Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsPros and ConsHow It Is DoneRecoveryLifestyleAlternatives
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Pros and Cons
How It Is Done
Recovery
Lifestyle
Alternatives
While effective in enabling anerectionsuitable for sexual intercourse, penile implant surgery carries significant risks, including the risk of infection, chronic pain, penile deformity, and a need for repeat surgery.
This article weighs the risks and benefits of penile implant surgery. It also explains what types of penile implants are available and what is involved in the surgery. It describes alternatives to penile implant surgery if faced with severe erectile dysfunction.
Other Reasons for a Penile ImplantErectile dysfunction is the primary, but not sole, reason for a penile implant. Other reasons include:Treatment of severePeyronie’s diseaseGender-affirming surgeryused in tandem withphalloplastyfortransgender menRepair of a traumatic or disfiguring penile injury, such as apenile fracture
Other Reasons for a Penile Implant
Erectile dysfunction is the primary, but not sole, reason for a penile implant. Other reasons include:Treatment of severePeyronie’s diseaseGender-affirming surgeryused in tandem withphalloplastyfortransgender menRepair of a traumatic or disfiguring penile injury, such as apenile fracture
Erectile dysfunction is the primary, but not sole, reason for a penile implant. Other reasons include:
How Common Is Erectile Dysfunction?
This photo contains content that some people may find graphic or disturbing.See Photo
This photo contains content that some people may find graphic or disturbing.
Penile Implant Pros and Cons
Erectile dysfunction is a condition that affects roughly 1 in 4 people with penises in the United States.Penile implant surgery is typically pursued when all other conservative options fail to improve ED.
Advantages
Penile implants are becoming an increasingly common procedure, particularly in the United States, where the vast majority of surgeries are performed.Due to their increasing safety, someurologistsin the United States perform more than 100 procedures yearly.
Advantages of penile implant surgery include:
Disadvantages
As with all surgeries, there are risks to penile implant surgery. Results and satisfaction can vary from person to person, and complications, while rare, can be very serious.
Disadvantages of penile implant surgery include:
Surgical errors can also sometimes occur. For example, oversized devices can lead to chronic pain and damage to theurethraand other penile structures.On the flip side, undersized devices can lead to “floppy glans syndrome,” in which the penis is distorted and unable to get fully erect.
Both cases may require revision surgery, which, in turn, can place you at an increased risk of complications.
Can a Penile Implant Make You Bigger?Although some people pursue a penile implant for aesthetic reasons, the devices are not able to increase the length of the penis. If anything, the surgery may slightly shorten the penis due to the contraction of tissues as the penis heals.An inflatable penile implant may increase girth, but using an inappropriately large device is likely to cause more harm than good, leading to chronic pain, tissue damage, and the need for revision surgery.
Can a Penile Implant Make You Bigger?
Although some people pursue a penile implant for aesthetic reasons, the devices are not able to increase the length of the penis. If anything, the surgery may slightly shorten the penis due to the contraction of tissues as the penis heals.An inflatable penile implant may increase girth, but using an inappropriately large device is likely to cause more harm than good, leading to chronic pain, tissue damage, and the need for revision surgery.
Although some people pursue a penile implant for aesthetic reasons, the devices are not able to increase the length of the penis. If anything, the surgery may slightly shorten the penis due to the contraction of tissues as the penis heals.
An inflatable penile implant may increase girth, but using an inappropriately large device is likely to cause more harm than good, leading to chronic pain, tissue damage, and the need for revision surgery.
Do Penis Enlargement Treatments Work?
Types of Penile Implants and Sizing
The FDA approves many different devices for use in penile implant surgery. They fall under two broad categories: malleable prosthetics and inflatable implants.
Malleable Prosthetics
These were among the first devices used back in the 1960s for penile implant surgery.Also known as non-inflatable penile prosthetics, the devices are implanted into the shaft (corpora) of the penis. They can be bent upward to place the penis in an erect position or downward when not in use.
The two main types are:
Malleable penile prostheses are advantageous as they can often be trimmed to size to adjust for the penis length.Moreover, they tend to last longer than inflatable implants because they have fewer moving parts.
On the downside, these solid devices can constantly rub against the urethra and other structures of the penis, causing tissue erosion and damage.Because they keep the penis slightly rigid all the time, malleable implants may also be uncomfortable and difficult to conceal under clothing.
Inflatable Implants
Inflatable implants are a more recent innovation. They consist of two soft silicone cylinders that are implanted into thecorpora cavernosa (pair of spongelike erectile tissue forming the penis) and filled with sterile saline to achieve an erection.
The cylinders are attached to a pump implanted inside thescrotum. The saline is held in a reservoir implanted either behind the lower abdominal muscles or the tissues of the lower abdominal cavity (called theretroperitoneal space).
When the implant is not in use, a valve inside the scrotum can release the fluid and return the penis to its flaccid (soft) state.
Three-piece inflatable implants are considered the gold standard for penile implant surgery as they afford a more “realistic” erection while reducing the risk of erosion. In the United States, they have largely replaced malleable implants due to a lower rate of infections and higher rates of user satisfaction.
Even so, they tend to have a shorter life than malleable implants and a greater risk of mechanical failure.
Anatomy and Function of the Penis
Preparing for Penile Implant Surgery
As increasingly commonplace as penile implant surgery has become, certain preparations and precautions are needed to ensure the best possible outcome.
Preoperative Preparations
A comprehensive evaluation is needed to ensure that you are a candidate for surgery. While there are few absolute contraindications to the procedure, people with an active infection or unresolved urinary problems (such asneurogenic bladderorbladder outlet obstruction) would need to be treated before the surgery can proceed.
A detailed review of your medical and surgical history is important as it can influence the choice of device. With an inflatable implant, for instance, certain abdominal or pelvic procedures (such asprostate surgeryorcolorectal radiation) can limit where the saline reservoir is placed if there is extensive scarring oradhesions.
To properly size the device, the stretched length and girth of your penis would be evaluated.
As part of the workup, your surgeon would discuss the risks and benefits of the procedure and provide you with a realistic expectation of what the implant can and cannot do.
Tips for Avoiding ComplicationsSmokers would be advised to quit cigarettes to aid with wound healing and reduce the risk of postoperative infection.Blood sugar controlwould be stressed to people withdiabetesas ahemoglobin A1c readingthan greater than 8.5% is linked to an increased risk of infection following penile implant surgery.
Tips for Avoiding Complications
Smokers would be advised to quit cigarettes to aid with wound healing and reduce the risk of postoperative infection.Blood sugar controlwould be stressed to people withdiabetesas ahemoglobin A1c readingthan greater than 8.5% is linked to an increased risk of infection following penile implant surgery.
Smokers would be advised to quit cigarettes to aid with wound healing and reduce the risk of postoperative infection.
Blood sugar controlwould be stressed to people withdiabetesas ahemoglobin A1c readingthan greater than 8.5% is linked to an increased risk of infection following penile implant surgery.
How to Speed Recovery From Surgery
How Penile Implant Surgery Is Performed
To reduce the risk of infection,antibioticsare deliveredintravenously(into a vein) immediately before the surgery.Further decreasing the risk are newer silicone implants impregnated (filled) with antibiotics or made with special coatings that are immersed in antibiotics before surgery.
Once the patient has been placed on the operating table and provided anesthesia, aFoley catheteris inserted into the urethra to drain the bladder.
After that, the placement of the implant remains largely the same (with additional steps if a three-piece inflatable pump is used), as follows:
The Foley catheter is removed, and the person is wheeled to recovery.
Penile Implant Post-Op and Recovery
While penile implant surgery has long been performed as aninpatient procedure, around 70% are done on anoutpatient basisin the United States.Advances in “no-hands” surgery and antibiotic-impregnated devices have contributed to the decline in inpatient procedures.
Pain is common and sometimes extreme after penile implant surgery, and it is not uncommon for surgeons to prescribe a short course ofopioid painkillersto help reduce pain. Over time, these can be transitioned to non-opioid painkillers and eventually over-the-counter drugs likeTylenol (acetaminophen).Occasional ice application can also help ease scrotal pain.
Once home, you would be advised to stay off your feet as much as possible and to avoid any heavy lifting for two to four weeks.It may be in your best interest to book off work for at least two weeks.
You can usually shower 48 hours after surgery, but need to keep the wound dry andchange the dressing. During healing, keep the penis pointed upward toward the belly button unless your surgeon tells you otherwise.
Your surgeon will usually schedule a follow-up visit five days after surgery to check that the wound is healing properly and to ensure that the implant, pump, and reservoir are correctly positioned.
Once the sterile dressing is no longer needed, an athletic supporter (jockstrap), compression shorts, or tight mesh underwear should be worn to support the testicles and avoid movements that can disrupt the wound.
Most people can return to work within two weeks, but you would be advised to avoid sex for six weeks to ensure that the implant is securely placed and less likely to shift or migrate.
When to Seek Medical CareAlthough rare, infection can occur after penile implant surgery, especially if you don’t follow your surgeon’s care instructions.Call your care team immediately if you experience:High fever with chillsIncreasing swelling, pain, redness, or heatA whitish or yellowish discharge from the woundOpening of the wound (wound dehiscence)
When to Seek Medical Care
Although rare, infection can occur after penile implant surgery, especially if you don’t follow your surgeon’s care instructions.Call your care team immediately if you experience:High fever with chillsIncreasing swelling, pain, redness, or heatA whitish or yellowish discharge from the woundOpening of the wound (wound dehiscence)
Although rare, infection can occur after penile implant surgery, especially if you don’t follow your surgeon’s care instructions.
Call your care team immediately if you experience:
Is Sudden Erectile Dysfunction Serious?
Living With a Penile Implant
If a penile implant is properly cared for, it may last you the rest of your life. But this largely depends on the device you choose and your age at the time of surgery.
Of the two types, malleable implants tend to last longer.However, they are also more likely to cause pain and postoperative complications, making them a less attractive option for many people.
By contrast, an inflatable penile implant may only last for around 15 years.Though this may not be a problem for people over 60 who most commonly pursue implant surgery,it can make this option less attractive to younger people faced with the likelihood of revision surgery in the future.
According to a 2019 study in theJournal of Sexual Medicine,of 149 people implanted with an inflatable prosthetic, 41% were still using it after 20 years. Of those who experienced problems, 79% were due to mechanical failure, such as leaks or cracks.
To this end, care needs to be taken to avoid damaging the implant, irrespective of the type. This may include:
Living Well With Erectile Dysfunction
Alternatives to Erectile Dysfunction Surgery
Generally speaking, penile implant surgery is considered a last resort when all other conservative options fail. Even if you are eager to pursue treatment, your insurance provider may not cover the procedure until other, less invasive options have been reasonably explored.
These include alternatives like:
Testosterone replacement therapymay also help overcome ED if you are diagnosed withhypogonadism(low testosterone).
You may also need to consider if there are psychological causes for your ED (referred to aspsychogenic erectile dysfunction). This is especially true if you are younger and in otherwise good health.
Insurers are generally reluctant to approve penile implants for younger people unless there is a clear-cut medical cause, such asmultiple sclerosisor aspinal cord injury.
Causes of Erectile Dysfunction In Young Men
Summary
Penile implant surgery is an invasive procedure sometimes used to treat erectile dysfunction when conservative options fail. It involves the implantation of either a solid malleable implant or an inflatable saline implant into the shaft of the penis.
While inflatable implants are considered the gold standard, they have a life span of roughly 15 to 20 years due to mechanical failure. Malleable implants that you manually bend have a longer life but also a higher rate of postoperative complications, including chronic pain and infection.
Uncommon Causes of Erectile Dysfunction
31 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Chung E.Penile prosthesis implant: scientific advances and technological innovations over the last four decades.Transl Androl Urol. 2017;6(1):37-45. doi:10.21037/tau.2016.12.06Zieglermann MJ, Farrell MR, Levine LA.Modern treatment strategies for penile prosthetics in Peyronie’s disease: a contemporary clinical review.Asian J Androl.2020;22(1):51–59. doi:10.4103/aja.aja_81_19Purohit RS, Kent M, Djordjevic ML.Penile prosthesis in transgender men after phalloplasty.Indian J Plast Surg.2022;55(2):168–173. doi:10.1055/s-0041-1740523Komisky H, Beebe S, Shah N, Jenkins LC.Surgical reconstruction for penile fracture: a systematic review.Int J Impot Res.2020;32(1):75-80. doi:10.1038/s41443-019-0212-1Mark KP, Arenella K, Girard A, Herbenick D, Fu J, Coleman A.Erectile dysfunction prevalence in the United States: report from the 2021 National Survey of Sexual Wellbeing.J Sex Med.2024:qdae008. doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdae008Baas W, O’Connor B, Welliver C, et al.Worldwide trends in penile implantation surgery: data from over 63,000 implants.Transl Androl Urol.2020;9(1):31–37. doi:10.21037/tau.2019.09.26Çayan S, Aşcı R, Efesoy O Bolat MS, Akbay E, Yaman O.Comparison of long-term results and couples' satisfaction with penile implant types and brands: lessons learned from 883 patients with erectile dysfunction who underwent penile prosthesis implantation.J Sex Med. 2019;16(7):1092–1099. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.04.013Jorissen C, De Bruyna H, Baten E, Van Renterghem K.Clinical outcome: patient and partner satisfaction after penile implant surgery.Curr Urol.2019;13:94–100. doi:10.1159/000499286Mulcahy JJ, Köhler TS, Wen L, Wilson SK.Penile implant infection prevention part II: device coatings have changed the game.Int J Impotence Res.2022;33(8): 801–807. doi:10.1038/s41443-020-0338-1Levine LA, Becher EF, Bella AJ, et al.Penile prosthesis surgery: current recommendations from the International Consultation on Sexual Medicine.J Sex Med. 2016;13(4):489-518. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.01.017Cayetano-Alcarez AA, Yassin M, Desaid A, et al.Penile implant surgery-managing complications.Fac Rev.2021;10:73. doi:10.12703/r/10-73University of Irvine Urology.How much does it cost to get a penile implant?Masterson JM, Kava B, Ramasamy R.Commercial insurance coverage for inflatable penile prosthesis at a tertiary care center.Urol Pract.2019;6(3):155–158. doi:10.1016/j.urpr.2018.07.002Anaissie J, Yafi FA.A review of surgical strategies for penile prosthesis implantation in patients with Peyronie’s disease.Translational Androl Urol.2016;5(3):342–350. doi:10.21037/tau.2016.04.04Barham DW, Choi E, Hammad M, et al.Partial component exchange of a non-infected inflatable penile prosthesis is associated with a higher complication rate.Urology.2023;174:128–34. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2022.11.050Campbell JD, Chang EP, Di Pierdominico A, et al.Chronic pain associated with penile prostheses may persist despite revision or explanation.Can Urol Assoc J.2022;16(2):42-46. doi:10.5489/cuaj.7391Skrodzka M, Ho DH, Ralph D.Floppy glans-classification, diagnosis and treatment.Sex Med Rev.2020;8(2):303-313. doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2019.07.003International Society for Sexual Medicine.Is it common to lose length after penile implant surgery?Carrion H, Martinez D, Parker J, et al.A history of the penile implant to 1974.Sex Med Rev. 2016;4(3):285–293. doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2016.05.003Chiergo F, Capogrosso P, Deho F, et al.Long-term follow-up after penile prosthesis implantation-survival and quality of life outcomes.J Sex Med. 2019;16(11):1827-1833. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.08.001Habous M, Tal R, Tealab A, et al.Defining a glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level that predicts increased risk of penile implant infection.BJU Int. 2018;121(2):293-300. doi:10.1111/bju.14076Dropkin BM, Chisholm LP, Dallmer JD, et al.Penile prosthesis insertion in the era of antibiotic stewardship-are postoperative antibiotics necessary?J Urol. 2020;203(3):611-614.Gupta NK, Ring J, Trost L, Wilson SK, Kohler TS.The penoscrotal surgical approach for inflatable penile prosthesis placement.Transl Androl Urol.2017;6(4):628–638. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.07.32Sun HH, Isali I, Mishra K, et al.Surgical outcomes at a single institution of infrapubic insertion of malleable penile prosthesis in transmen.Urology.2023:173:209-214. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2023.01.001Alwaal A, Harris CR, Hussein AA, et al.The decline of inpatient penile prosthesis over the 10‐year period, 2000–2010.Sex Med.2015;3(4):280–286. doi:10.1002/sm2.82Ellis JL, Higgins AM, Simhan J.Pain management strategies in penile implantation.Asian J Androl.2020;22(1):34–38. doi:10.4103/aja.aja_91_19Alberta Health Services (Canada).Penile implant surgery: what to expect at home.Rodriguez KM, Kohn TP, Davis AB, Hakky TS.Penile implants: a look into the future.Transl Androl Urol.2017;6(Suppl 5):S860–S866. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.05.28Burnett AL, Nehra A, Breau RH, et al.Erectile dysfunction: AUA guideline.J Urol. 2018;200(3):633-641. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2018.05.004Barbonetti A, D’Andrea S, Francavilla S.Testosterone replacement therapy.Andrology. 2020;8(6):1551-1566. doi:10.1111/andr.12774Pakpahan C, Agustinus A, Darmadi D.Comprehensive intersystemic assessment approach to relieve psychogenic erectile dysfunction: a review.Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2021;9(F):189-196. doi:10.3889/oamjms.2021.6116
31 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Chung E.Penile prosthesis implant: scientific advances and technological innovations over the last four decades.Transl Androl Urol. 2017;6(1):37-45. doi:10.21037/tau.2016.12.06Zieglermann MJ, Farrell MR, Levine LA.Modern treatment strategies for penile prosthetics in Peyronie’s disease: a contemporary clinical review.Asian J Androl.2020;22(1):51–59. doi:10.4103/aja.aja_81_19Purohit RS, Kent M, Djordjevic ML.Penile prosthesis in transgender men after phalloplasty.Indian J Plast Surg.2022;55(2):168–173. doi:10.1055/s-0041-1740523Komisky H, Beebe S, Shah N, Jenkins LC.Surgical reconstruction for penile fracture: a systematic review.Int J Impot Res.2020;32(1):75-80. doi:10.1038/s41443-019-0212-1Mark KP, Arenella K, Girard A, Herbenick D, Fu J, Coleman A.Erectile dysfunction prevalence in the United States: report from the 2021 National Survey of Sexual Wellbeing.J Sex Med.2024:qdae008. doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdae008Baas W, O’Connor B, Welliver C, et al.Worldwide trends in penile implantation surgery: data from over 63,000 implants.Transl Androl Urol.2020;9(1):31–37. doi:10.21037/tau.2019.09.26Çayan S, Aşcı R, Efesoy O Bolat MS, Akbay E, Yaman O.Comparison of long-term results and couples' satisfaction with penile implant types and brands: lessons learned from 883 patients with erectile dysfunction who underwent penile prosthesis implantation.J Sex Med. 2019;16(7):1092–1099. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.04.013Jorissen C, De Bruyna H, Baten E, Van Renterghem K.Clinical outcome: patient and partner satisfaction after penile implant surgery.Curr Urol.2019;13:94–100. doi:10.1159/000499286Mulcahy JJ, Köhler TS, Wen L, Wilson SK.Penile implant infection prevention part II: device coatings have changed the game.Int J Impotence Res.2022;33(8): 801–807. doi:10.1038/s41443-020-0338-1Levine LA, Becher EF, Bella AJ, et al.Penile prosthesis surgery: current recommendations from the International Consultation on Sexual Medicine.J Sex Med. 2016;13(4):489-518. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.01.017Cayetano-Alcarez AA, Yassin M, Desaid A, et al.Penile implant surgery-managing complications.Fac Rev.2021;10:73. doi:10.12703/r/10-73University of Irvine Urology.How much does it cost to get a penile implant?Masterson JM, Kava B, Ramasamy R.Commercial insurance coverage for inflatable penile prosthesis at a tertiary care center.Urol Pract.2019;6(3):155–158. doi:10.1016/j.urpr.2018.07.002Anaissie J, Yafi FA.A review of surgical strategies for penile prosthesis implantation in patients with Peyronie’s disease.Translational Androl Urol.2016;5(3):342–350. doi:10.21037/tau.2016.04.04Barham DW, Choi E, Hammad M, et al.Partial component exchange of a non-infected inflatable penile prosthesis is associated with a higher complication rate.Urology.2023;174:128–34. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2022.11.050Campbell JD, Chang EP, Di Pierdominico A, et al.Chronic pain associated with penile prostheses may persist despite revision or explanation.Can Urol Assoc J.2022;16(2):42-46. doi:10.5489/cuaj.7391Skrodzka M, Ho DH, Ralph D.Floppy glans-classification, diagnosis and treatment.Sex Med Rev.2020;8(2):303-313. doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2019.07.003International Society for Sexual Medicine.Is it common to lose length after penile implant surgery?Carrion H, Martinez D, Parker J, et al.A history of the penile implant to 1974.Sex Med Rev. 2016;4(3):285–293. doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2016.05.003Chiergo F, Capogrosso P, Deho F, et al.Long-term follow-up after penile prosthesis implantation-survival and quality of life outcomes.J Sex Med. 2019;16(11):1827-1833. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.08.001Habous M, Tal R, Tealab A, et al.Defining a glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level that predicts increased risk of penile implant infection.BJU Int. 2018;121(2):293-300. doi:10.1111/bju.14076Dropkin BM, Chisholm LP, Dallmer JD, et al.Penile prosthesis insertion in the era of antibiotic stewardship-are postoperative antibiotics necessary?J Urol. 2020;203(3):611-614.Gupta NK, Ring J, Trost L, Wilson SK, Kohler TS.The penoscrotal surgical approach for inflatable penile prosthesis placement.Transl Androl Urol.2017;6(4):628–638. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.07.32Sun HH, Isali I, Mishra K, et al.Surgical outcomes at a single institution of infrapubic insertion of malleable penile prosthesis in transmen.Urology.2023:173:209-214. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2023.01.001Alwaal A, Harris CR, Hussein AA, et al.The decline of inpatient penile prosthesis over the 10‐year period, 2000–2010.Sex Med.2015;3(4):280–286. doi:10.1002/sm2.82Ellis JL, Higgins AM, Simhan J.Pain management strategies in penile implantation.Asian J Androl.2020;22(1):34–38. doi:10.4103/aja.aja_91_19Alberta Health Services (Canada).Penile implant surgery: what to expect at home.Rodriguez KM, Kohn TP, Davis AB, Hakky TS.Penile implants: a look into the future.Transl Androl Urol.2017;6(Suppl 5):S860–S866. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.05.28Burnett AL, Nehra A, Breau RH, et al.Erectile dysfunction: AUA guideline.J Urol. 2018;200(3):633-641. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2018.05.004Barbonetti A, D’Andrea S, Francavilla S.Testosterone replacement therapy.Andrology. 2020;8(6):1551-1566. doi:10.1111/andr.12774Pakpahan C, Agustinus A, Darmadi D.Comprehensive intersystemic assessment approach to relieve psychogenic erectile dysfunction: a review.Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2021;9(F):189-196. doi:10.3889/oamjms.2021.6116
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Chung E.Penile prosthesis implant: scientific advances and technological innovations over the last four decades.Transl Androl Urol. 2017;6(1):37-45. doi:10.21037/tau.2016.12.06Zieglermann MJ, Farrell MR, Levine LA.Modern treatment strategies for penile prosthetics in Peyronie’s disease: a contemporary clinical review.Asian J Androl.2020;22(1):51–59. doi:10.4103/aja.aja_81_19Purohit RS, Kent M, Djordjevic ML.Penile prosthesis in transgender men after phalloplasty.Indian J Plast Surg.2022;55(2):168–173. doi:10.1055/s-0041-1740523Komisky H, Beebe S, Shah N, Jenkins LC.Surgical reconstruction for penile fracture: a systematic review.Int J Impot Res.2020;32(1):75-80. doi:10.1038/s41443-019-0212-1Mark KP, Arenella K, Girard A, Herbenick D, Fu J, Coleman A.Erectile dysfunction prevalence in the United States: report from the 2021 National Survey of Sexual Wellbeing.J Sex Med.2024:qdae008. doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdae008Baas W, O’Connor B, Welliver C, et al.Worldwide trends in penile implantation surgery: data from over 63,000 implants.Transl Androl Urol.2020;9(1):31–37. doi:10.21037/tau.2019.09.26Çayan S, Aşcı R, Efesoy O Bolat MS, Akbay E, Yaman O.Comparison of long-term results and couples' satisfaction with penile implant types and brands: lessons learned from 883 patients with erectile dysfunction who underwent penile prosthesis implantation.J Sex Med. 2019;16(7):1092–1099. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.04.013Jorissen C, De Bruyna H, Baten E, Van Renterghem K.Clinical outcome: patient and partner satisfaction after penile implant surgery.Curr Urol.2019;13:94–100. doi:10.1159/000499286Mulcahy JJ, Köhler TS, Wen L, Wilson SK.Penile implant infection prevention part II: device coatings have changed the game.Int J Impotence Res.2022;33(8): 801–807. doi:10.1038/s41443-020-0338-1Levine LA, Becher EF, Bella AJ, et al.Penile prosthesis surgery: current recommendations from the International Consultation on Sexual Medicine.J Sex Med. 2016;13(4):489-518. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.01.017Cayetano-Alcarez AA, Yassin M, Desaid A, et al.Penile implant surgery-managing complications.Fac Rev.2021;10:73. doi:10.12703/r/10-73University of Irvine Urology.How much does it cost to get a penile implant?Masterson JM, Kava B, Ramasamy R.Commercial insurance coverage for inflatable penile prosthesis at a tertiary care center.Urol Pract.2019;6(3):155–158. doi:10.1016/j.urpr.2018.07.002Anaissie J, Yafi FA.A review of surgical strategies for penile prosthesis implantation in patients with Peyronie’s disease.Translational Androl Urol.2016;5(3):342–350. doi:10.21037/tau.2016.04.04Barham DW, Choi E, Hammad M, et al.Partial component exchange of a non-infected inflatable penile prosthesis is associated with a higher complication rate.Urology.2023;174:128–34. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2022.11.050Campbell JD, Chang EP, Di Pierdominico A, et al.Chronic pain associated with penile prostheses may persist despite revision or explanation.Can Urol Assoc J.2022;16(2):42-46. doi:10.5489/cuaj.7391Skrodzka M, Ho DH, Ralph D.Floppy glans-classification, diagnosis and treatment.Sex Med Rev.2020;8(2):303-313. doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2019.07.003International Society for Sexual Medicine.Is it common to lose length after penile implant surgery?Carrion H, Martinez D, Parker J, et al.A history of the penile implant to 1974.Sex Med Rev. 2016;4(3):285–293. doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2016.05.003Chiergo F, Capogrosso P, Deho F, et al.Long-term follow-up after penile prosthesis implantation-survival and quality of life outcomes.J Sex Med. 2019;16(11):1827-1833. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.08.001Habous M, Tal R, Tealab A, et al.Defining a glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level that predicts increased risk of penile implant infection.BJU Int. 2018;121(2):293-300. doi:10.1111/bju.14076Dropkin BM, Chisholm LP, Dallmer JD, et al.Penile prosthesis insertion in the era of antibiotic stewardship-are postoperative antibiotics necessary?J Urol. 2020;203(3):611-614.Gupta NK, Ring J, Trost L, Wilson SK, Kohler TS.The penoscrotal surgical approach for inflatable penile prosthesis placement.Transl Androl Urol.2017;6(4):628–638. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.07.32Sun HH, Isali I, Mishra K, et al.Surgical outcomes at a single institution of infrapubic insertion of malleable penile prosthesis in transmen.Urology.2023:173:209-214. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2023.01.001Alwaal A, Harris CR, Hussein AA, et al.The decline of inpatient penile prosthesis over the 10‐year period, 2000–2010.Sex Med.2015;3(4):280–286. doi:10.1002/sm2.82Ellis JL, Higgins AM, Simhan J.Pain management strategies in penile implantation.Asian J Androl.2020;22(1):34–38. doi:10.4103/aja.aja_91_19Alberta Health Services (Canada).Penile implant surgery: what to expect at home.Rodriguez KM, Kohn TP, Davis AB, Hakky TS.Penile implants: a look into the future.Transl Androl Urol.2017;6(Suppl 5):S860–S866. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.05.28Burnett AL, Nehra A, Breau RH, et al.Erectile dysfunction: AUA guideline.J Urol. 2018;200(3):633-641. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2018.05.004Barbonetti A, D’Andrea S, Francavilla S.Testosterone replacement therapy.Andrology. 2020;8(6):1551-1566. doi:10.1111/andr.12774Pakpahan C, Agustinus A, Darmadi D.Comprehensive intersystemic assessment approach to relieve psychogenic erectile dysfunction: a review.Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2021;9(F):189-196. doi:10.3889/oamjms.2021.6116
Chung E.Penile prosthesis implant: scientific advances and technological innovations over the last four decades.Transl Androl Urol. 2017;6(1):37-45. doi:10.21037/tau.2016.12.06
Zieglermann MJ, Farrell MR, Levine LA.Modern treatment strategies for penile prosthetics in Peyronie’s disease: a contemporary clinical review.Asian J Androl.2020;22(1):51–59. doi:10.4103/aja.aja_81_19
Purohit RS, Kent M, Djordjevic ML.Penile prosthesis in transgender men after phalloplasty.Indian J Plast Surg.2022;55(2):168–173. doi:10.1055/s-0041-1740523
Komisky H, Beebe S, Shah N, Jenkins LC.Surgical reconstruction for penile fracture: a systematic review.Int J Impot Res.2020;32(1):75-80. doi:10.1038/s41443-019-0212-1
Mark KP, Arenella K, Girard A, Herbenick D, Fu J, Coleman A.Erectile dysfunction prevalence in the United States: report from the 2021 National Survey of Sexual Wellbeing.J Sex Med.2024:qdae008. doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdae008
Baas W, O’Connor B, Welliver C, et al.Worldwide trends in penile implantation surgery: data from over 63,000 implants.Transl Androl Urol.2020;9(1):31–37. doi:10.21037/tau.2019.09.26
Çayan S, Aşcı R, Efesoy O Bolat MS, Akbay E, Yaman O.Comparison of long-term results and couples' satisfaction with penile implant types and brands: lessons learned from 883 patients with erectile dysfunction who underwent penile prosthesis implantation.J Sex Med. 2019;16(7):1092–1099. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.04.013
Jorissen C, De Bruyna H, Baten E, Van Renterghem K.Clinical outcome: patient and partner satisfaction after penile implant surgery.Curr Urol.2019;13:94–100. doi:10.1159/000499286
Mulcahy JJ, Köhler TS, Wen L, Wilson SK.Penile implant infection prevention part II: device coatings have changed the game.Int J Impotence Res.2022;33(8): 801–807. doi:10.1038/s41443-020-0338-1
Levine LA, Becher EF, Bella AJ, et al.Penile prosthesis surgery: current recommendations from the International Consultation on Sexual Medicine.J Sex Med. 2016;13(4):489-518. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.01.017
Cayetano-Alcarez AA, Yassin M, Desaid A, et al.Penile implant surgery-managing complications.Fac Rev.2021;10:73. doi:10.12703/r/10-73
University of Irvine Urology.How much does it cost to get a penile implant?
Masterson JM, Kava B, Ramasamy R.Commercial insurance coverage for inflatable penile prosthesis at a tertiary care center.Urol Pract.2019;6(3):155–158. doi:10.1016/j.urpr.2018.07.002
Anaissie J, Yafi FA.A review of surgical strategies for penile prosthesis implantation in patients with Peyronie’s disease.Translational Androl Urol.2016;5(3):342–350. doi:10.21037/tau.2016.04.04
Barham DW, Choi E, Hammad M, et al.Partial component exchange of a non-infected inflatable penile prosthesis is associated with a higher complication rate.Urology.2023;174:128–34. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2022.11.050
Campbell JD, Chang EP, Di Pierdominico A, et al.Chronic pain associated with penile prostheses may persist despite revision or explanation.Can Urol Assoc J.2022;16(2):42-46. doi:10.5489/cuaj.7391
Skrodzka M, Ho DH, Ralph D.Floppy glans-classification, diagnosis and treatment.Sex Med Rev.2020;8(2):303-313. doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2019.07.003
International Society for Sexual Medicine.Is it common to lose length after penile implant surgery?
Carrion H, Martinez D, Parker J, et al.A history of the penile implant to 1974.Sex Med Rev. 2016;4(3):285–293. doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2016.05.003
Chiergo F, Capogrosso P, Deho F, et al.Long-term follow-up after penile prosthesis implantation-survival and quality of life outcomes.J Sex Med. 2019;16(11):1827-1833. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.08.001
Habous M, Tal R, Tealab A, et al.Defining a glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level that predicts increased risk of penile implant infection.BJU Int. 2018;121(2):293-300. doi:10.1111/bju.14076
Dropkin BM, Chisholm LP, Dallmer JD, et al.Penile prosthesis insertion in the era of antibiotic stewardship-are postoperative antibiotics necessary?J Urol. 2020;203(3):611-614.
Gupta NK, Ring J, Trost L, Wilson SK, Kohler TS.The penoscrotal surgical approach for inflatable penile prosthesis placement.Transl Androl Urol.2017;6(4):628–638. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.07.32
Sun HH, Isali I, Mishra K, et al.Surgical outcomes at a single institution of infrapubic insertion of malleable penile prosthesis in transmen.Urology.2023:173:209-214. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2023.01.001
Alwaal A, Harris CR, Hussein AA, et al.The decline of inpatient penile prosthesis over the 10‐year period, 2000–2010.Sex Med.2015;3(4):280–286. doi:10.1002/sm2.82
Ellis JL, Higgins AM, Simhan J.Pain management strategies in penile implantation.Asian J Androl.2020;22(1):34–38. doi:10.4103/aja.aja_91_19
Alberta Health Services (Canada).Penile implant surgery: what to expect at home.
Rodriguez KM, Kohn TP, Davis AB, Hakky TS.Penile implants: a look into the future.Transl Androl Urol.2017;6(Suppl 5):S860–S866. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.05.28
Burnett AL, Nehra A, Breau RH, et al.Erectile dysfunction: AUA guideline.J Urol. 2018;200(3):633-641. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2018.05.004
Barbonetti A, D’Andrea S, Francavilla S.Testosterone replacement therapy.Andrology. 2020;8(6):1551-1566. doi:10.1111/andr.12774
Pakpahan C, Agustinus A, Darmadi D.Comprehensive intersystemic assessment approach to relieve psychogenic erectile dysfunction: a review.Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2021;9(F):189-196. doi:10.3889/oamjms.2021.6116
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