Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsWhat Is It?UsesDosageSafetyFrequently Asked Questions
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
What Is It?
Uses
Dosage
Safety
Frequently Asked Questions
Pycnogenolis a pine bark extract containing plant-based chemicals that may ease osteoarthritis pain, lower blood sugar and cholesterol, and reduce your risk of heart disease.Taking pycnogenol supplements may be safe, but they can cause allergic reactions and interact with medications.
Pine bark extract contains strong antioxidants that may reduce inflammation and neutralize free radicals, molecules that damage healthy tissues.However, more studies are needed to determine if pycnogenol is effective and, if so, the optimal dose to achieve health benefits.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs. That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or pharmacist.
What Is Pycnogenol?
Pycnogenol is an herbal extract made from the bark of the French maritime pine (Pinus pinaster).French maritime pine is native to the western Mediterranean.
Procyanidinis the primary active ingredient in the commercial product pycnogenol. Procyanidin is a potent antioxidant found in dietary sources like the following:
Procyanidin limits the amount offree radicalsin the body and helps to prevent oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is associated withinflammationandcancer.
Pycnogenol Supplement Facts
Pycnogenol has been studied for many conditions, including the following:
There is not enough research to support using pycnogenol for these conditions. Clinical trials are few and far between, and many have used only small sample sizes.
Some data suggest that pycnogenol may lower the risk of heart disease or help withosteoarthritis symptoms. Here’s a closer look at the evidence for these uses.
Disease Prevention
Pycnogenol has shown benefits in preventing heart disease,type 2 diabetes, andmetabolic syndrome. These conditions are calledcardiometabolicdiseases, the biggest cause of death worldwide.
A review of 24 trials showed that pycnogenol reduced the following:
These modifications may decrease the chance of developing type 2 diabetes.
Pycnogenol also decreased the following:
And it increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (considered “good” cholesterol).These changes may help prevent heart disease.
Keep in mind, though, that researchers don’t know much about the long-term effects of pycnogenol. More, robust clinical trials are needed to determine the best dose and how long to take the supplement.
Osteoarthritis
Reviewers noted that the data was low-quality, so larger clinical trials are needed to verify this effect.
Maritime pine bark.Dzmitry Dzemidovich / Getty Images
Dzmitry Dzemidovich / Getty Images
Dosing of pycnogenol may vary depending on what it’s being used for and who is using it.
Doses used in clinical trials include:
Your healthcare provider can help you determine an optimal dose.
Take precautions when using pycnogenol, including:
Side Effects
Your healthcare provider may suggest taking pycnogenol for OA or another condition. However, consuming a product like pycnogenol may have potential side effects. These side effects may be common and mild or uncommon and severe.
According to one trial, pycnogenol has a very low rate of side effects, less than 2%. Side effects may include the following:
If you experience these or other side effects that don’t resolve on their own, contact your healthcare provider.
Remember that most clinical trials have only studied pycnogenol for up to three months. Little is known about the effects of long-term use.
Interactions
Little is known about pycnogenol’s interactions with prescription medicines or other herbal supplements.
Some possible drug interactions include the following:
Precautions
Do keep the following precautions in mind when using pycnogenol:
Summary
Pycnogenol is an antioxidant-rich herbal supplement made from pine bark. It may be helpful for people with OA and could help lower the risk of heart disease and diabetes. Clinical trials using pycnogenol are very limited, though. Stronger data are needed before it can be recommended for most conditions.
Pycnogenol has not been proven safe during pregnancy or breastfeeding or for children under 6. It also may interact with blood pressure and diabetes medicines, NSAIDs, and some cancer medicines.
Pycnogenol has been studied for many conditions, from asthma to traumatic brain injury (TBI), but there’s not much evidence it works.Some reviews suggest it reduced osteoarthritis painor prevented heart disease or diabetes,but more clinical trials are needed.
In small clinical trials, pycnogenol has been shown to protect against ultraviolet (UV) rays, improveskin elasticity, and reduce melasma (overpigmentation of the skin).
Possibly, but the evidence is lacking.Small studies suggest it may be helpful in males witherectile dysfunctionwho also take antidepressantsor have diabetes.A review of clinical trials determined that there isn’t enough evidence to know whether pycnogenol improves erectile function or other aspects of sexual health.
Possibly, but the evidence is lacking.
Small studies suggest it may be helpful in males witherectile dysfunctionwho also take antidepressantsor have diabetes.
A review of clinical trials determined that there isn’t enough evidence to know whether pycnogenol improves erectile function or other aspects of sexual health.
29 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Robertson NU, Schoonees A, Brand A, et al.Pine bark (Pinus spp.) extract for treating chronic disorders.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;9(9):CD008294. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008294.pub5Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.Pine bark extract.Malekahmadi M, Moradi Moghaddam O, Firouzi S, et al.Effects of pycnogenol on cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Pharmacol Res. 2019;150:104472. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104472Sahebkar A.A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of pycnogenol on plasma lipids.J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2014;19(3):244-255. doi:10.1177/1074248413511691Malekahmadi M, Moradi Moghaddam O, Islam SMS, et al.Evaluation of the effects of pycnogenol (French maritime pine bark extract) supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers and nutritional and clinical status in traumatic brain injury patients in an intensive care unit: A randomized clinical trial protocol.Trials. 2020;21(1):162. Published 2020 Feb 11. doi:10.1186/s13063-019-4008-xVerlaet AA, Ceulemans B, Verhelst H, et al.Effect of Pycnogenol® on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.Trials. 2017;18(1):145. doi:10.1186/s13063-017-1879-6Pubchem.Pycnogenols.Belcaro G, Cornelli U, Luzzi R, et al.Pycnogenol® supplementation improves health risk factors in subjects with metabolic syndrome.Phytother Res. 2013;27(10):1572-1578. doi:10.1002/ptr.4883Simpson T, Kure C, Stough C.Assessing the efficacy and mechanisms of pycnogenol® on cognitive aging fromin vitroanimal and human studies.Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:694. doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.00694Becit M, Aydin S.Anin vitrostudy on the interactions of Pycnogenol® with Cisplatin in human cervical cancer cells.Turk J Pharm Sci. 2020;17(1):1-6. doi:10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.97759Ekinci B, Suleyman B, Mammadov R, et al.Beneficial interaction of pycnogenol with indomethacin in rats.Gen Physiol Biophys. 2022;41(5):473-481. doi:10.4149/gpb_2022030Ross SM.Allergic Rhinitis: A Proprietary Extract of Pinus pinaster Aiton (Pycnogenol) Is Found to Improve the Symptoms Associated With Allergic Rhinitis.Holist Nurs Pract. 2016;30(5):301-304. doi:10.1097/HNP.0000000000000170Zhao H, Wu J, Wang N, et al.Oral pycnogenol® intake benefits the skin in urban Chinese outdoor workers: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, and crossover intervention study.Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2021;34(3):135-145. doi:10.1159/000514323Pourmasoumi M, Hadi A, Mohammadi H, Rouhani MH.Effect of pycnogenol supplementation on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.Phytother Res. 2020;34(1):67-76. doi:10.1002/ptr.6515Belcaro G, Luzzi R, Dugall M, Ippolito E, Saggino A.Pycnogenol® improves cognitive function, attention, mental performance and specific professional skills in healthy professionals aged 35-55.J Neurosurg Sci. 2014;58(4):239-248.Chan V, Wang L, Allman-Farinelli M.Efficacy of Functional Foods, Beverages, and Supplements Claiming to Alleviate Air Travel Symptoms: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients. 2021;13(3):961. Published 2021 Mar 16. doi:10.3390/nu13030961Vinciguerra G, Belcaro G, Bonanni E, et al.Evaluation of the effects of supplementation with Pycnogenol® on fitness in normal subjects with the Army Physical Fitness Test and in performances of athletes in the 100-minute triathlon.J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2013;53(6):644-654.Malekahmadi M, Shadnoush M, Islam SMS, et al.The effect of French maritime pine bark extract supplementation on inflammation, nutritional and clinical status in critically ill patients with traumatic brain injury: A randomized controlled trial.Phytother Res. 2021;35(9):5178-5188. doi:10.1002/ptr.7187Lima PB, Dias JAF, Esposito ACC, et al.French maritime pine bark extract (pycnogenol) in association with triple combination cream for the treatment of facial melasma in women: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021;35(2):502-508. doi:10.1111/jdv.16896Liu X, Machado GC, Eyles JP, Ravi V, Hunter DJ.Dietary supplements for treating osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(3):167-175. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097333Smetanka A, Stara V, Farsky I, et al.Pycnogenol supplementation as an adjunct treatment for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction.Physiol Int. 2019;106(1):59-69. doi:10.1556/2060.106.2019.02Belcaro G, Dugall M, Luzzi R, et al. Postpartum varicose veins: Supplementation with pycnogenol or elastic compression-A 12-month follow-up.Int J Angiol. 2017;26(1):12-19. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1363784Toledo RR, Santos MERC, Schnaider TB.Effect of Pycnogenol on the Healing of Venous Ulcers.Ann Vasc Surg. 2017;38:212-219. doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2016.04.014de Waard AM, Hollander M, Korevaar JC, et al.Selective prevention of cardiometabolic diseases: activities and attitudes of general practitioners across Europe.Eur J Public Health. 2019;29(1):88-93. doi:10.1093/eurpub/cky112Rašković A, Bukumirović N, Paut Kusturica M, et al.Hepatoprotective and antioxidant potential of Pycnogenol® in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.Phytother Res. 2019;33(3):631-639. doi:10.1002/ptr.6251Cai C, Zeng B, Lin L, et al.An oral French maritime pine bark extract improves hair density in menopausal women: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind intervention study.Health Sci Rep. 2023;6(1):e1045. Published 2023 Jan 6. doi:10.1002/hsr2.1045Grether-Beck S, Marini A, Jaenicke T, et al.French maritime pine bark extract (pycnogenol®) effects on human skin: Clinical and molecular evidence.Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2016;29(1):13-17. doi:10.1159/000441039Smetanka A, Stara V, Farsky I, et al.Pycnogenol supplementation as an adjunct treatment for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction.Physiol Int. 2019;106(1):59-69. doi:10.1556/2060.106.2019.02Trebaticky B, Muchova J, Ziaran S, et al.Natural polyphenols improve erectile function and lipid profile in patients suffering from erectile dysfunction.Bratisl Lek Listy. 2019;120(12):941-944. doi:10.4149/BLL_2019_158
29 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Robertson NU, Schoonees A, Brand A, et al.Pine bark (Pinus spp.) extract for treating chronic disorders.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;9(9):CD008294. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008294.pub5Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.Pine bark extract.Malekahmadi M, Moradi Moghaddam O, Firouzi S, et al.Effects of pycnogenol on cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Pharmacol Res. 2019;150:104472. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104472Sahebkar A.A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of pycnogenol on plasma lipids.J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2014;19(3):244-255. doi:10.1177/1074248413511691Malekahmadi M, Moradi Moghaddam O, Islam SMS, et al.Evaluation of the effects of pycnogenol (French maritime pine bark extract) supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers and nutritional and clinical status in traumatic brain injury patients in an intensive care unit: A randomized clinical trial protocol.Trials. 2020;21(1):162. Published 2020 Feb 11. doi:10.1186/s13063-019-4008-xVerlaet AA, Ceulemans B, Verhelst H, et al.Effect of Pycnogenol® on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.Trials. 2017;18(1):145. doi:10.1186/s13063-017-1879-6Pubchem.Pycnogenols.Belcaro G, Cornelli U, Luzzi R, et al.Pycnogenol® supplementation improves health risk factors in subjects with metabolic syndrome.Phytother Res. 2013;27(10):1572-1578. doi:10.1002/ptr.4883Simpson T, Kure C, Stough C.Assessing the efficacy and mechanisms of pycnogenol® on cognitive aging fromin vitroanimal and human studies.Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:694. doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.00694Becit M, Aydin S.Anin vitrostudy on the interactions of Pycnogenol® with Cisplatin in human cervical cancer cells.Turk J Pharm Sci. 2020;17(1):1-6. doi:10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.97759Ekinci B, Suleyman B, Mammadov R, et al.Beneficial interaction of pycnogenol with indomethacin in rats.Gen Physiol Biophys. 2022;41(5):473-481. doi:10.4149/gpb_2022030Ross SM.Allergic Rhinitis: A Proprietary Extract of Pinus pinaster Aiton (Pycnogenol) Is Found to Improve the Symptoms Associated With Allergic Rhinitis.Holist Nurs Pract. 2016;30(5):301-304. doi:10.1097/HNP.0000000000000170Zhao H, Wu J, Wang N, et al.Oral pycnogenol® intake benefits the skin in urban Chinese outdoor workers: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, and crossover intervention study.Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2021;34(3):135-145. doi:10.1159/000514323Pourmasoumi M, Hadi A, Mohammadi H, Rouhani MH.Effect of pycnogenol supplementation on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.Phytother Res. 2020;34(1):67-76. doi:10.1002/ptr.6515Belcaro G, Luzzi R, Dugall M, Ippolito E, Saggino A.Pycnogenol® improves cognitive function, attention, mental performance and specific professional skills in healthy professionals aged 35-55.J Neurosurg Sci. 2014;58(4):239-248.Chan V, Wang L, Allman-Farinelli M.Efficacy of Functional Foods, Beverages, and Supplements Claiming to Alleviate Air Travel Symptoms: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients. 2021;13(3):961. Published 2021 Mar 16. doi:10.3390/nu13030961Vinciguerra G, Belcaro G, Bonanni E, et al.Evaluation of the effects of supplementation with Pycnogenol® on fitness in normal subjects with the Army Physical Fitness Test and in performances of athletes in the 100-minute triathlon.J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2013;53(6):644-654.Malekahmadi M, Shadnoush M, Islam SMS, et al.The effect of French maritime pine bark extract supplementation on inflammation, nutritional and clinical status in critically ill patients with traumatic brain injury: A randomized controlled trial.Phytother Res. 2021;35(9):5178-5188. doi:10.1002/ptr.7187Lima PB, Dias JAF, Esposito ACC, et al.French maritime pine bark extract (pycnogenol) in association with triple combination cream for the treatment of facial melasma in women: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021;35(2):502-508. doi:10.1111/jdv.16896Liu X, Machado GC, Eyles JP, Ravi V, Hunter DJ.Dietary supplements for treating osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(3):167-175. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097333Smetanka A, Stara V, Farsky I, et al.Pycnogenol supplementation as an adjunct treatment for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction.Physiol Int. 2019;106(1):59-69. doi:10.1556/2060.106.2019.02Belcaro G, Dugall M, Luzzi R, et al. Postpartum varicose veins: Supplementation with pycnogenol or elastic compression-A 12-month follow-up.Int J Angiol. 2017;26(1):12-19. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1363784Toledo RR, Santos MERC, Schnaider TB.Effect of Pycnogenol on the Healing of Venous Ulcers.Ann Vasc Surg. 2017;38:212-219. doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2016.04.014de Waard AM, Hollander M, Korevaar JC, et al.Selective prevention of cardiometabolic diseases: activities and attitudes of general practitioners across Europe.Eur J Public Health. 2019;29(1):88-93. doi:10.1093/eurpub/cky112Rašković A, Bukumirović N, Paut Kusturica M, et al.Hepatoprotective and antioxidant potential of Pycnogenol® in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.Phytother Res. 2019;33(3):631-639. doi:10.1002/ptr.6251Cai C, Zeng B, Lin L, et al.An oral French maritime pine bark extract improves hair density in menopausal women: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind intervention study.Health Sci Rep. 2023;6(1):e1045. Published 2023 Jan 6. doi:10.1002/hsr2.1045Grether-Beck S, Marini A, Jaenicke T, et al.French maritime pine bark extract (pycnogenol®) effects on human skin: Clinical and molecular evidence.Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2016;29(1):13-17. doi:10.1159/000441039Smetanka A, Stara V, Farsky I, et al.Pycnogenol supplementation as an adjunct treatment for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction.Physiol Int. 2019;106(1):59-69. doi:10.1556/2060.106.2019.02Trebaticky B, Muchova J, Ziaran S, et al.Natural polyphenols improve erectile function and lipid profile in patients suffering from erectile dysfunction.Bratisl Lek Listy. 2019;120(12):941-944. doi:10.4149/BLL_2019_158
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Robertson NU, Schoonees A, Brand A, et al.Pine bark (Pinus spp.) extract for treating chronic disorders.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;9(9):CD008294. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008294.pub5Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.Pine bark extract.Malekahmadi M, Moradi Moghaddam O, Firouzi S, et al.Effects of pycnogenol on cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Pharmacol Res. 2019;150:104472. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104472Sahebkar A.A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of pycnogenol on plasma lipids.J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2014;19(3):244-255. doi:10.1177/1074248413511691Malekahmadi M, Moradi Moghaddam O, Islam SMS, et al.Evaluation of the effects of pycnogenol (French maritime pine bark extract) supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers and nutritional and clinical status in traumatic brain injury patients in an intensive care unit: A randomized clinical trial protocol.Trials. 2020;21(1):162. Published 2020 Feb 11. doi:10.1186/s13063-019-4008-xVerlaet AA, Ceulemans B, Verhelst H, et al.Effect of Pycnogenol® on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.Trials. 2017;18(1):145. doi:10.1186/s13063-017-1879-6Pubchem.Pycnogenols.Belcaro G, Cornelli U, Luzzi R, et al.Pycnogenol® supplementation improves health risk factors in subjects with metabolic syndrome.Phytother Res. 2013;27(10):1572-1578. doi:10.1002/ptr.4883Simpson T, Kure C, Stough C.Assessing the efficacy and mechanisms of pycnogenol® on cognitive aging fromin vitroanimal and human studies.Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:694. doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.00694Becit M, Aydin S.Anin vitrostudy on the interactions of Pycnogenol® with Cisplatin in human cervical cancer cells.Turk J Pharm Sci. 2020;17(1):1-6. doi:10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.97759Ekinci B, Suleyman B, Mammadov R, et al.Beneficial interaction of pycnogenol with indomethacin in rats.Gen Physiol Biophys. 2022;41(5):473-481. doi:10.4149/gpb_2022030Ross SM.Allergic Rhinitis: A Proprietary Extract of Pinus pinaster Aiton (Pycnogenol) Is Found to Improve the Symptoms Associated With Allergic Rhinitis.Holist Nurs Pract. 2016;30(5):301-304. doi:10.1097/HNP.0000000000000170Zhao H, Wu J, Wang N, et al.Oral pycnogenol® intake benefits the skin in urban Chinese outdoor workers: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, and crossover intervention study.Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2021;34(3):135-145. doi:10.1159/000514323Pourmasoumi M, Hadi A, Mohammadi H, Rouhani MH.Effect of pycnogenol supplementation on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.Phytother Res. 2020;34(1):67-76. doi:10.1002/ptr.6515Belcaro G, Luzzi R, Dugall M, Ippolito E, Saggino A.Pycnogenol® improves cognitive function, attention, mental performance and specific professional skills in healthy professionals aged 35-55.J Neurosurg Sci. 2014;58(4):239-248.Chan V, Wang L, Allman-Farinelli M.Efficacy of Functional Foods, Beverages, and Supplements Claiming to Alleviate Air Travel Symptoms: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients. 2021;13(3):961. Published 2021 Mar 16. doi:10.3390/nu13030961Vinciguerra G, Belcaro G, Bonanni E, et al.Evaluation of the effects of supplementation with Pycnogenol® on fitness in normal subjects with the Army Physical Fitness Test and in performances of athletes in the 100-minute triathlon.J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2013;53(6):644-654.Malekahmadi M, Shadnoush M, Islam SMS, et al.The effect of French maritime pine bark extract supplementation on inflammation, nutritional and clinical status in critically ill patients with traumatic brain injury: A randomized controlled trial.Phytother Res. 2021;35(9):5178-5188. doi:10.1002/ptr.7187Lima PB, Dias JAF, Esposito ACC, et al.French maritime pine bark extract (pycnogenol) in association with triple combination cream for the treatment of facial melasma in women: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021;35(2):502-508. doi:10.1111/jdv.16896Liu X, Machado GC, Eyles JP, Ravi V, Hunter DJ.Dietary supplements for treating osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(3):167-175. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097333Smetanka A, Stara V, Farsky I, et al.Pycnogenol supplementation as an adjunct treatment for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction.Physiol Int. 2019;106(1):59-69. doi:10.1556/2060.106.2019.02Belcaro G, Dugall M, Luzzi R, et al. Postpartum varicose veins: Supplementation with pycnogenol or elastic compression-A 12-month follow-up.Int J Angiol. 2017;26(1):12-19. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1363784Toledo RR, Santos MERC, Schnaider TB.Effect of Pycnogenol on the Healing of Venous Ulcers.Ann Vasc Surg. 2017;38:212-219. doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2016.04.014de Waard AM, Hollander M, Korevaar JC, et al.Selective prevention of cardiometabolic diseases: activities and attitudes of general practitioners across Europe.Eur J Public Health. 2019;29(1):88-93. doi:10.1093/eurpub/cky112Rašković A, Bukumirović N, Paut Kusturica M, et al.Hepatoprotective and antioxidant potential of Pycnogenol® in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.Phytother Res. 2019;33(3):631-639. doi:10.1002/ptr.6251Cai C, Zeng B, Lin L, et al.An oral French maritime pine bark extract improves hair density in menopausal women: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind intervention study.Health Sci Rep. 2023;6(1):e1045. Published 2023 Jan 6. doi:10.1002/hsr2.1045Grether-Beck S, Marini A, Jaenicke T, et al.French maritime pine bark extract (pycnogenol®) effects on human skin: Clinical and molecular evidence.Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2016;29(1):13-17. doi:10.1159/000441039Smetanka A, Stara V, Farsky I, et al.Pycnogenol supplementation as an adjunct treatment for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction.Physiol Int. 2019;106(1):59-69. doi:10.1556/2060.106.2019.02Trebaticky B, Muchova J, Ziaran S, et al.Natural polyphenols improve erectile function and lipid profile in patients suffering from erectile dysfunction.Bratisl Lek Listy. 2019;120(12):941-944. doi:10.4149/BLL_2019_158
Robertson NU, Schoonees A, Brand A, et al.Pine bark (Pinus spp.) extract for treating chronic disorders.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;9(9):CD008294. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008294.pub5
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.Pine bark extract.
Malekahmadi M, Moradi Moghaddam O, Firouzi S, et al.Effects of pycnogenol on cardiometabolic health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Pharmacol Res. 2019;150:104472. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104472
Sahebkar A.A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of pycnogenol on plasma lipids.J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2014;19(3):244-255. doi:10.1177/1074248413511691
Malekahmadi M, Moradi Moghaddam O, Islam SMS, et al.Evaluation of the effects of pycnogenol (French maritime pine bark extract) supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers and nutritional and clinical status in traumatic brain injury patients in an intensive care unit: A randomized clinical trial protocol.Trials. 2020;21(1):162. Published 2020 Feb 11. doi:10.1186/s13063-019-4008-x
Verlaet AA, Ceulemans B, Verhelst H, et al.Effect of Pycnogenol® on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.Trials. 2017;18(1):145. doi:10.1186/s13063-017-1879-6
Pubchem.Pycnogenols.
Belcaro G, Cornelli U, Luzzi R, et al.Pycnogenol® supplementation improves health risk factors in subjects with metabolic syndrome.Phytother Res. 2013;27(10):1572-1578. doi:10.1002/ptr.4883
Simpson T, Kure C, Stough C.Assessing the efficacy and mechanisms of pycnogenol® on cognitive aging fromin vitroanimal and human studies.Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:694. doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.00694
Becit M, Aydin S.Anin vitrostudy on the interactions of Pycnogenol® with Cisplatin in human cervical cancer cells.Turk J Pharm Sci. 2020;17(1):1-6. doi:10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.97759
Ekinci B, Suleyman B, Mammadov R, et al.Beneficial interaction of pycnogenol with indomethacin in rats.Gen Physiol Biophys. 2022;41(5):473-481. doi:10.4149/gpb_2022030
Ross SM.Allergic Rhinitis: A Proprietary Extract of Pinus pinaster Aiton (Pycnogenol) Is Found to Improve the Symptoms Associated With Allergic Rhinitis.Holist Nurs Pract. 2016;30(5):301-304. doi:10.1097/HNP.0000000000000170
Zhao H, Wu J, Wang N, et al.Oral pycnogenol® intake benefits the skin in urban Chinese outdoor workers: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, and crossover intervention study.Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2021;34(3):135-145. doi:10.1159/000514323
Pourmasoumi M, Hadi A, Mohammadi H, Rouhani MH.Effect of pycnogenol supplementation on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.Phytother Res. 2020;34(1):67-76. doi:10.1002/ptr.6515
Belcaro G, Luzzi R, Dugall M, Ippolito E, Saggino A.Pycnogenol® improves cognitive function, attention, mental performance and specific professional skills in healthy professionals aged 35-55.J Neurosurg Sci. 2014;58(4):239-248.
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