Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsUsesSide EffectsPrecautionsDosageToxicityInteractionsHow to StoreSimilar SupplementsFrequently Asked QuestionsSources & What to Look For
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Uses
Side Effects
Precautions
Dosage
Toxicity
Interactions
How to Store
Similar Supplements
Frequently Asked Questions
Sources & What to Look For
Eleuthero, a woody shrub native to northeast Asia, contains chemicals such as eleutherosides, triterpenoid saponins, and flavones that may help your body respond to stressors.It’s been used to prevent viral infections, relieve osteoarthritis pain, and help decrease cholesterol. However, more research is needed to prove these effects.
Eleuthero is sometimes referred to as Siberian ginseng, even though it’s not a true “ginseng” plant. The Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (also known as the Farm Bill) limits the use of the terms “Siberian ginseng” and “ginseng” to products containing the herb of the genusPanax.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs. That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or pharmacist.
Supplement FactsActive ingredients (s): Eleutherosides, triterpenoid saponins, and flavonesAlternative name(s): Eleuthero,Eleutherococcus senticosus,E. senticosus, Siberian ginseng,Acanthopanax senticosus,A. senticosus, Russian ginseng, devil’s shrub, touch-me-not, wild pepper, Shigoka, Ci-wu-jaLegal status: The Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 made it illegal to use the term “Siberian ginseng” and any other use of the word “ginseng” for a product unless the product is an herb in the genusPanax.Suggested dose: May vary based on the specific dosage form and medical conditionSafety considerations: Likely safe for up to three months in adults, up to six weeks in teenagers; possible side effects and medication interactions; special considerations during pregnancy and while breastfeeding
Supplement Facts
Active ingredients (s): Eleutherosides, triterpenoid saponins, and flavonesAlternative name(s): Eleuthero,Eleutherococcus senticosus,E. senticosus, Siberian ginseng,Acanthopanax senticosus,A. senticosus, Russian ginseng, devil’s shrub, touch-me-not, wild pepper, Shigoka, Ci-wu-jaLegal status: The Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 made it illegal to use the term “Siberian ginseng” and any other use of the word “ginseng” for a product unless the product is an herb in the genusPanax.Suggested dose: May vary based on the specific dosage form and medical conditionSafety considerations: Likely safe for up to three months in adults, up to six weeks in teenagers; possible side effects and medication interactions; special considerations during pregnancy and while breastfeeding
Uses of Eleuthero
As with many natural products, more extensive research is necessary. But people might use eleuthero for various reasons.
Viral Infections
A 2020 review reported the benefits of eleuthero as a prophylactic (preventive) medication duringinfluenza(flu) epidemics. These clinical trials suggest that eleuthero may decrease mortality (death) rates and complications from the flu. Examples of complications may includepneumonia(fluid in the lungs from a lung infection),bronchitis(swollen lung airways), andotitis(ear infection).
Another review of older studies stated eleuthero may decrease complications and mortality rates in people with viral lung infections.
In addition to helping with viral lung infections, eleuthero has been cited with lowering the number of genitalherpesoutbreaks, according to the National Library of Medicine (NLM).
While research sounds promising, additional, larger research is still necessary to better assess eleuthero’s effects.
Osteoarthritis
In one study, researchers divided 57 people with kneeosteoarthritis(wear-and-tear arthritis) into two groups, as follows:
By the study’s end, the herbal mixture group reported lesspainand better knee function when compared to the placebo. But more research with larger and longer-term clinical trials is still necessary to better assess the herbal mixture’s safety. These future studies may also help determine if the herbal mixture can prevent or treat osteoarthritis. Additional research will also assist in evaluating the effects of each herb, including eleuthero.
High Cholesterol
Eleuthero may help cuthigh cholesterol, according to a small study.
In the clinical trial, there were 40 postmenopausal people assigned female at birth. These study participants were assigned to receive eithercalciumor calcium plus eleuthero for six months.
Based on the study results, participants taking calcium plus eleuthero had significant decreases inlow-density lipoprotein (LDL)(considered “bad” cholesterol) levels.
What’s more, there were fewer signs oflymphocyte(a type ofwhite blood cell)DNAdamage. There were also fewer markers, or substances in the blood, that point to oxidative stress.Oxidative stress is a condition in which there are not enough naturally occurring antioxidants in your body to attack what are known asfree radicals. Free radicals are substances that can damage things—like DNA.
Although the results appear promising, additional, extensive research with larger and longer-term clinical trials is still necessary.
What Are the Side Effects of Eleuthero?
As with many medications and natural products, side effects are possible with eleuthero.
Common Side Effects
Based on the small study in people with knee osteoarthritis, some other common side effects may also include:
In this clinical trial, however, a group of study participants took a mixture of three herbs, including eleuthero.For this reason, it’s difficult to determine if eleuthero was responsible for all of these side effects or if the other two herbs factored in.
Severe Side Effects
No serious side effects were noted for eleuthero in a study of people with knee osteoarthritis.
However, a severe allergic reaction is a serious side effect possible with any medication. If you’re having asevere allergic reactionto eleuthero, you may experience symptoms breathing difficulties, itchiness, and rash.
Call 911 and get medical help immediately if you’re having a severe allergic reaction or if any of your symptoms feel life-threatening.
A healthcare provider may advise against using eleuthero if any of the following applies to you:
Severe allergic reaction: If you have a severe allergic reaction to eleuthero or its components (ingredients or parts), you should not take this medication.
Pregnancy: According to the NLM, there’s limited information about the effects and safety of eleuthero on the unborn fetus,despite there being a few eleuthero product labels that target pregnant people.Reach out to a healthcare provider to discuss the benefits and risks before taking eleuthero during yourpregnancy. They may recommend avoiding eleuthero.
Breastfeeding: There is limited information about the effects and safety of eleuthero onbreastfeedingparents and nursing infants. In general, it seems to be well-tolerated.There are a few eleuthero product labels that target breastfeeding people.But there have also been reports of breast tenderness and bleeding risk. Eleuthero may also raise blood pressure and blood sugar.
Since more information is necessary on eleuthero, contact a healthcare provider to discuss the benefits and risks before taking eleuthero. They may recommend avoiding eleuthero.
Children: There is limited data on the effects and safety of eleuthero on nursing infants, and there are likely no eleuthero product labels that target infants.However, there are product labels that target children.
As mentioned in a 2020 review article, there are few clinical trials with children as participants, but in some studies, eleuthero decreased the mortality (death) and complication rates in children with viral lung infections.According to the NLM, six weeks of eleuthero is also possibly safe for teenagers between 12 and 17 years old.
Since more reliable information is necessary, talk with a healthcare provider if you’re considering eleuthero for your child.
Older adults over 65 years: Older adults participated in some eleuthero-related clinical trials, but these studies were small.Moreover, some older adults may have a higher likelihood of medication side effects. For this reason, people in this age group should take eleuthero with caution.
Heart-related conditions: Eleuthero may raise blood pressure.If you have a heart-related condition, a healthcare provider may want to monitor you closely and make any necessary medication adjustments.
Diabetes: Eleuthero may raise blood sugar.If you havediabetes(high blood sugar), a healthcare provider may want to closely monitor you and make any necessary medication adjustments.
Bleeding conditions: Eleuthero may increase the risk of bleeding.If you have a bleeding condition, healthcare providers may want to avoid eleuthero. A bleeding condition—likevon Willebrand disease(VWD)—will further increase the likelihood of heavy bleeding with certain medications, such as eleuthero. VWD is a condition that runs in families. People with VWD have a problem with their von Willebrand protein that prevents the blood from clotting appropriately.
Breast cancer: For certain types ofbreast cancer, endocrine (hormone) therapy is typically used after surgery. This is to prevent these types of breast cancer from coming back.Since eleuthero might have someestrogen-like effects and may interfere with endocrine therapy, the healthcare provider might want to avoid it.
Verywell / Anastasia Tretiak
Dosage: How Much Eleuthero Should I Take?
While there are some studies on eleuthero in humans, more, high-quality clinical trials are still necessary.For this reason, there are no guidelines on the appropriate dosage to take eleuthero for any condition.
If you choose to take eleuthero, follow a healthcare provider’s recommendations or label instructions.
Always speak with a healthcare provider before taking a supplement to ensure that the supplement and dosage are appropriate for your individual needs.
What Happens If I Take Too Much Eleuthero?
There is little information about eleuthero toxicity and overdoses in humans. But according to the NLM, taking eleuthero for up to six weeks is typically safe for teenagers. For adults, it’s usually safe to take for up to three months.
Symptoms of overdoses with eleuthero are likely similar to its potential common and serious side effects—but excessive and severe. Other possible eleuthero toxicity side effects may also include:
And since some eleuthero products might contain other herbs, side effects from these other herbs are also possible.
If you suspect you’re experiencing life-threatening side effects, seek immediate medical attention.
In general, there is limited information about possible medication interactions with eleuthero. Most data are based on eleuthero’s potential uses, case reports, and laboratory studies.
Use caution when taking eleuthero with the following:
Blood pressure medications: Eleuthero may raise your blood pressure.It may work against your blood pressure medications, such asZestril (lisinopril). Healthcare providers may want to monitor you closely and adjust your medications accordingly.
Blood thinners: Eleuthero might increase your risk of bleeding.This may have additive effects with other blood thinners, worsening bruising and bleeding side effects.Jantoven (warfarin)is an example of a blood thinner.
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) substrate medications: CYP450 is a family of proteins in the liver. They’re responsible for breaking down medications.
Based on animal studies, eleuthero has blocked CYP2C9 and CYP2E1 proteins.So, these proteins will be less efficient at breaking down certain medications—like warfarin. This will likely result in a buildup of certain medications and increase the risk of side effects, such as bleeding or bruising in the case of warfarin.
Cholesterol medications: Eleuthero may lower cholesterol.This may have additive effects with other cholesterol medications, potentially raising the risk of side effects. Examples of cholesterol medications arestatin drugs.
Diabetes medications: Eleuthero may raise blood sugar levels.Therefore, it may work against your diabetes medications, such asinsulin. Healthcare providers may want to monitor you closely and adjust your medications accordingly if you take eleuthero with diabetes drugs.
Heart rhythm medications:Digoxinisheart rhythmmedication, which is also sometimes used inheart failure. Eleuthero may increase digoxin levels, raising your risk of side effects. Healthcare providers may want to monitor you closely and adjust your medications accordingly.
Hormone therapy:Eleuthero has shown some estrogen-like activity.For this reason, eleuthero may interact with endocrine (hormone) therapy for certain types of breast cancer, menopausal hormone therapy, and hormonal birth control.
Immune-modifying drugs: Eleuthero may affect theimmune system(the body’s defense system against germs).For this reason, eleuthero might interact with other medications that affect the immune system, including immunosuppressant drugs likeHumira (adalimumab).
It is essential to carefully read a supplement’s ingredients list and nutrition facts panel to learn which ingredients are present and how much of each ingredient is included. Please review this supplement label with a healthcare provider to discuss potential interactions with foods, other supplements, and medications.
How to Store Eleuthero
Since storage instructions may vary for different natural products, carefully read the directions and packaging label on the container. Keep your medications tightly closed and out of the reach and sight of children and pets, ideally locked in a cabinet or closet. Store in a cool and dry place.
Discard after one year or as indicated on the packaging. Avoid putting unused and expired medicines down the drain or in the toilet. Visit the FDA website to learn where and how to discard all unused and expired medicines. You can also find disposal boxes in your area.Ask a pharmacist or healthcare provider any questions you have about how to dispose of your medications or supplements.
Eleuthero may have potential uses for viral infections, osteoarthritis, and high cholesterol.Other similar supplements include:
Do not combine multiple natural products until you first talk with a healthcare provider or pharmacist. Checking in can help you avoid possible interactions and side effects and ensure you’re giving these supplements a fair trial at appropriate doses.
Eleuthero is available in a few different dosage forms—with capsules being the most common.
Dried fruits of eleuthero are rich in the following minerals: calcium, manganese, magnesium, zinc, and copper.
In general, eleuthero and other ginsengs are from the official Araliaceae family.But eleuthero is from theEleutherococcusgenus (group) of the family, and the other ginsengs are from thePanaxgroup.So, while eleuthero is sometimes known as Siberian ginseng, it isn’t a “true ginseng” plant.Moreover, eleuthero may have many plant chemicals but doesn’t have ginsenosides as active chemicals like the true ginsengs.
In general, eleuthero and other ginsengs are from the official Araliaceae family.But eleuthero is from theEleutherococcusgenus (group) of the family, and the other ginsengs are from thePanaxgroup.
So, while eleuthero is sometimes known as Siberian ginseng, it isn’t a “true ginseng” plant.Moreover, eleuthero may have many plant chemicals but doesn’t have ginsenosides as active chemicals like the true ginsengs.
In general, to safely take natural products—like eleuthero—inform a healthcare provider and pharmacist of other medications you take.This includes over-the-counter (OTC) herbal, natural medications, and supplements.They can help prevent possible interactions and side effects. They can also ensure you’re giving eleuthero a good trial at appropriate doses.
Sources of Eleuthero & What to Look For
There are different sources of eleuthero.
Food Sources of Eleuthero
Eleuthero comes from a woody shrub.You can eat the dried fruits of eleuthero, and eleuthero may also be available as tea.
Eleuthero Supplements
Eleuthero comes in several forms, including capsules and tablets. If you have difficulties swallowing pills, Eleuthero might also be available in the following dosage forms:
Vegetarian and vegan options might also be available. You may also see eleuthero in combination with other herbs.
Your specific product will depend on your preference and what you hope to get in terms of effects. Each product may work a bit differently, depending on the form. So, following a healthcare provider’s recommendations or label directions is essential.
Summary
Eleuthero is a woody shrub from theEleutherococcusgenus (group) of the Araliaceae family. Eleuthero is also sometimes known as Siberian ginseng, but it’s not a “true ginseng” plant from thePanaxgroup of the Araliaceae family.
It might be used for viral infections, osteoarthritis, and high cholesterol. But similar to many medications and natural products, side effects and medication interactions are still possible.
Additional higher-quality, longer-term, and larger clinical trials are still necessary to better assess the effectiveness and safety of eleuthero. Before taking eleuthero, involve a pharmacist or healthcare provider to help you safely achieve your health goals.
22 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Zaluski D, Olech M, Galanty A, et al.Phytochemical content and pharma-nutrition study onEleutherococcus senticosusfruits intractum.Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2016;2016:9270691. doi: 10.1155%2F2016%2F9270691Panossian A, Brendler T.The role of adaptogens in prophylaxis and treatment of viral respiratory infections. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2020;13(9):236. doi: 10.3390%2Fph13090236National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Eleuthero.Park SH, Kim SK, Shin IH, et al.Effects of AIF on knee osteoarthritis patients: double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study.The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2009;13(1):33-37. doi:10.4196/kjpp.2009.13.1.33Lee YJ, Chung HY, Kwak HK, et al.The effects ofA. senticosussupplementation on serum lipid profiles, biomarkers of oxidative stress, and lymphocyte DNA damage in postmenopausal women.Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2008;375(1):44-48. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.07.097LactMed.Eleuthero.National Institutes of Health: Office of Dietary Supplements.Dietary supplement label database.American Cancer Society.Hormone therapy for breast cancer.McRae S.Elevated serum digoxin levels in a patient taking digoxin and Siberian ginseng.CMAJ. 1996;155(3):293-295.Guo S, Liu Y, Lin Z, et al.Effects of elutheroside B and eleutheroside E on activity of cytochrome P450 in rat liver microsomes.BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies. 2014;14:1. doi: 10.1186%2F1472-6882-14-1ScienceDirect.Cytochrome P450.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.7 things you should know about dietary supplements for osteoarthritis.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.8 tips: What you should know about high blood cholesterol.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.5 tips: Natural products for the flu and colds: What does the science say?.Zaluski D, Olech M, Galanty A, et al.Phytochemical content and pharma-nutrition study onEleutherococcus senticosusfruits intractum.Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2016;2016:9270691. doi: 10.1155%2F2016%2F9270691ScienceDirect.Araliaceae.Encyclopedia Britannica.Ginseng.United States Department of Agriculture.Classification for kingdomPlantaedown to speciesEleutherococcus senticosus.Qi LW, Wang CZ, Yuan CS.Gensenosides from American ginseng: chemical and pharmacological diversity.Phytochemistry. 2011;72(8):689-699. doi: 10.1016%2Fj.phytochem.2011.02.012ScienceDirect.Ginseng.MedlinePlus.A guide to herbal remedies.ScienceDirect.Eleutherococcus senticosus.Additional ReadingSiberian Ginseng. Natural Medicines Database. Professional Monograph. 2/13/2019Siberian Ginseng. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. About Herbs, Botanicals, and Other Products. February 12, 2018National Insitutes of Health. “Ginseng, Siberian: MedlinePlus Supplements”. November 2010.National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Eleuthero.
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Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Zaluski D, Olech M, Galanty A, et al.Phytochemical content and pharma-nutrition study onEleutherococcus senticosusfruits intractum.Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2016;2016:9270691. doi: 10.1155%2F2016%2F9270691Panossian A, Brendler T.The role of adaptogens in prophylaxis and treatment of viral respiratory infections. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2020;13(9):236. doi: 10.3390%2Fph13090236National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Eleuthero.Park SH, Kim SK, Shin IH, et al.Effects of AIF on knee osteoarthritis patients: double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study.The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2009;13(1):33-37. doi:10.4196/kjpp.2009.13.1.33Lee YJ, Chung HY, Kwak HK, et al.The effects ofA. senticosussupplementation on serum lipid profiles, biomarkers of oxidative stress, and lymphocyte DNA damage in postmenopausal women.Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2008;375(1):44-48. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.07.097LactMed.Eleuthero.National Institutes of Health: Office of Dietary Supplements.Dietary supplement label database.American Cancer Society.Hormone therapy for breast cancer.McRae S.Elevated serum digoxin levels in a patient taking digoxin and Siberian ginseng.CMAJ. 1996;155(3):293-295.Guo S, Liu Y, Lin Z, et al.Effects of elutheroside B and eleutheroside E on activity of cytochrome P450 in rat liver microsomes.BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies. 2014;14:1. doi: 10.1186%2F1472-6882-14-1ScienceDirect.Cytochrome P450.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.7 things you should know about dietary supplements for osteoarthritis.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.8 tips: What you should know about high blood cholesterol.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.5 tips: Natural products for the flu and colds: What does the science say?.Zaluski D, Olech M, Galanty A, et al.Phytochemical content and pharma-nutrition study onEleutherococcus senticosusfruits intractum.Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2016;2016:9270691. doi: 10.1155%2F2016%2F9270691ScienceDirect.Araliaceae.Encyclopedia Britannica.Ginseng.United States Department of Agriculture.Classification for kingdomPlantaedown to speciesEleutherococcus senticosus.Qi LW, Wang CZ, Yuan CS.Gensenosides from American ginseng: chemical and pharmacological diversity.Phytochemistry. 2011;72(8):689-699. doi: 10.1016%2Fj.phytochem.2011.02.012ScienceDirect.Ginseng.MedlinePlus.A guide to herbal remedies.ScienceDirect.Eleutherococcus senticosus.Additional ReadingSiberian Ginseng. Natural Medicines Database. Professional Monograph. 2/13/2019Siberian Ginseng. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. About Herbs, Botanicals, and Other Products. February 12, 2018National Insitutes of Health. “Ginseng, Siberian: MedlinePlus Supplements”. November 2010.National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Eleuthero.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Zaluski D, Olech M, Galanty A, et al.Phytochemical content and pharma-nutrition study onEleutherococcus senticosusfruits intractum.Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2016;2016:9270691. doi: 10.1155%2F2016%2F9270691Panossian A, Brendler T.The role of adaptogens in prophylaxis and treatment of viral respiratory infections. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2020;13(9):236. doi: 10.3390%2Fph13090236National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Eleuthero.Park SH, Kim SK, Shin IH, et al.Effects of AIF on knee osteoarthritis patients: double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study.The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2009;13(1):33-37. doi:10.4196/kjpp.2009.13.1.33Lee YJ, Chung HY, Kwak HK, et al.The effects ofA. senticosussupplementation on serum lipid profiles, biomarkers of oxidative stress, and lymphocyte DNA damage in postmenopausal women.Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2008;375(1):44-48. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.07.097LactMed.Eleuthero.National Institutes of Health: Office of Dietary Supplements.Dietary supplement label database.American Cancer Society.Hormone therapy for breast cancer.McRae S.Elevated serum digoxin levels in a patient taking digoxin and Siberian ginseng.CMAJ. 1996;155(3):293-295.Guo S, Liu Y, Lin Z, et al.Effects of elutheroside B and eleutheroside E on activity of cytochrome P450 in rat liver microsomes.BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies. 2014;14:1. doi: 10.1186%2F1472-6882-14-1ScienceDirect.Cytochrome P450.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.7 things you should know about dietary supplements for osteoarthritis.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.8 tips: What you should know about high blood cholesterol.National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.5 tips: Natural products for the flu and colds: What does the science say?.Zaluski D, Olech M, Galanty A, et al.Phytochemical content and pharma-nutrition study onEleutherococcus senticosusfruits intractum.Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2016;2016:9270691. doi: 10.1155%2F2016%2F9270691ScienceDirect.Araliaceae.Encyclopedia Britannica.Ginseng.United States Department of Agriculture.Classification for kingdomPlantaedown to speciesEleutherococcus senticosus.Qi LW, Wang CZ, Yuan CS.Gensenosides from American ginseng: chemical and pharmacological diversity.Phytochemistry. 2011;72(8):689-699. doi: 10.1016%2Fj.phytochem.2011.02.012ScienceDirect.Ginseng.MedlinePlus.A guide to herbal remedies.ScienceDirect.Eleutherococcus senticosus.
Zaluski D, Olech M, Galanty A, et al.Phytochemical content and pharma-nutrition study onEleutherococcus senticosusfruits intractum.Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2016;2016:9270691. doi: 10.1155%2F2016%2F9270691
Panossian A, Brendler T.The role of adaptogens in prophylaxis and treatment of viral respiratory infections. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2020;13(9):236. doi: 10.3390%2Fph13090236
National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Eleuthero.
Park SH, Kim SK, Shin IH, et al.Effects of AIF on knee osteoarthritis patients: double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study.The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2009;13(1):33-37. doi:10.4196/kjpp.2009.13.1.33
Lee YJ, Chung HY, Kwak HK, et al.The effects ofA. senticosussupplementation on serum lipid profiles, biomarkers of oxidative stress, and lymphocyte DNA damage in postmenopausal women.Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2008;375(1):44-48. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.07.097
LactMed.Eleuthero.
National Institutes of Health: Office of Dietary Supplements.Dietary supplement label database.
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McRae S.Elevated serum digoxin levels in a patient taking digoxin and Siberian ginseng.CMAJ. 1996;155(3):293-295.
Guo S, Liu Y, Lin Z, et al.Effects of elutheroside B and eleutheroside E on activity of cytochrome P450 in rat liver microsomes.BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies. 2014;14:1. doi: 10.1186%2F1472-6882-14-1
ScienceDirect.Cytochrome P450.
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.7 things you should know about dietary supplements for osteoarthritis.
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.8 tips: What you should know about high blood cholesterol.
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.5 tips: Natural products for the flu and colds: What does the science say?.
ScienceDirect.Araliaceae.
Encyclopedia Britannica.Ginseng.
United States Department of Agriculture.Classification for kingdomPlantaedown to speciesEleutherococcus senticosus.
Qi LW, Wang CZ, Yuan CS.Gensenosides from American ginseng: chemical and pharmacological diversity.Phytochemistry. 2011;72(8):689-699. doi: 10.1016%2Fj.phytochem.2011.02.012
ScienceDirect.Ginseng.
MedlinePlus.A guide to herbal remedies.
ScienceDirect.Eleutherococcus senticosus.
Siberian Ginseng. Natural Medicines Database. Professional Monograph. 2/13/2019Siberian Ginseng. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. About Herbs, Botanicals, and Other Products. February 12, 2018National Insitutes of Health. “Ginseng, Siberian: MedlinePlus Supplements”. November 2010.National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Eleuthero.
Siberian Ginseng. Natural Medicines Database. Professional Monograph. 2/13/2019
Siberian Ginseng. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. About Herbs, Botanicals, and Other Products. February 12, 2018
National Insitutes of Health. “Ginseng, Siberian: MedlinePlus Supplements”. November 2010.
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