Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsSymptomsDifferential DiagnosisHow to Diagnose PsAAvoiding MisdiagnosisWhen to See a ProviderFrequently Asked QuestionsNext in Psoriatic Arthritis Guide9 Psoriatic Arthritis Complications
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Symptoms
Differential Diagnosis
How to Diagnose PsA
Avoiding Misdiagnosis
When to See a Provider
Frequently Asked Questions
Next in Psoriatic Arthritis Guide
Psoriatic arthritis(PsA) is a type ofpsoriatic diseasethat primarily affects the joints andentheses(areas where bones meet ligaments and tendons) throughout the body. It is sometimes linked to a second kind of psoriatic disease calledpsoriasis, which primarily affects the skin.
With both types of psoriatic disease, the immune system will malfunction for unknown reasons and start to attack healthy tissues. Some people will have both PsA and psoriasis, while others with PsA may never get psoriasis.
What causes PsA is unknown, but researchers believe there is a genetic component to PsA. In addition, certain external factors might contribute, includinginfection, physical trauma, smoking, and chronic stress.
BSIP / Getty Images
No cure exists for PsA, but it is a treatable and manageable condition. Treatment can help to controlinflammationand prevent joint damage and disability.
StatisticsAccording to a 2015Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North Americareport, PsA prevalence ranges from around 0.06% to 0.25% in the United States.White people are more frequently affected compared to Black people and Native Americans.PsA affects all sexes equally and generally develops between the ages of 30 and 50. PsA can also affect children, with an average age of onset in this group of 13 years of age.
Statistics
According to a 2015Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North Americareport, PsA prevalence ranges from around 0.06% to 0.25% in the United States.White people are more frequently affected compared to Black people and Native Americans.PsA affects all sexes equally and generally develops between the ages of 30 and 50. PsA can also affect children, with an average age of onset in this group of 13 years of age.
According to a 2015Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North Americareport, PsA prevalence ranges from around 0.06% to 0.25% in the United States.White people are more frequently affected compared to Black people and Native Americans.
PsA affects all sexes equally and generally develops between the ages of 30 and 50. PsA can also affect children, with an average age of onset in this group of 13 years of age.
This article will cover PsA symptoms, differential diagnosis, diagnostic tools, misdiagnosis, and more.
Psoriatic Arthritis Symptoms
About 30% of people with psoriasis will develop PsA, according to the National Psoriasis Foundation.That means they will have experienced skin symptoms before having joint pain.
It is possible to experience joint symptoms first. And some people will never have psoriasis or skin symptoms related to PsA.
Psoriasis Skin SymptomsThe most common skin symptoms in psoriasis are dry, raised skin lesions called plaques. These plaques are covered with silvery-white scales. Plaques can be itchy, painful, and inflamed. They can also bleed and crack.
Psoriasis Skin Symptoms
The most common skin symptoms in psoriasis are dry, raised skin lesions called plaques. These plaques are covered with silvery-white scales. Plaques can be itchy, painful, and inflamed. They can also bleed and crack.
PsA joint symptoms can affect any joint in the body, causing pain, stiffness, swelling, and reduced range of motion. PsA can be asymmetrical (affecting joints on one side of the body) or symmetrical (involving the same joints on both sides, such as both hands or both knees).
For some people, the condition will start gradually and slowly worsen. For others, it might come on suddenly and become painful and severe very quickly.
What Is Symmetric Psoriatic Arthritis?
In addition to joint symptoms, PsA can cause the following:
Psoriatic Arthritis Differential Diagnosis
No single test can confirm a diagnosis of PsA, and other diseases can cause similar symptoms, especially other types ofinflammatory arthritis.
With a differential diagnosis, your healthcare provider will look at the possible conditions that could cause the symptoms you are experiencing.This process involves different testing methods to rule out certain diseases or to determine if further testing is needed.
Conditions that cause similar symptoms to PsA and are included in a differential diagnosis are:
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a type of inflammatory arthritis that attacks thesynovium—the lining of the joints. RA is a symmetrical disease that affects the same joints on both sides of the body, such as both wrists or knees. Like PsA, RA might affect internal organs.
Left untreated, RA and PsA can lead to joint damage, mobility and function troubles, and disability. Both conditions can cause similar complications, such as life-threatening infections, heart disease, and lung problems.
PsA and RA are bothautoimmune diseases, which means they occur because the immune system has malfunctioned and has started attacking healthy tissues. Certain autoantibodies (immune proteins that attack they body) are found in RA that are not commonly seen in PsA, specificallyrheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP).
The two conditions are treated similarly, withdisease-modifying antirheumatic drugs(DMARDs) andbiologics.
PsA vs. RAPsA and RA can be easy to mix up because they both cause pain, stiffness, and swelling of joints. But PsA inflammation frequently shows up on the spine and in the entheses, whereas RA inflammation is more common in the synovium. Also, RA rarely causes a skin rash or nail symptoms.
PsA vs. RA
PsA and RA can be easy to mix up because they both cause pain, stiffness, and swelling of joints. But PsA inflammation frequently shows up on the spine and in the entheses, whereas RA inflammation is more common in the synovium. Also, RA rarely causes a skin rash or nail symptoms.
Gout and Pseudogout
Symptoms of gout and pseudogout include intermittent episodes of red, hot, and swollen joints. These attacks often start in the middle of the night. Both gout and pseudogout are common in the big toe but can affect other joints, including the knees, wrists, ankles, and elbows.
People with PsA can suddenly develop joint symptoms, just like people with gout or pseudogout. And people with PsA can have one swollen toe or one swollen finger.
People with PsA have a higher risk of developing gout. While researchers do not know exactly why this occurs, they suspect that high uric acid levels might be the result of high skin cell turnover and inflammation related to psoriasis and PsA.
Psoriatic Arthritis vs. Gout: What Are the Differences?
PsA vs. Gout/PseudogoutA key difference between PsA and the conditions of gout and pseudogout is that gout and pseudogout affect one or two joints during an attack, while PsA will affect multiple joints and cause nail and skin symptoms.Also, joint swelling in gout and pseudogout can go away in a week or two, sometimes without any treatment, and PsA needs persistent treatment. Gout and pseudogout cause joints to be much more swollen and tender, and those joints feel hot to touch rather than warm as with PsA.
PsA vs. Gout/Pseudogout
A key difference between PsA and the conditions of gout and pseudogout is that gout and pseudogout affect one or two joints during an attack, while PsA will affect multiple joints and cause nail and skin symptoms.Also, joint swelling in gout and pseudogout can go away in a week or two, sometimes without any treatment, and PsA needs persistent treatment. Gout and pseudogout cause joints to be much more swollen and tender, and those joints feel hot to touch rather than warm as with PsA.
A key difference between PsA and the conditions of gout and pseudogout is that gout and pseudogout affect one or two joints during an attack, while PsA will affect multiple joints and cause nail and skin symptoms.
Also, joint swelling in gout and pseudogout can go away in a week or two, sometimes without any treatment, and PsA needs persistent treatment. Gout and pseudogout cause joints to be much more swollen and tender, and those joints feel hot to touch rather than warm as with PsA.
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative condition in which the tissues of the joints break down over time. OA causes some joint symptoms similar to those seen in PsA.
PsA vs. OA
Also, people with PsA have a lot of stiffness that is worse in the morning and improves throughout the day as they use their joints, but stiff joints in OA resolve within 30 minutes. People with PsA experience pain from ongoing inflammation and joint pain without exerting themselves, whereas OA pain worsens with use.
Reactive Arthritis
PsA and reactive arthritis are types ofspondyloarthritis, arthritis conditions that affect the spine.
Like PsA, reactive arthritis can cause asymmetric pain in the lower back and lower limbs. It can also cause enthesitis and dactylitis. Reactive arthritis might also cause eye inflammation.
Symptoms of reactive arthritis often go away with treatment within three to 12 months.For about 30%–50% of people, symptoms will return later or become a long-term problem requiring DMARD or biologic therapy.
What Causes Reactive Arthritis?
PsA vs. Reactive ArthritisA primary difference between PsA and reactive arthritis is that a bacterial infection causes reactive arthritis. Reactive arthritis also causes urinary tract inflammation, which is rarely seen in PsA.A unique feature of reactive arthritis is that it may not return after the first occurrence or it can return with long-term mild arthritis. This isn’t the case for PsA, which is lifelong and will progressively become worse.
PsA vs. Reactive Arthritis
A primary difference between PsA and reactive arthritis is that a bacterial infection causes reactive arthritis. Reactive arthritis also causes urinary tract inflammation, which is rarely seen in PsA.A unique feature of reactive arthritis is that it may not return after the first occurrence or it can return with long-term mild arthritis. This isn’t the case for PsA, which is lifelong and will progressively become worse.
A primary difference between PsA and reactive arthritis is that a bacterial infection causes reactive arthritis. Reactive arthritis also causes urinary tract inflammation, which is rarely seen in PsA.
A unique feature of reactive arthritis is that it may not return after the first occurrence or it can return with long-term mild arthritis. This isn’t the case for PsA, which is lifelong and will progressively become worse.
Septic Arthritis
Septic arthritis is an infection of the synovial (joint) fluid and joint tissues. It is common in children, but it can also affect adults. Different types of bacteria, viruses, and fungi can affect the joint when they enter the bloodstream.
Septic arthritis causes similar symptoms to PsA, including joint pain and swelling. Much like PsA, untreated septic arthritis can lead to permanent joint damage.
Comparing Septic Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis
PsA vs. Septic ArthritisSymptoms of septic arthritis are localized to the affected areas, whereas PsA joint symptoms can affect multiple joints in different body areas. Septic arthritis generally presents with fever, and PsA usually does not.Lastly, septic arthritis is treatable with antibiotics, and symptoms often do not return. But PsA is a chronic condition that requires lifelong treatment.
PsA vs. Septic Arthritis
Symptoms of septic arthritis are localized to the affected areas, whereas PsA joint symptoms can affect multiple joints in different body areas. Septic arthritis generally presents with fever, and PsA usually does not.Lastly, septic arthritis is treatable with antibiotics, and symptoms often do not return. But PsA is a chronic condition that requires lifelong treatment.
Symptoms of septic arthritis are localized to the affected areas, whereas PsA joint symptoms can affect multiple joints in different body areas. Septic arthritis generally presents with fever, and PsA usually does not.
Lastly, septic arthritis is treatable with antibiotics, and symptoms often do not return. But PsA is a chronic condition that requires lifelong treatment.
Axial Spondyloarthritis
The termaxial spondyloarthritis(axSpA) is an umbrella term for types of inflammatory arthritis that mainly affect the spine andsacroiliac (SI) joints(the joints connecting the lower spine to the pelvis).The result is pain in the low back, buttocks, and hips.
The two types of axSpA arenon-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis(nr-axSpA) andankylosing spondylitis(AS). They cause symptoms similar to PsA, and many people with nr-axSpA and AS will have pain in the peripheral joints (limb joints). AxSpA conditions might also cause dactylitis and enthesitis.
PsA vs. axSpAPsA and axSpA differences are subtle, but those differences help your healthcare provider tell them apart. For example, AS primarily affects the spine. While spine involvement can occur in PsA, PsA mainly affects the peripheral joints, shoulders, and hips.PsA also frequently affects the fingers and toes and causes skin and nail symptoms—symptoms rarely seen in axSpA.
PsA vs. axSpA
PsA and axSpA differences are subtle, but those differences help your healthcare provider tell them apart. For example, AS primarily affects the spine. While spine involvement can occur in PsA, PsA mainly affects the peripheral joints, shoulders, and hips.PsA also frequently affects the fingers and toes and causes skin and nail symptoms—symptoms rarely seen in axSpA.
PsA and axSpA differences are subtle, but those differences help your healthcare provider tell them apart. For example, AS primarily affects the spine. While spine involvement can occur in PsA, PsA mainly affects the peripheral joints, shoulders, and hips.
PsA also frequently affects the fingers and toes and causes skin and nail symptoms—symptoms rarely seen in axSpA.
Plantar Fasciitis
Plantar fasciitisrefers to inflammation of the band of tissue at the bottom of your foot (theplantar fascia), causing heel pain. Heel pain can also occur in PsA.
With plantar fasciitis, the cause is repetitive stress on the tissue from physical activity, weight, or standing on the feet all day. But in PsA, plantar fasciitis occurs because of enthesitis in areas where ligaments attach to bone.
PsA vs. Plantar FasciitisPlantar fasciitis, on its own, is limited to the plantar fascia. But PsA causes enthesitis at the plantar fascia because of your immune system’s overactive response.If plantar fasciitis doesn’t improve with treatment and time or keeps recurring, consider asking your healthcare provider for further testing to determine if PsA or another condition might be causing your symptoms.
PsA vs. Plantar Fasciitis
Plantar fasciitis, on its own, is limited to the plantar fascia. But PsA causes enthesitis at the plantar fascia because of your immune system’s overactive response.If plantar fasciitis doesn’t improve with treatment and time or keeps recurring, consider asking your healthcare provider for further testing to determine if PsA or another condition might be causing your symptoms.
Plantar fasciitis, on its own, is limited to the plantar fascia. But PsA causes enthesitis at the plantar fascia because of your immune system’s overactive response.
If plantar fasciitis doesn’t improve with treatment and time or keeps recurring, consider asking your healthcare provider for further testing to determine if PsA or another condition might be causing your symptoms.
How to Diagnose Psoriatic Arthritis
An early and accurate diagnosis is vital to avoid the damage and deformity PsA is known for causing. Your healthcare provider will employ different diagnostic tools to determine the cause of symptoms.
Diagnostic methods for PsA generally include:
Medical and Family History
Your healthcare provider will ask about any personal history with psoriasis or family history of psoriatic disease. While there is no known inheritance pattern for PsA, 40% of people with PsA will have a family history of PsA or psoriasis.
Of course, having a family history does not mean you will develop either condition. And getting PsA without any personal or family history is also possible because gene mutations can sometimes be sporadic.
Symptoms of Psoriatic Arthritis
Your healthcare provider will want to know:
Physical Examination
A physical examination for PsA involves examining joints, skin, nails, and entheses. When examining the joints, your healthcare provider will touch for tenderness and swelling of the fingers and toes, feet, hips, and knees.
With the entheses, they will look for soreness and tenderness at the heels and soles of the feet, ribcage, and pelvis. The skin and nails are examined for skin plaques, lesions, and nail symptoms.
Lab Work
There is no single blood test that confirms PsA. But your healthcare provider will request blood work to rule out other types of inflammatory arthritis and determine how much inflammation you might be experiencing. Tests include:
Imaging
If your healthcare provider suspects PsA or cannot determine a diagnosis from other testing methods, they will request imaging studies, including X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or ultrasound scans. Imaging in PsA can be beneficial.
According to a 2018 report in the journalArthritis & Therapy, PsA can cause bone erosion (loss of normal bone) and joint destruction early in the disease process.These kinds of bone and joint changes are specific to PsA and rarely seen with other types of inflammatory arthritis.
Different types of imaging can identify patterns of what is going on with your joints. For example, X-rays might be able to identify bone erosion, bone spurs, and joint space changes—a sign of cartilage or soft tissue damage.
An MRI can offer more detailed imaging, including visualization of the entheses and hip joints. Ultrasound can pinpoint inflammation and is sensitive enough to detect joint damage early.
Reasons for Misdiagnosis and How to Avoid It
According to a 2021 Mayo Clinic study, more than half of the people with PsA wait an average of over two years for a correct diagnosis after initial symptoms.Researchers found the time from the first PsA symptoms to diagnosis among patients ranged from six months to almost seven years.
There were many reasons why PsA might be misdiagnosed, according to the researchers. These included:
Another reason for misdiagnosis might be a shortage of rheumatologists—doctors specializing in rheumatic (inflammatory) diseases like PsA. According to a 2015 Workforce Study of Rheumatology Specialists, there are 14% fewer full-time rheumatologists than what would be considered ideal, and that number is expected to decrease further in the coming years.
Avoiding a Misdiagnosis
Misdiagnoses lead to consequences, such as being prescribed the wrong medicines to delays in treatment, which can lead to severe problems in PsA, including bone and joint damage. But there are measures you can take to help your doctor reach an accurate diagnosis and avoid delays in treatment, including:
Your healthcare provider is extremely busy, so it is possible to miss something. As a proactive patient, you get to take control and keep on top of what is happening, and that includes being a part of an accurate diagnosis.
When to See a Healthcare Provider
PsA is a progressive disease that will worsen with time. And if it is not adequately treated, it could lead to life-threatening complications. It is vital to get a timely diagnosis and start treatment early to avoid joint and bone damage.
If you have a personal medical history of psoriasis or a family history of psoriatic disease, reach out to your healthcare provider as soon as you start to experience signs of PsA. And even without personal or family history, it is still important to reach out early.
Reach out to your healthcare provider if you experience one or more of the following symptoms:
Summary
Psoriatic arthritis is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system malfunctions and attacks the joints, entheses, and skin. PsA shares symptoms with other types of arthritis, so diagnosing it requires a differential diagnosis approach. That means your healthcare provider will look at other possible conditions, along with PsA, that might be causing your symptoms.
A thorough diagnosis will involve a physical examination, blood work, imaging, and more. Misdiagnoses are common PsA. It is good to be proactive so that PsA is not missed and treatment is not delayed.
A Word From Verywell
If you are unsure of how to take medications or cannot take them either due to cost or side effects, talk to your healthcare provider. There are many options available for treating PsA, and there is a unique treatment plan that fits your symptoms, disease, and lifestyle. Be sure to discuss all your options with your healthcare provider and your ability to stick with that plan.
Psoriatic arthritis has some unique qualities that set it apart from other types of arthritis. It tends to be asymmetric, although people with advanced disease might experience a symmetric disease pattern. PsA also causes skin plaques, similar to psoriasis, and nail symptoms like pitting, ridging, discoloration, and nail bed separation.
No single test can confirm a psoriatic arthritis diagnosis. However, your healthcare provider will use different diagnostic tools, including a physical examination, medical and family history, blood work, other lab work, and imaging, to assist in making a diagnosis and ruling out other conditions that cause similar symptoms.
If your primary care or family medicine healthcare provider suspects you have arthritis, they will refer you to a rheumatologist, who can diagnose you and set up a treatment plan.
You should also share any personal or family histories of psoriatic disease with your healthcare provider.
No. There is no cure for psoriatic arthritis, but it is possible to experience disease remission. That means you still have PsA, but you have no symptoms or very little disease activity. It is possible to achieve remission with the help of medication, including DMARDs and biologics.
15 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Ogdie A, Weiss P.The epidemiology of psoriatic arthritis.Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2015;41(4):545-568. doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2015.07.001Brandon TG, Manos CK, Xiao R, Ogdie A, Weiss PF.Pediatric psoriatic arthritis: a population-based cohort study of riskfactors for onset and subsequent risk of inflammatory comorbidities.J Psoriasis Psoriatic Arthritis. 2018;3(4):131-136. doi:10.1177/2475530318799072National Psoriasis Foundation.Psoriasis statistics.Sankowski AJ, Lebkowska UM, Cwikła J, Walecka I, Walecki J.Psoriatic arthritis.Pol J Radiol. 2013;78(1):7-17. doi:10.12659/PJR.883763MedlinePlus.Differential diagnosis.American Society for Surgery of the Hand.What is the difference between gout and pseudogout?Merola JF, Wu S, Han J, Choi HK, Qureshi AA.Psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and risk of gout in US men and women.Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(8):1495-500. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205212National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Overview of osteoarthritis.Reactive arthritis. National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.Magrey MN, Danve AS, Ermann J, Walsh JA.Recognizing axial spondyloarthritis: A guide for primary care.Mayo Clin Proc. 2020;95(11):2499-2508. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.02.007MedlinePlus.Psoriatic arthritis.Queiro R, Morante I, Cabezas I, Acasuso B.HLA-B27 and psoriatic disease: a modern view of an old relationship. Rheumatology(Oxford). 2016;55(2):221-9. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kev296Simon D, Kleyer A, Faustini F, et al.Simultaneous quantification of bone erosions and enthesiophytes in the joints of patients with psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis - effects of age and disease duration.Arthritis Res Ther. 2018;20(1):203. doi:10.1186/s13075-018-1691-zKarmacharya P, Wright K, Achenbach SJ, et al.Diagnostic delay in psoriatic arthritis: A population-based study.J Rheumatol. 2021;48(9):1410-1416. doi:10.3899/jrheum.201199America College of Rheumatology.2015 Workforce Study of Rheumatology Specialists in the United States.
15 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Ogdie A, Weiss P.The epidemiology of psoriatic arthritis.Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2015;41(4):545-568. doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2015.07.001Brandon TG, Manos CK, Xiao R, Ogdie A, Weiss PF.Pediatric psoriatic arthritis: a population-based cohort study of riskfactors for onset and subsequent risk of inflammatory comorbidities.J Psoriasis Psoriatic Arthritis. 2018;3(4):131-136. doi:10.1177/2475530318799072National Psoriasis Foundation.Psoriasis statistics.Sankowski AJ, Lebkowska UM, Cwikła J, Walecka I, Walecki J.Psoriatic arthritis.Pol J Radiol. 2013;78(1):7-17. doi:10.12659/PJR.883763MedlinePlus.Differential diagnosis.American Society for Surgery of the Hand.What is the difference between gout and pseudogout?Merola JF, Wu S, Han J, Choi HK, Qureshi AA.Psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and risk of gout in US men and women.Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(8):1495-500. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205212National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Overview of osteoarthritis.Reactive arthritis. National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.Magrey MN, Danve AS, Ermann J, Walsh JA.Recognizing axial spondyloarthritis: A guide for primary care.Mayo Clin Proc. 2020;95(11):2499-2508. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.02.007MedlinePlus.Psoriatic arthritis.Queiro R, Morante I, Cabezas I, Acasuso B.HLA-B27 and psoriatic disease: a modern view of an old relationship. Rheumatology(Oxford). 2016;55(2):221-9. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kev296Simon D, Kleyer A, Faustini F, et al.Simultaneous quantification of bone erosions and enthesiophytes in the joints of patients with psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis - effects of age and disease duration.Arthritis Res Ther. 2018;20(1):203. doi:10.1186/s13075-018-1691-zKarmacharya P, Wright K, Achenbach SJ, et al.Diagnostic delay in psoriatic arthritis: A population-based study.J Rheumatol. 2021;48(9):1410-1416. doi:10.3899/jrheum.201199America College of Rheumatology.2015 Workforce Study of Rheumatology Specialists in the United States.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Ogdie A, Weiss P.The epidemiology of psoriatic arthritis.Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2015;41(4):545-568. doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2015.07.001Brandon TG, Manos CK, Xiao R, Ogdie A, Weiss PF.Pediatric psoriatic arthritis: a population-based cohort study of riskfactors for onset and subsequent risk of inflammatory comorbidities.J Psoriasis Psoriatic Arthritis. 2018;3(4):131-136. doi:10.1177/2475530318799072National Psoriasis Foundation.Psoriasis statistics.Sankowski AJ, Lebkowska UM, Cwikła J, Walecka I, Walecki J.Psoriatic arthritis.Pol J Radiol. 2013;78(1):7-17. doi:10.12659/PJR.883763MedlinePlus.Differential diagnosis.American Society for Surgery of the Hand.What is the difference between gout and pseudogout?Merola JF, Wu S, Han J, Choi HK, Qureshi AA.Psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and risk of gout in US men and women.Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(8):1495-500. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205212National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Overview of osteoarthritis.Reactive arthritis. National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.Magrey MN, Danve AS, Ermann J, Walsh JA.Recognizing axial spondyloarthritis: A guide for primary care.Mayo Clin Proc. 2020;95(11):2499-2508. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.02.007MedlinePlus.Psoriatic arthritis.Queiro R, Morante I, Cabezas I, Acasuso B.HLA-B27 and psoriatic disease: a modern view of an old relationship. Rheumatology(Oxford). 2016;55(2):221-9. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kev296Simon D, Kleyer A, Faustini F, et al.Simultaneous quantification of bone erosions and enthesiophytes in the joints of patients with psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis - effects of age and disease duration.Arthritis Res Ther. 2018;20(1):203. doi:10.1186/s13075-018-1691-zKarmacharya P, Wright K, Achenbach SJ, et al.Diagnostic delay in psoriatic arthritis: A population-based study.J Rheumatol. 2021;48(9):1410-1416. doi:10.3899/jrheum.201199America College of Rheumatology.2015 Workforce Study of Rheumatology Specialists in the United States.
Ogdie A, Weiss P.The epidemiology of psoriatic arthritis.Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2015;41(4):545-568. doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2015.07.001
Brandon TG, Manos CK, Xiao R, Ogdie A, Weiss PF.Pediatric psoriatic arthritis: a population-based cohort study of riskfactors for onset and subsequent risk of inflammatory comorbidities.J Psoriasis Psoriatic Arthritis. 2018;3(4):131-136. doi:10.1177/2475530318799072
National Psoriasis Foundation.Psoriasis statistics.
Sankowski AJ, Lebkowska UM, Cwikła J, Walecka I, Walecki J.Psoriatic arthritis.Pol J Radiol. 2013;78(1):7-17. doi:10.12659/PJR.883763
MedlinePlus.Differential diagnosis.
American Society for Surgery of the Hand.What is the difference between gout and pseudogout?
Merola JF, Wu S, Han J, Choi HK, Qureshi AA.Psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and risk of gout in US men and women.Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(8):1495-500. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205212
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Overview of osteoarthritis.
Reactive arthritis. National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
Magrey MN, Danve AS, Ermann J, Walsh JA.Recognizing axial spondyloarthritis: A guide for primary care.Mayo Clin Proc. 2020;95(11):2499-2508. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.02.007
MedlinePlus.Psoriatic arthritis.
Queiro R, Morante I, Cabezas I, Acasuso B.HLA-B27 and psoriatic disease: a modern view of an old relationship. Rheumatology(Oxford). 2016;55(2):221-9. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kev296
Simon D, Kleyer A, Faustini F, et al.Simultaneous quantification of bone erosions and enthesiophytes in the joints of patients with psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis - effects of age and disease duration.Arthritis Res Ther. 2018;20(1):203. doi:10.1186/s13075-018-1691-z
Karmacharya P, Wright K, Achenbach SJ, et al.Diagnostic delay in psoriatic arthritis: A population-based study.J Rheumatol. 2021;48(9):1410-1416. doi:10.3899/jrheum.201199
America College of Rheumatology.2015 Workforce Study of Rheumatology Specialists in the United States.
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