery.Transl Androl Urol.2017;6(1):69-78. doi:10.21037/tau.2016.11.19Xu L, Zhao M, Chen W, et al.Augmentation phalloplasty with autologous dermal fat graft in the treatment of small penis.Ann Plast Surg.2016 Feb;77(Suppl 1):S60-5. doi:10.1097/SAP.0000000000000782Srinivas BV, Vasan SS, Mohammed S.Penile lengthening procedure with V-Y advancement flap and an interposing silicone sheath: a novel methodology.Indian J Urol.2012;28(3):340-2. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.102722Anandan L, Mohammed A.Surgical management of buried penis in adults.Cent European J Urol.2018;71(3):346-52. doi:10.5173/ceju.2018.1676Egydio PH, Kuehhas FE.Penile lengthening and widening without grafting according to a modified ‘sliding’ technique.BJU Int. 2015;116(6):965-72. doi:10.1111/bju.13065Loreto C, Garaffa G, Dijnovic R, Barbagli G, Villa M, Sansalone S.Penile disassembly: anatomical surgical steps.BJU Int. 2013;112(7):1035-45. doi:10.1111/bju.12413Rodriguez KM, Kohn TP, Davis AB, Hakky TS.Penile implants: a look into the future.Transl Androl Urol.2017;6(Suppl 5):S860-S866. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.05.28Allure Plastic Surgery.A comprehensive guide to penile enhancement surgery.

Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

King BM.Average-size erect penis: fiction, fact, and the need for counseling.J Sex Marital Ther. 2021;47(1):80–9. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2020.1787279Veale D, Miles S, Read J, et al.Penile dysmorphic disorder: development of a screening scale.Arch Sex Behav.2015;44(8):2311-21. doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0484-6Marra G, Drury A, Tran L, Veale D, Muir GH.Systematic review of surgical and nonsurgical interventions in normal men complaining of small penis size.Sex Med Rev.2019;2019:S2050-0521(19)30012-5. doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2019.01.004Hatipoğlu N, Kurtoğlu S.Micropenis: etiology, diagnosis and treatment approaches. JClin Res Pediatr Endocrinol.2013;5(4):217-23. doi:10.4274/Jcrpe.1135Karavalos S, Stewart J, Evbuomwan, McEleny K, Aird I.Assessment of the infertile male.TOG.2013 Jan;15(1):1-9. doi:10.1111/j.1744-4667.2012.00145.xVan der Horst HJ, De Wall LL.Hypospadias, all there is to know.Eur J Pediatr.2017;176(4):435-41. doi:10.1007/s00431-017-2864-5Egydio PH, Kuehhas FE, Sansalone S.Penile length and girth restoration in severe Peyronie’s disease using circular and longitudinal grafting.BJU Int.2013;111(4 Pt B):E213-9. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11582.xKwon YS, Farber N, Yu JW, et al.Longitudinal recovery patterns of penile length and the underexplored benefit of long-term phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor use after radical prostatectomy.BMC Urol.2018;18(1):37. doi:10.1186/s12894-018-0341-8King IC, Tahir A, Ramanathan C, Siddiqui H.Buried penis: evaluation of outcomes in children and adults, modification of a unified treatment algorithm, and review of the literature.ISRN Urol.2013;2013:109349. doi:10.1155/2013/109349Oderda M, Gontero P.Non-invasive methods of penile lengthening: fact or fiction?.BJU Int.2011;107(8):1278-82. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09647.xOates J, Sharp G.Nonsurgical medical penile girth augmentation: Experience-based recommendations.Aesthet Surg J. 2017;37(9):1032-8. doi:10.1093/asj/sjx068Bescós R, Sureda A, Tur JA, Pons A.The effect of nitric-oxide-related supplements on human performance.Sports Med.2012;42(2):99-117. doi:10.2165/11596860-000000000-00000Usta MF, Ipekci T.Penile traction therapy for Peyronie’s disease - what’s the evidence?.Transl Androl Urol.2016;5(3):303-9. doi:10.21037/tau.2016.03.25Krzastek SC, Bopp J, Smith RP, Kovac JR.Recent advances in the understanding and management of erectile dysfunction.F1000Res. 2019;8:F1000 Faculty Rev-102. doi:10.12688/f1000research.16576.1Ahmed U, Freeman A, Kirkham A, Ralph DJ, Minhas S, Muneer A.Self injection of foreign materials into the penis.Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2017;99(2):e78-e82. doi:10.1308/rcsann.2016.0346Campbell J, Gillis J.A review of penile elongation surgery.Transl Androl Urol.2017;6(1):69-78. doi:10.21037/tau.2016.11.19Xu L, Zhao M, Chen W, et al.Augmentation phalloplasty with autologous dermal fat graft in the treatment of small penis.Ann Plast Surg.2016 Feb;77(Suppl 1):S60-5. doi:10.1097/SAP.0000000000000782Srinivas BV, Vasan SS, Mohammed S.Penile lengthening procedure with V-Y advancement flap and an interposing silicone sheath: a novel methodology.Indian J Urol.2012;28(3):340-2. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.102722Anandan L, Mohammed A.Surgical management of buried penis in adults.Cent European J Urol.2018;71(3):346-52. doi:10.5173/ceju.2018.1676Egydio PH, Kuehhas FE.Penile lengthening and widening without grafting according to a modified ‘sliding’ technique.BJU Int. 2015;116(6):965-72. doi:10.1111/bju.13065Loreto C, Garaffa G, Dijnovic R, Barbagli G, Villa M, Sansalone S.Penile disassembly: anatomical surgical steps.BJU Int. 2013;112(7):1035-45. doi:10.1111/bju.12413Rodriguez KM, Kohn TP, Davis AB, Hakky TS.Penile implants: a look into the future.Transl Androl Urol.2017;6(Suppl 5):S860-S866. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.05.28Allure Plastic Surgery.A comprehensive guide to penile enhancement surgery.

King BM.Average-size erect penis: fiction, fact, and the need for counseling.J Sex Marital Ther. 2021;47(1):80–9. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2020.1787279

Veale D, Miles S, Read J, et al.Penile dysmorphic disorder: development of a screening scale.Arch Sex Behav.2015;44(8):2311-21. doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0484-6

Marra G, Drury A, Tran L, Veale D, Muir GH.Systematic review of surgical and nonsurgical interventions in normal men complaining of small penis size.Sex Med Rev.2019;2019:S2050-0521(19)30012-5. doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2019.01.004

Hatipoğlu N, Kurtoğlu S.Micropenis: etiology, diagnosis and treatment approaches. JClin Res Pediatr Endocrinol.2013;5(4):217-23. doi:10.4274/Jcrpe.1135

Karavalos S, Stewart J, Evbuomwan, McEleny K, Aird I.Assessment of the infertile male.TOG.2013 Jan;15(1):1-9. doi:10.1111/j.1744-4667.2012.00145.x

Van der Horst HJ, De Wall LL.Hypospadias, all there is to know.Eur J Pediatr.2017;176(4):435-41. doi:10.1007/s00431-017-2864-5

Egydio PH, Kuehhas FE, Sansalone S.Penile length and girth restoration in severe Peyronie’s disease using circular and longitudinal grafting.BJU Int.2013;111(4 Pt B):E213-9. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11582.x

Kwon YS, Farber N, Yu JW, et al.Longitudinal recovery patterns of penile length and the underexplored benefit of long-term phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor use after radical prostatectomy.BMC Urol.2018;18(1):37. doi:10.1186/s12894-018-0341-8

King IC, Tahir A, Ramanathan C, Siddiqui H.Buried penis: evaluation of outcomes in children and adults, modification of a unified treatment algorithm, and review of the literature.ISRN Urol.2013;2013:109349. doi:10.1155/2013/109349

Oderda M, Gontero P.Non-invasive methods of penile lengthening: fact or fiction?.BJU Int.2011;107(8):1278-82. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09647.x

Oates J, Sharp G.Nonsurgical medical penile girth augmentation: Experience-based recommendations.Aesthet Surg J. 2017;37(9):1032-8. doi:10.1093/asj/sjx068

Bescós R, Sureda A, Tur JA, Pons A.The effect of nitric-oxide-related supplements on human performance.Sports Med.2012;42(2):99-117. doi:10.2165/11596860-000000000-00000

Usta MF, Ipekci T.Penile traction therapy for Peyronie’s disease - what’s the evidence?.Transl Androl Urol.2016;5(3):303-9. doi:10.21037/tau.2016.03.25

Krzastek SC, Bopp J, Smith RP, Kovac JR.Recent advances in the understanding and management of erectile dysfunction.F1000Res. 2019;8:F1000 Faculty Rev-102. doi:10.12688/f1000research.16576.1

Ahmed U, Freeman A, Kirkham A, Ralph DJ, Minhas S, Muneer A.Self injection of foreign materials into the penis.Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2017;99(2):e78-e82. doi:10.1308/rcsann.2016.0346

Campbell J, Gillis J.A review of penile elongation surgery.Transl Androl Urol.2017;6(1):69-78. doi:10.21037/tau.2016.11.19

Xu L, Zhao M, Chen W, et al.Augmentation phalloplasty with autologous dermal fat graft in the treatment of small penis.Ann Plast Surg.2016 Feb;77(Suppl 1):S60-5. doi:10.1097/SAP.0000000000000782

Srinivas BV, Vasan SS, Mohammed S.Penile lengthening procedure with V-Y advancement flap and an interposing silicone sheath: a novel methodology.Indian J Urol.2012;28(3):340-2. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.102722

Anandan L, Mohammed A.Surgical management of buried penis in adults.Cent European J Urol.2018;71(3):346-52. doi:10.5173/ceju.2018.1676

Egydio PH, Kuehhas FE.Penile lengthening and widening without grafting according to a modified ‘sliding’ technique.BJU Int. 2015;116(6):965-72. doi:10.1111/bju.13065

Loreto C, Garaffa G, Dijnovic R, Barbagli G, Villa M, Sansalone S.Penile disassembly: anatomical surgical steps.BJU Int. 2013;112(7):1035-45. doi:10.1111/bju.12413

Rodriguez KM, Kohn TP, Davis AB, Hakky TS.Penile implants: a look into the future.Transl Androl Urol.2017;6(Suppl 5):S860-S866. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.05.28

Allure Plastic Surgery.A comprehensive guide to penile enhancement surgery.

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