Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsCauses of PimplesCauses of Other BumpsDiagnosisTreatmentPrevention
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Causes of Pimples
Causes of Other Bumps
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Some pimples and other bumps on female genitalia can be treated with at-home remedies and good hygiene practices, while others may need medical treatment.
Verywell / Brianna Gilmartin
Causes of Vaginal Pimples
True vaginal pimples are likepimpleselsewhere on the body. They form when dirt, sweat, and/or bacteria build up inside a pore, causing inflammation.
Vaginal pimples are usually small, red bumps, often with a white dot at the tip. Sometimes they can be dark at the tip or red all the way through. Some vaginal pimples may be full of pus, or swollen and painful.
Poor hygiene (even hanging around in sweaty clothes after working out) can increase your risk of vaginal pimples. So can irritation from lubricant or other body fluids.
Is It Safe to Pop Labial Pimples?It is not recommended topop pimplesin the genital area. Labial pimples are at a greater risk of infection than pimples in other parts of the body. In addition, popping a labial pimple can be more painful than popping a pimple on other skin tissue.
Is It Safe to Pop Labial Pimples?
It is not recommended topop pimplesin the genital area. Labial pimples are at a greater risk of infection than pimples in other parts of the body. In addition, popping a labial pimple can be more painful than popping a pimple on other skin tissue.
Causes of Other Vaginal Bumps
Several other conditions cause bumps or lesions near the genitals that can easily be mistaken for pimples. They’re not always painful, but that doesn’t mean they shouldn’t be taken seriously.
Talk to your healthcare provider to see if any new bumps you have are pimples or another type of infection.
Ingrown Hairs
Shaving, waxing, and plucking pubic hair is a common cause ofingrown hairs. In fact, one study reported that 32.7% of women who removed their pubic hair had ingrown hairs at some point or another.
Aside from how you groom your hair, certain genetic factors may make you more susceptible. People with thick hair or tight curls are more prone to developing ingrown hairs.
Vulvar Cysts
Bartholin’s gland cystsare noncancerous masses that form on either side of the labia. An estimated 2% of women develop at least one in their lifetime.They are most common among females in their 20s.
This type of cyst occurs when a Bartholin’s gland—which is responsible for sexual lubrication—becomes clogged. This is frequently a result of injury orE. coliinfection.
Because they grow very slowly and are often painless, you may not notice you have a Bartholin’s cyst until several years have passed. Some females report experiencing mild discomfort or difficulty urinating.
Other common, noncancerous cysts that can form on the vulva include:
Vaginal Cysts
At least one in every 200 people with a vagina will develop a vaginal cyst at some point in their lives. The true number is likely higher, though, as many vaginal cysts aren’t reported.
Cysts can form as a result of injury to the vaginal walls during childbirth or surgery. They can also occur from a gland that’s clogged or abenign (noncancerous) tumorin the vaginal lining. Sometimes the cause can’t be pinpointed.
Around 10% of benign vaginal cysts are Gartner duct cysts.This is a congenital (present-at-birth) cyst that commonly goes undetected until later in life. Usually, it’s discovered when you visit a healthcare provider orgynecologistfor a routine checkup. These cysts have their origin in embryonic development.
Other noncancerous vaginal cysts include:
The majority of Gartner duct cysts, Müllerian cysts, and inclusion cysts remain small and painless and require no treatment.
If a cyst is detected during apelvic exam, your healthcare provider may order an ultrasound or MRI to diagnose it. A biopsy may also be ordered to rule out cancer.
Never pick at a cyst or try to drain it on your own. Doing so can lead to infection and scarring. To soothe a cyst at home, try taking asitz (warm water) bathfor 10 to 15 minutes a few times a week.Adding 1/4 cup ofEpsom saltmay provide additional therapeutic relief.
Molluscum Contagiosum
Molluscum contagiosum(MC) is a viral infection that can cause small, raised papules to grow anywhere on the body. There may be just one or a whole cluster. While they’re usually painless, they can become quite itchy.
MC papules tend to be smooth and firm with a dimple in the center. They can be pink, white, or flesh-colored in appearance. The infection spreads through sexual or non-sexual skin-to-skin contact. It’s most commonly seen in children, sexually active adults, and people who areimmunocompromised.
Fortunately, MC infections usually resolve within six to nine months.
Varicose Veins
Varicose veinsare a common condition in adults. They typically affect superficial (near the surface of the skin) veins in the body’s lower extremities.
The condition occurs when there is increased blood pressure in a weak or damaged vein. This causes the vein to become twisted and enlarged and to bulge from the skin.
Varicose veins of the vulva are most prevalent in pregnant and postpartum people. An estimated 18% to 22% of pregnant people have them.As blood pools in the vulvar veins, bumps can form on the outer surface of the labia.
Pregnancy causes an increase of blood flow in the pelvis and genitalia that generally subsides after delivery.
Varicose veins of the vulva can occasionally be misdiagnosed as a Bartholin’s gland cyst or ahernia.
While some females do not experience symptoms, others report:
Genital Warts
Human papillomavirus (HPV)is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States, affecting tens of millions of people each year.
There are at least 100 different kinds of HPV. Most are considered relatively harmless. Others can cause more serious health problems, such ascervical canceror genital warts.
HPV strains 6 and 11 do not carry a high risk of cervical cancer. However, they are responsible for 85% to 95% of HPV-related genital warts. TheHPV vaccineis highly effective in protecting against both of these strains.
Among those who have not been vaccinated for HPV, only 10% will developgenital warts.If you are infected with a strain of HPV that causes them, warts may not develop for several months. In some cases, they develop years later.When they do develop, they sometimes go unnoticed. They can form in or around the vulva, vagina, or cervix.
Genital warts can vary quite a bit in appearance. They can be raised or flat, smooth or cauliflower-like in texture. They can be flesh-colored or lighter, dark purple or brown. There may just be one or there may be a cluster. While some people experience no symptoms at all, others can have warts that itch or bleed.
Genital Herpes
There are two types ofherpes simplex virus (HSV), which are referred to as HSV type 1 and HSV type 2.
In 2016, 47.8% of people between the ages of 14 and 49 years were living with HSV type 1 in the United States. That year, 11.9% of people had HSV type 2 as well, making genital herpes one of the most common sexually transmitted infections.
HSVis a lifelong infection with no known cure. Numbers are on the rise, with more females affected than males.
If the rash develops inside the vagina or on the cervix, it can be misdiagnosed aspelvic inflammatory diseaseor aurinary tract infection. Approximately 70% of women also report fever, headache, and malaise (feeling unwell) during an outbreak.
According to the CDC, you should get a blood test for genital herpes if you have symptoms that could be related to herpes. You should also be tested if you’ve had sex with someone with genital herpes. A test may also be helpful if you’ve had multiple sex partners and would like a completeSTI exam.
Fox-Fordyce Disease
Fox-Fordyce disease is an uncommon disorder that causes chronic inflammation of the apocrine sweat glands. These are glands found in areas with abundant hair follicles, particularly the groin, armpits, and around the nipples.
During a flare-up, the apocrine glands become enlarged and inflamed with intensely itchy papules. Females with this condition often develop multiple, small, firm, and flesh-colored papules on their labia. Scratching them can result in asecondary infectionof the hair follicles.
Over 90% of those with Fox-Fordyce disease are women. Researchers aren’t sure what causes the condition. However, it’s clear that hormones and genetics play a role in its development.
Vaginal Skin Tags
Skin tags (or polyps) are painless growths that can form anywhere on the skin. They are usually benign, although postmenopausal people have a higher risk of developing polyps that are malignant (cancerous).
In females, genital polyps can form in the uterus (endometrial polyps), on the cervix or, less commonly, in the vagina. A variety of factors may contribute to their development. They include:
Healthcare providers or gynecologists may not detect a polyp unless anultrasoundor ahysteroscopyis ordered.
The appearances of polyps vary. Polyps range in color from reddish-purple to gray or white. The size of the growth also varies. They tend to look like a stem with a bulb on the end.
A range of symptoms have been reported, such as vaginal discharge and bleeding between periods or after sexual intercourse.
Vestibular Papillomatosis
Small, painless, skin-colored bumps on the outer labia may representvestibular papillomatosis. This is a harmless and normal difference in the surface and structure of the skin.
Most people with vestibular papillomatosis don’t have any symptoms. However, some experience vulvarpruritus(itching), pain, burning, and pain associated with sexual intercourse.
To diagnose vaginal pimples, your healthcare provider will probably want to examine them. The provider may be able to diagnose them based on their appearance. You should also let your healthcare provider know:
If the bumps near your vagina don’t appear to be pimples, your healthcare provider may also ask you about recent sexual encounters.
Most diagnoses can be made based on the history and physical exam. However, depending on the likely cause, your healthcare provider may perform additional tests (such as an HPV test) to confirm the diagnosis.
If your healthcare provider has confirmed your vaginal pimples are pimples, there are a few options for treatment. Mostly, it’s important to focus on good hygiene and keeping your skin clean.
If a pimple doesn’t show signs of clearing up in a few days, call your healthcare provider.
Medicine for the Underlying Condition
The skin in your genital area is more sensitive than skin elsewhere on your body, so always discuss your options with a healthcare provider before pursuing treatment.
Different conditions require different treatments, which can range from topical to oral medications, subcutaneous medications (injected into the skin), or surgical excision.
Available medications for your condition may include:
Topical Treatments
Your healthcare provider may also recommend a topical treatment to help with your pimples. This might be anantibiotic, anantihistamine, or even an acne medication. Understanding the nature of your condition is critical for treating it properly.
For example, using antibiotics kills the skin’s “good bacteria” in addition to the bad. For this reason, only apply topical antibiotic treatments when your healthcare provider advises you to do so. These treatments are not useful for skin tags or varicose veins.However, they can soothe inflammation and prevent infection if you have an ingrown hair.
Topical treatments for MC often include such ingredients ascantharidin, potassium hydroxide, imiquimod, iodine, andsalicylic acid.
Forwarts, Antimitotics (podofilox) is a solution or gel applied topically. Imiquimod (3.7%) cream is another topical treatment option. You apply it at bedtime for up to eight weeks. Imiquimod cream can also be used for genital herpes and infections like MC
A topicalcorticosteroidor retinoid treatment and topicalclindamycinor benzoyl peroxide may be recommended for Fox-Fordyce disease. However, like other treatments for this condition, they may not be very successful because they don’t prevent stress or perspiration.
Always consult with your healthcare provider before using an over-the-counter acne medication to treat vaginal pimples. If you get the OK to use benzoyl peroxide, stick with low concentrations and only use these creams on external skin.
Warm or Cool Compress
Warm compresses are useful for soothing painful ingrown hairs or cysts. Cool compresses are better for itchiness.
If your condition is contagious or you suspect it might be, using a compress to relieve discomfort is fine. However, take great care to use a clean towel each time so you don’t reinfect yourself or spread infection.
To soothevaricose veins, consider using a cool compress, as warmth increases blood flow and causes veins to dilate.Cool compresses may also be more therapeutic for conditions that cause itchy lesions, like MC or Fox-Fordyce disease. Just make sure to dry the skin afterward.
Skin Care
When an ingrown hair develops, the first thing you should do is stop shaving. Usually, this will resolve the irritation within a few days.
Medical Procedures
For some causes, your healthcare provider may recommend a medical procedure.
Larger cysts, for example, may require surgical drainage. Sometimes, a fullexcision, or surgical removal, of the gland may be needed to prevent the cyst from growing back.
Within six weeks, varicose vulvar veins usually go away, but if they don’t (or they continue to grow), they can be treated with surgery.
There are several treatment options for different types of bumps:
Treatments for warts may reduce flare-ups, but can’t get rid of HPV in the body. Only time can resolve HPV entirely.
Some things that may help prevent a recurrence of vaginal pimples include:
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Don’t forget that STIs can be transmitted even when you don’t have symptoms. For lifelong diseases like genital herpes, be open with your partner and tell them if you are having a herpes flare. Discuss the risks involved and come up with a plan together to have safer sex.
Be sure to keep your healthcare provider in the loop about your condition. You can always consult with them if you’re unsure whether or not it’s safe for you to be sexually active.
Summary
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33 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Planned Parenthood.What’s that bump?!DeMaria AL, Flores M, Hirth JM, Berenson AB.Complications related to pubic hair removal.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;210(6):1-9. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2014.01.036Díaz de la Noval B, García Fernández I, Álvarez Fernández B.Bulky Bartholin’s gland cyst: case report of an incidental finding.Case Rep Womens Health. 2019;22(1):1-4. doi:10.1016/j.crwh.2019.e00115Lallar M, Nandal R, Sharma D, Shastri S.Large posterior vaginal cyst in pregnancy.BMJ Case Rep. 2015;2015:bcr2014208874. doi:10.1136/bcr-2014-208874Rios SS, Pereira LC, Santos CB, Chen AC, Chen JR, de Fátima B Vogt M.Conservative treatment and follow-up of Vaginal Gartner’s duct cysts: a case series.J Med Case Rep. 2016;10(1). doi:10.1186/s13256-016-0936-1Lee MY, Dalpiaz A, Schwamb R, Miao Y, Waltzer W, Khan A.Clinical pathology of Bartholin’s glands: a review of the literature.Curr Urol. 2015;8(1):22-25. doi:10.1159/000365683Ding J, Mu X, Yuan Y, et al.Therapies of varicose veins: protocol for the reporting and methodological quality of pairwise meta-analyses.Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(25):e16042. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000016042Gavrilov SG.Vulvar varicosities: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.Int J Womens Health. 2017;9:463-475. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S126165Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.About genital HPV infection.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.FDA approves expanded use of Gardasil 9 to include individuals 27 through 45 years old.Lukács A, Máté Z, Farkas N,et al.The quadrivalent HPV vaccine is protective against genital warts: a meta-analysis.BMC Public Health.2020;20(1):691. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08753-yChildren’s Hospital of Philadelphia.Questions and answers about HPV and the vaccine.Nemours Foundation. KidsHealth.Genital warts (HPV).Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in persons aged 14-49: United States, 2015-2016.James C, Harfouche M, Welton NJ, et al.Herpes simplex virus: global infection prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016.Bull World Health Organ. 2020;98(5):315-329. doi:10.2471/BLT.19.237149Jaishankar D, Shukla D.Genital herpes: insights into sexually transmitted infectious disease.Microb Cell. 2016;3(9):438-450. doi:10.15698/mic2016.09.528Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Screening for genital herpes.Gurusamy L, Jegadeesan M, Jayakumar S.Fox-Fordyce disease of the vulva.Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS. 2016;37(1):65-67. doi:10.4103/0253-7184.180293Sepaskhah M, Hamedpour R, Sari Aslani F.Hair removal laser-induced Fox–Fordyce disease emerging on the axillary and pubic areas: report of a case and review of literature.Clin Case Rep. 2024;12(3):e8621. doi:10.1002/ccr3.8621Kakkar S, Sharma PK.Benign vulvar vestibular papillomatosis: An underreported condition in Indian dermatological literature.Indian Dermatol Online J. 2017;8(1):63-65. doi:10.4103/2229-5178.198777Liu B, Jordt SE.Cooling the itch via TRPM8.J Invest Dermatol. 2018;138(6):1254-1256. doi:10.1016/j.jid.2018.01.020Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Clinical overview of molluscum contagiosum.Ray P, Singh S, Gupta S.Topical antimicrobial therapy: current status and challenges.Indian J Med Microbiol. 2019 Sep;37(3):299-308. doi:10.4103/ijmm.IJMM_19_443Ogunbiyi A.Pseudofolliculitis barbae; current treatment options.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2019;12(1):241-247. doi:10.2147/CCID.S149250U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.Fox-Fordyce disease.Malanga G, Yan N, Stark J.Mechanisms and efficacy of heat and cold therapies for musculoskeletal injury.Postgrad Med. 2015;127(1):57-65. doi:10.1080/00325481.2015.992719Sun KL, Chang JM.Special types of folliculitis which should be differentiated from acne.Dermatoendocrinol. 2017;9(1):1-4. doi:10.1080/19381980.2017.1356519Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Anogenital warts.Tanos V, Berry K, Seikkula J, et al.The management of polyps in female reproductive organs.International Journal of Surgery. 2017;43(1):7-16. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.05.012Meza-Romero R, Navarrete-Dechent C, Downey C.Molluscum contagiosum: an update and review of new perspectives in etiology, diagnosis, and treatment.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2019;12(1):373-381. doi:10.2147/CCID.S187224Theodorou G, Khomsi F, Bouzerda-Brahami K, Bouquet de Jolinière J, Feki A.Surgical management of a large postoperative vulvar haematoma following vulvar phlebectomy and ovarian vein embolization for vulvar varicose veins: a case report.Case Rep Womens Health. 2020;27(1):1-3. doi:10.1016/j.crwh.2020.e00225Centers for Disease Control.The lowdown on how to prevent sexually transmitted diseases.U.S. Department of Health & Human Services - Office on Women’s Health.Pap and HPV tests.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Planned Parenthood.What’s that bump?!DeMaria AL, Flores M, Hirth JM, Berenson AB.Complications related to pubic hair removal.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;210(6):1-9. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2014.01.036Díaz de la Noval B, García Fernández I, Álvarez Fernández B.Bulky Bartholin’s gland cyst: case report of an incidental finding.Case Rep Womens Health. 2019;22(1):1-4. doi:10.1016/j.crwh.2019.e00115Lallar M, Nandal R, Sharma D, Shastri S.Large posterior vaginal cyst in pregnancy.BMJ Case Rep. 2015;2015:bcr2014208874. doi:10.1136/bcr-2014-208874Rios SS, Pereira LC, Santos CB, Chen AC, Chen JR, de Fátima B Vogt M.Conservative treatment and follow-up of Vaginal Gartner’s duct cysts: a case series.J Med Case Rep. 2016;10(1). doi:10.1186/s13256-016-0936-1Lee MY, Dalpiaz A, Schwamb R, Miao Y, Waltzer W, Khan A.Clinical pathology of Bartholin’s glands: a review of the literature.Curr Urol. 2015;8(1):22-25. doi:10.1159/000365683Ding J, Mu X, Yuan Y, et al.Therapies of varicose veins: protocol for the reporting and methodological quality of pairwise meta-analyses.Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(25):e16042. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000016042Gavrilov SG.Vulvar varicosities: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.Int J Womens Health. 2017;9:463-475. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S126165Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.About genital HPV infection.U.S. Food and Drug Administration.FDA approves expanded use of Gardasil 9 to include individuals 27 through 45 years old.Lukács A, Máté Z, Farkas N,et al.The quadrivalent HPV vaccine is protective against genital warts: a meta-analysis.BMC Public Health.2020;20(1):691. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08753-yChildren’s Hospital of Philadelphia.Questions and answers about HPV and the vaccine.Nemours Foundation. KidsHealth.Genital warts (HPV).Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in persons aged 14-49: United States, 2015-2016.James C, Harfouche M, Welton NJ, et al.Herpes simplex virus: global infection prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016.Bull World Health Organ. 2020;98(5):315-329. doi:10.2471/BLT.19.237149Jaishankar D, Shukla D.Genital herpes: insights into sexually transmitted infectious disease.Microb Cell. 2016;3(9):438-450. doi:10.15698/mic2016.09.528Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Screening for genital herpes.Gurusamy L, Jegadeesan M, Jayakumar S.Fox-Fordyce disease of the vulva.Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS. 2016;37(1):65-67. doi:10.4103/0253-7184.180293Sepaskhah M, Hamedpour R, Sari Aslani F.Hair removal laser-induced Fox–Fordyce disease emerging on the axillary and pubic areas: report of a case and review of literature.Clin Case Rep. 2024;12(3):e8621. doi:10.1002/ccr3.8621Kakkar S, Sharma PK.Benign vulvar vestibular papillomatosis: An underreported condition in Indian dermatological literature.Indian Dermatol Online J. 2017;8(1):63-65. doi:10.4103/2229-5178.198777Liu B, Jordt SE.Cooling the itch via TRPM8.J Invest Dermatol. 2018;138(6):1254-1256. doi:10.1016/j.jid.2018.01.020Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Clinical overview of molluscum contagiosum.Ray P, Singh S, Gupta S.Topical antimicrobial therapy: current status and challenges.Indian J Med Microbiol. 2019 Sep;37(3):299-308. doi:10.4103/ijmm.IJMM_19_443Ogunbiyi A.Pseudofolliculitis barbae; current treatment options.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2019;12(1):241-247. doi:10.2147/CCID.S149250U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.Fox-Fordyce disease.Malanga G, Yan N, Stark J.Mechanisms and efficacy of heat and cold therapies for musculoskeletal injury.Postgrad Med. 2015;127(1):57-65. doi:10.1080/00325481.2015.992719Sun KL, Chang JM.Special types of folliculitis which should be differentiated from acne.Dermatoendocrinol. 2017;9(1):1-4. doi:10.1080/19381980.2017.1356519Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Anogenital warts.Tanos V, Berry K, Seikkula J, et al.The management of polyps in female reproductive organs.International Journal of Surgery. 2017;43(1):7-16. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.05.012Meza-Romero R, Navarrete-Dechent C, Downey C.Molluscum contagiosum: an update and review of new perspectives in etiology, diagnosis, and treatment.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2019;12(1):373-381. doi:10.2147/CCID.S187224Theodorou G, Khomsi F, Bouzerda-Brahami K, Bouquet de Jolinière J, Feki A.Surgical management of a large postoperative vulvar haematoma following vulvar phlebectomy and ovarian vein embolization for vulvar varicose veins: a case report.Case Rep Womens Health. 2020;27(1):1-3. doi:10.1016/j.crwh.2020.e00225Centers for Disease Control.The lowdown on how to prevent sexually transmitted diseases.U.S. Department of Health & Human Services - Office on Women’s Health.Pap and HPV tests.
Planned Parenthood.What’s that bump?!
DeMaria AL, Flores M, Hirth JM, Berenson AB.Complications related to pubic hair removal.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;210(6):1-9. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2014.01.036
Díaz de la Noval B, García Fernández I, Álvarez Fernández B.Bulky Bartholin’s gland cyst: case report of an incidental finding.Case Rep Womens Health. 2019;22(1):1-4. doi:10.1016/j.crwh.2019.e00115
Lallar M, Nandal R, Sharma D, Shastri S.Large posterior vaginal cyst in pregnancy.BMJ Case Rep. 2015;2015:bcr2014208874. doi:10.1136/bcr-2014-208874
Rios SS, Pereira LC, Santos CB, Chen AC, Chen JR, de Fátima B Vogt M.Conservative treatment and follow-up of Vaginal Gartner’s duct cysts: a case series.J Med Case Rep. 2016;10(1). doi:10.1186/s13256-016-0936-1
Lee MY, Dalpiaz A, Schwamb R, Miao Y, Waltzer W, Khan A.Clinical pathology of Bartholin’s glands: a review of the literature.Curr Urol. 2015;8(1):22-25. doi:10.1159/000365683
Ding J, Mu X, Yuan Y, et al.Therapies of varicose veins: protocol for the reporting and methodological quality of pairwise meta-analyses.Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(25):e16042. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000016042
Gavrilov SG.Vulvar varicosities: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.Int J Womens Health. 2017;9:463-475. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S126165
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.About genital HPV infection.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration.FDA approves expanded use of Gardasil 9 to include individuals 27 through 45 years old.
Lukács A, Máté Z, Farkas N,et al.The quadrivalent HPV vaccine is protective against genital warts: a meta-analysis.BMC Public Health.2020;20(1):691. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08753-y
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.Questions and answers about HPV and the vaccine.
Nemours Foundation. KidsHealth.Genital warts (HPV).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in persons aged 14-49: United States, 2015-2016.
James C, Harfouche M, Welton NJ, et al.Herpes simplex virus: global infection prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016.Bull World Health Organ. 2020;98(5):315-329. doi:10.2471/BLT.19.237149
Jaishankar D, Shukla D.Genital herpes: insights into sexually transmitted infectious disease.Microb Cell. 2016;3(9):438-450. doi:10.15698/mic2016.09.528
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Screening for genital herpes.
Gurusamy L, Jegadeesan M, Jayakumar S.Fox-Fordyce disease of the vulva.Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS. 2016;37(1):65-67. doi:10.4103/0253-7184.180293
Sepaskhah M, Hamedpour R, Sari Aslani F.Hair removal laser-induced Fox–Fordyce disease emerging on the axillary and pubic areas: report of a case and review of literature.Clin Case Rep. 2024;12(3):e8621. doi:10.1002/ccr3.8621
Kakkar S, Sharma PK.Benign vulvar vestibular papillomatosis: An underreported condition in Indian dermatological literature.Indian Dermatol Online J. 2017;8(1):63-65. doi:10.4103/2229-5178.198777
Liu B, Jordt SE.Cooling the itch via TRPM8.J Invest Dermatol. 2018;138(6):1254-1256. doi:10.1016/j.jid.2018.01.020
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Clinical overview of molluscum contagiosum.
Ray P, Singh S, Gupta S.Topical antimicrobial therapy: current status and challenges.Indian J Med Microbiol. 2019 Sep;37(3):299-308. doi:10.4103/ijmm.IJMM_19_443
Ogunbiyi A.Pseudofolliculitis barbae; current treatment options.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2019;12(1):241-247. doi:10.2147/CCID.S149250
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.Fox-Fordyce disease.
Malanga G, Yan N, Stark J.Mechanisms and efficacy of heat and cold therapies for musculoskeletal injury.Postgrad Med. 2015;127(1):57-65. doi:10.1080/00325481.2015.992719
Sun KL, Chang JM.Special types of folliculitis which should be differentiated from acne.Dermatoendocrinol. 2017;9(1):1-4. doi:10.1080/19381980.2017.1356519
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Anogenital warts.
Tanos V, Berry K, Seikkula J, et al.The management of polyps in female reproductive organs.International Journal of Surgery. 2017;43(1):7-16. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.05.012
Meza-Romero R, Navarrete-Dechent C, Downey C.Molluscum contagiosum: an update and review of new perspectives in etiology, diagnosis, and treatment.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2019;12(1):373-381. doi:10.2147/CCID.S187224
Theodorou G, Khomsi F, Bouzerda-Brahami K, Bouquet de Jolinière J, Feki A.Surgical management of a large postoperative vulvar haematoma following vulvar phlebectomy and ovarian vein embolization for vulvar varicose veins: a case report.Case Rep Womens Health. 2020;27(1):1-3. doi:10.1016/j.crwh.2020.e00225
Centers for Disease Control.The lowdown on how to prevent sexually transmitted diseases.
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services - Office on Women’s Health.Pap and HPV tests.
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