Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsBenefitsCancer PreventionLower CholesterolImproved MemoryAnti-Inflammatory EffectsMenopause SymptomsWarnings and InteractionsSide EffectsDosage
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Benefits
Cancer Prevention
Lower Cholesterol
Improved Memory
Anti-Inflammatory Effects
Menopause Symptoms
Warnings and Interactions
Side Effects
Dosage
Sage is an herb that may offer health benefits, such as lowering cholesterol, improving memory, protecting against cancer, and more.
The scientific name for common sage isSalvia officinalis. Other edible varieties includeSalvia lavandulaefoliaandSalvia plebeia. Scientists have studied sage for its use as a tea or extract because it has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties.
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Sage and Sage Tea Benefits
Sage contains powerful antioxidants and other nutrients with disease-fighting properties. Potential benefits of sage, sage extract, and sage tea include the following:
Sage contains a few ingredients thought to provide health benefits, such as:
There is evidence, albeit sparse, to support some of the benefits of sage.
Sage Nutrition FactsOne teaspoon of ground sage contains:Energy(calories): 2 kcalProtein:0.1 gramsCarbohydrate:0.4 gramsFiber:0.3 gramsFat:0.1 gramsVitamin K:12 micrograms (mcg), 10% of the Dietary Reference Intake (RDI) for men and 7.5% of the RDI for womenIron:0.2 mgCalcium:12 mgManganese:0.02 mg
Sage Nutrition Facts
One teaspoon of ground sage contains:Energy(calories): 2 kcalProtein:0.1 gramsCarbohydrate:0.4 gramsFiber:0.3 gramsFat:0.1 gramsVitamin K:12 micrograms (mcg), 10% of the Dietary Reference Intake (RDI) for men and 7.5% of the RDI for womenIron:0.2 mgCalcium:12 mgManganese:0.02 mg
One teaspoon of ground sage contains:
Scientists have shown that parts ofS. officinalisorS.lavandulaefoliahave inhibited cancer cell growth in test tube studies. These components includecarnosol,rosmarinic acid, andursolic acid. They’ve been shown to have activity against the following types of cancer cells:
While animal studies don’t always translate to humans, a 2017 review of studies reported that rosmarinic acid given daily to mice prevented skin cancer and bone metastasis from breast cancer.
This doesn’t necessarily mean sage can prevent cancer in humans. Determining that will require trials in people. As one group of researchers said: “… extensive pharmacological and chemical experiments, together with human metabolic studies, should be the focus of our future studies.”
A review of four clinical trials concluded Salvia officinalis significantly improved blood lipids. Among the findings:
Another small study found that adding 500 mg of Salvia officinalis three times a day to daily statin therapy lowered total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides more than statin therapy alone.
However, other studies have not demonstrated similar results.
There is evidence, though limited, to suggest that sage can improve memory and information processing.
A 2017 review suggested that two types of phenolic acid found in sage—rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid—improved alertness and cognitive skills in mice.
Other studies included in the review found that sage and its active ingredients were associated with improvements in:
A 2014 systematic review foundSalvia officinalisandSalvia lavandulaefoliamay enhance memory and improve cognitive function in healthy subjects and those with dementia or cognitive impairment. However, the authors noted that study design issues and the use of different herbal preparations (extracts, essential oil, use of raw material) make these results inconclusive.
More research is needed.
Sage may be beneficial in providing relief for inflammatory conditions such as sore throat and sunburn.
A study from Switzerland showed that an oral spray made from extract of sage andechinaceawas just as effective in treating an acute sore throat as the combination ofchlorhexidineand lidocaine. Chlorhexidine and lidocaine are pharmaceutical drugs commonly used in oral anesthetics.
This combination may also help relieve tonsillitis pain and speed the healing of cold sores when applied as a salve or ointment. However, it’s challenging to know sage’s effects alone.
Other studies have found thatS. officinalishas both anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects.
Hot flashes and night sweats are common symptoms of menopause. A 2016 study reported taking a 100 mg daily dose of sage for eight weeks reduced the incidence of hot flashes and other menopause symptoms.Moreover, it appeared to do so without influencing hormone levels.
A 2023 review of four studies that included a total of 310 participants foundSalvia officinalisreduced the frequency of menopausal hot flashes.
Another study looked at the effects of sage aromatherapy on sexual function and satisfaction in postmenopausal women. The study authors found sage oil aromatherapy twice a day five days a week for six weeks improved sexual function and satisfaction compared to the control group given almond oil aromatherapy.
Other Uses of SageAlthough more research is needed, sage may also be useful for the following:Reducing the severity of psychological and physical symptoms ofpremenstrual syndrome (PMS)Treatment ofvaginal yeast infectionseither alone or in combination with clotrimazole
Other Uses of Sage
Although more research is needed, sage may also be useful for the following:Reducing the severity of psychological and physical symptoms ofpremenstrual syndrome (PMS)Treatment ofvaginal yeast infectionseither alone or in combination with clotrimazole
Although more research is needed, sage may also be useful for the following:
Sage may be unsafe when taken in high doses or for a long time. Some species of sage, including common sage (Salvia officinalis), contain a chemical calledthujone. In animal studies taking too much thujone caused seizures, and cases of seizures have been reported in people consuming sage essential oil (which is high in thujone).
If you have migraine or cluster headaches, both camphor and sage in essential oils may worsen them.
Be careful with sage if you have a ragweed allergy. People with ragweed allergies may also be sensitive to certain foods with similar proteins in them, including sage.This phenomenon, called “oral allergy syndrome,” is rarely severe, but be alert for itchiness or swelling in or around your mouth and throat.
Do not take sage supplements while you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
Because of the seizure-inducing effects of substances such as thujone, sage may make anticonvulsant drugs less effective if used in excess.
If you take diabetes medications, the excessive use of sage may cause a severe drop in blood sugar, leading tohypoglycemia. Sage may also lower blood pressure, so be sure to monitor your blood pressure if you take blood pressure medications.
Tell your healthcare provider about any medications you’re taking, including herbal remedies like sage, so you’re fully aware of the potential interactions and risks.
Sage Supplement Facts
What Are the Side Effects of Sage?
As a supplement, sage does not usually cause side effects at recommended dosages for up to four months. High-dose or long-term use of sage may not be safe.
Side effects that have been reported include occasional:
Sage essential oil, inhaled as aromatherapy, should be safe. Do not ingest sage essential oil.
Dosage: How Much Sage Should I Take?
Always speak with a healthcare provider before taking a supplement to ensure that the supplement and dosage are appropriate for your individual needs.
When consumed as a spice in food, sage is considered safe for adults and children. Like some other essential oils, sage oil can be toxic and should never be taken orally. Even when applied topically, the oil must be diluted or it could cause rash or irritation.
Sage can also be used as a fresh or dried herb and is sold as a tea. The tea has a slightly minty, aromatic taste that can be bitter. Some people prefer adding sweetener to sage tea.
Are sage tablets or gel caps vegan?Not always. Gel caps in particular are sometimes made from animal gelatins rather than vegetable cellulose. To be safe, purchase products that are labeled “vegan” or “vegetarian.”
Are sage tablets or gel caps vegan?
Not always. Gel caps in particular are sometimes made from animal gelatins rather than vegetable cellulose. To be safe, purchase products that are labeled “vegan” or “vegetarian.”
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs. That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or pharmacist.
Summary
Sage and sage extracts are being examined in research for common medical conditions, including lowering cholesterol, enhancing memory, improving inflammatory conditions, and reducing menopausal symptoms.
Talk with your healthcare provider before taking sage or any supplements to ensure it is safe for you.
26 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Ghorbania A, Esmaeilizadehb M.Pharmacological properties ofSalvia officinalisand its components.J Tradit Complement Med.2017;7(4):433-40. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.12.014Hamidpour M, Hamidpour R, Hamidpour S, Shahlari M.Chemistry, pharmacology, and medicinal property of sage (Salvia) to prevent and cure illnesses such as obesity, diabetes, depression, dementia, lupus, autism, heart disease, and cancer.J Tradit Complement Med.2014;4(2):82–88. doi:10.4103/2225-4110.130373National Library of Medicine: PubChem.Camphor.Wang L, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, et al.Natural product agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ): a review.Biochem Pharmacol. 2014;92(1):73-89. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.018Kumar N, Goel N.Phenolic acids: natural versatile molecules with promising therapeutic applications.Biotechnol Rep (Amst). 2019;24:e00370. doi:10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00370USDA: FoodData Central.Spices, sage, ground.Alsamri H, El Hasasna H, Al Dhaheri Y, Eid AH, Attoub S, Iratni R.Carnosol, a natural polyphenol, inhibits migration, metastasis, and tumor growth of breast cancer via a ROS-dependent proteasome degradation of STAT3.Front Oncol. 2019;9:743. doi:10.3389/fonc.2019.00743Alasvand S, Bridges W, Haley-Zitlin V.Effectiveness of Salvia Officinalis on Mediation of Serum Lipid in Clinical Trials: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (P12-004-19). Curr Dev Nutr. 2019 Jun 13;3(Suppl 1):nzz035.P12-004-19. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzz035.P12-004-19Kianbakht S, Nabati F, Abasi B.Salvia officinalis (Sage) Leaf Extract as Add-on to Statin Therapy in Hypercholesterolemic Type 2 Diabetic Patients: a Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Mol Cell Med. 2016 Summer;5(3):141-148. Epub 2016 Sep 3. PMID: 27942500; PMCID: PMC5125366.Lopresti A.Salvia (sage): a review of its potential cognitive-enhancing and protective effects.Drugs R D.2017;17(1):53-64. doi:10.1007/s40268-016-0157-5Miroddi M, Navarra M, Quattropani MC, et al.Systematic review of clinical trials assessing pharmacological properties ofSalviaspecies on memory, cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease.CNS Neurosci Ther. 2014;20(6):485-95. doi:10.1111/cns.12270Schapowal A, Berger D, Klein P, Suter A.Echinacea/sage or chlorhexidine/lidocaine for treating acute sore throats: a randomized double-blind trial.Eur J Med Res. 2009;14(9):406-412. doi:10.1186/2047-783X-14-9-406Bittner Fialová S, Rendeková K, Mučaji P, Nagy M, Slobodníková L.Antibacterial activity of medicinal plants and their constituents in the context of skin and wound infections, considering European legislation and folk medicine—a review.Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(19):10746. doi:10.3390/ijms221910746Rad S, Forouhari S, Dehaghani A, et al.The effect ofSalvia officinalistablet on hot flashes, night sweating, and estradiol hormone in postmenopausal women.Int J Med Res Health Sci.2016;5(8):257-263.Moradi M, Ghavami V, Niazi A, Seraj Shirvan F, Rasa S.The effect ofSalvia officinalison hot flashes in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. 2023;11(3):169-178. doi:10.30476/IJCBNM.2023.97639.2198Heydarpour S, Sharifipour F, Heydarpour F.Effect ofSalvia officinalisscent on postmenopausal women’s sexual function and satisfaction: a randomized controlled trial.BMC Womens Health. 2023;23(1):442. doi:10.1186/s12905-023-02605-8Abdnezhad R, Simbar M, Sheikhan Z, Mojab F, Nasiri M.Salvia officinalisreduces the severity of the premenstrual syndrome.Complement Med Res. 2019;26(1):39-46. doi:10.1159/000490104Ahangari F, Farshbaf-Khalili A, Javadzadeh Y, Adibpour M, Sadeghzadeh Oskouei B.Comparing the effectiveness ofSalvia officinalis, clotrimazole and their combination on vulvovaginal candidiasis: a randomized, controlled clinical trial.J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2019;45(4):897-907. doi:10.1111/jog.13918National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Sage.Mathew T, John SK, Javali M, Vasireddy M, Nadig R, Sarma GRK.Substance use related cluster headache: a case series.Headache. 2022;62(7):908-910. doi:10.1111/head.14364Kamei A, Izawa K, Ando T, et al.Development of mouse model for oral allergy syndrome to identify IgE cross-reactive pollen and food allergens: ragweed pollen cross-reacts with fennel and black pepper.Front Immunol. 2022;13:945222. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.945222American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology.Oral allergy syndrome (OAS).National Institute of Child Health and Human Development: Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed).Sage.Amini L, Mojab F, Jahanfar S, Sepidarkish M, Raoofi Z, Maleki-Hajiagha A.Efficacy ofSalvia officinalisextract on the prevention of insulin resistance in euglycemic patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial.Complement Ther Med. 2020;48:102245. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102245Farzam E, Ardestani ES, Emadi R, Pakdel M, Baesi K, Mokhtari F.Exploring the potent in vitro antiviral activity of Faramir: a tailoredSalvia officinalisextraction utilizing the sequential solvent polarity method.Pharmacol Res Nat Prod. 2024;2:100010. doi:10.1016/j.prenap.2023.100010Kornel A, Nadile M, Retsidou MI, et al.Ursolic acid against prostate and urogenital cancers: a review of in vitro and in vivo studies.Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(8):7414. doi:10.3390/ijms24087414
26 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Ghorbania A, Esmaeilizadehb M.Pharmacological properties ofSalvia officinalisand its components.J Tradit Complement Med.2017;7(4):433-40. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.12.014Hamidpour M, Hamidpour R, Hamidpour S, Shahlari M.Chemistry, pharmacology, and medicinal property of sage (Salvia) to prevent and cure illnesses such as obesity, diabetes, depression, dementia, lupus, autism, heart disease, and cancer.J Tradit Complement Med.2014;4(2):82–88. doi:10.4103/2225-4110.130373National Library of Medicine: PubChem.Camphor.Wang L, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, et al.Natural product agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ): a review.Biochem Pharmacol. 2014;92(1):73-89. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.018Kumar N, Goel N.Phenolic acids: natural versatile molecules with promising therapeutic applications.Biotechnol Rep (Amst). 2019;24:e00370. doi:10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00370USDA: FoodData Central.Spices, sage, ground.Alsamri H, El Hasasna H, Al Dhaheri Y, Eid AH, Attoub S, Iratni R.Carnosol, a natural polyphenol, inhibits migration, metastasis, and tumor growth of breast cancer via a ROS-dependent proteasome degradation of STAT3.Front Oncol. 2019;9:743. doi:10.3389/fonc.2019.00743Alasvand S, Bridges W, Haley-Zitlin V.Effectiveness of Salvia Officinalis on Mediation of Serum Lipid in Clinical Trials: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (P12-004-19). Curr Dev Nutr. 2019 Jun 13;3(Suppl 1):nzz035.P12-004-19. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzz035.P12-004-19Kianbakht S, Nabati F, Abasi B.Salvia officinalis (Sage) Leaf Extract as Add-on to Statin Therapy in Hypercholesterolemic Type 2 Diabetic Patients: a Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Mol Cell Med. 2016 Summer;5(3):141-148. Epub 2016 Sep 3. PMID: 27942500; PMCID: PMC5125366.Lopresti A.Salvia (sage): a review of its potential cognitive-enhancing and protective effects.Drugs R D.2017;17(1):53-64. doi:10.1007/s40268-016-0157-5Miroddi M, Navarra M, Quattropani MC, et al.Systematic review of clinical trials assessing pharmacological properties ofSalviaspecies on memory, cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease.CNS Neurosci Ther. 2014;20(6):485-95. doi:10.1111/cns.12270Schapowal A, Berger D, Klein P, Suter A.Echinacea/sage or chlorhexidine/lidocaine for treating acute sore throats: a randomized double-blind trial.Eur J Med Res. 2009;14(9):406-412. doi:10.1186/2047-783X-14-9-406Bittner Fialová S, Rendeková K, Mučaji P, Nagy M, Slobodníková L.Antibacterial activity of medicinal plants and their constituents in the context of skin and wound infections, considering European legislation and folk medicine—a review.Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(19):10746. doi:10.3390/ijms221910746Rad S, Forouhari S, Dehaghani A, et al.The effect ofSalvia officinalistablet on hot flashes, night sweating, and estradiol hormone in postmenopausal women.Int J Med Res Health Sci.2016;5(8):257-263.Moradi M, Ghavami V, Niazi A, Seraj Shirvan F, Rasa S.The effect ofSalvia officinalison hot flashes in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. 2023;11(3):169-178. doi:10.30476/IJCBNM.2023.97639.2198Heydarpour S, Sharifipour F, Heydarpour F.Effect ofSalvia officinalisscent on postmenopausal women’s sexual function and satisfaction: a randomized controlled trial.BMC Womens Health. 2023;23(1):442. doi:10.1186/s12905-023-02605-8Abdnezhad R, Simbar M, Sheikhan Z, Mojab F, Nasiri M.Salvia officinalisreduces the severity of the premenstrual syndrome.Complement Med Res. 2019;26(1):39-46. doi:10.1159/000490104Ahangari F, Farshbaf-Khalili A, Javadzadeh Y, Adibpour M, Sadeghzadeh Oskouei B.Comparing the effectiveness ofSalvia officinalis, clotrimazole and their combination on vulvovaginal candidiasis: a randomized, controlled clinical trial.J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2019;45(4):897-907. doi:10.1111/jog.13918National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Sage.Mathew T, John SK, Javali M, Vasireddy M, Nadig R, Sarma GRK.Substance use related cluster headache: a case series.Headache. 2022;62(7):908-910. doi:10.1111/head.14364Kamei A, Izawa K, Ando T, et al.Development of mouse model for oral allergy syndrome to identify IgE cross-reactive pollen and food allergens: ragweed pollen cross-reacts with fennel and black pepper.Front Immunol. 2022;13:945222. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.945222American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology.Oral allergy syndrome (OAS).National Institute of Child Health and Human Development: Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed).Sage.Amini L, Mojab F, Jahanfar S, Sepidarkish M, Raoofi Z, Maleki-Hajiagha A.Efficacy ofSalvia officinalisextract on the prevention of insulin resistance in euglycemic patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial.Complement Ther Med. 2020;48:102245. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102245Farzam E, Ardestani ES, Emadi R, Pakdel M, Baesi K, Mokhtari F.Exploring the potent in vitro antiviral activity of Faramir: a tailoredSalvia officinalisextraction utilizing the sequential solvent polarity method.Pharmacol Res Nat Prod. 2024;2:100010. doi:10.1016/j.prenap.2023.100010Kornel A, Nadile M, Retsidou MI, et al.Ursolic acid against prostate and urogenital cancers: a review of in vitro and in vivo studies.Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(8):7414. doi:10.3390/ijms24087414
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Ghorbania A, Esmaeilizadehb M.Pharmacological properties ofSalvia officinalisand its components.J Tradit Complement Med.2017;7(4):433-40. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.12.014Hamidpour M, Hamidpour R, Hamidpour S, Shahlari M.Chemistry, pharmacology, and medicinal property of sage (Salvia) to prevent and cure illnesses such as obesity, diabetes, depression, dementia, lupus, autism, heart disease, and cancer.J Tradit Complement Med.2014;4(2):82–88. doi:10.4103/2225-4110.130373National Library of Medicine: PubChem.Camphor.Wang L, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, et al.Natural product agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ): a review.Biochem Pharmacol. 2014;92(1):73-89. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.018Kumar N, Goel N.Phenolic acids: natural versatile molecules with promising therapeutic applications.Biotechnol Rep (Amst). 2019;24:e00370. doi:10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00370USDA: FoodData Central.Spices, sage, ground.Alsamri H, El Hasasna H, Al Dhaheri Y, Eid AH, Attoub S, Iratni R.Carnosol, a natural polyphenol, inhibits migration, metastasis, and tumor growth of breast cancer via a ROS-dependent proteasome degradation of STAT3.Front Oncol. 2019;9:743. doi:10.3389/fonc.2019.00743Alasvand S, Bridges W, Haley-Zitlin V.Effectiveness of Salvia Officinalis on Mediation of Serum Lipid in Clinical Trials: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (P12-004-19). Curr Dev Nutr. 2019 Jun 13;3(Suppl 1):nzz035.P12-004-19. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzz035.P12-004-19Kianbakht S, Nabati F, Abasi B.Salvia officinalis (Sage) Leaf Extract as Add-on to Statin Therapy in Hypercholesterolemic Type 2 Diabetic Patients: a Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Mol Cell Med. 2016 Summer;5(3):141-148. Epub 2016 Sep 3. PMID: 27942500; PMCID: PMC5125366.Lopresti A.Salvia (sage): a review of its potential cognitive-enhancing and protective effects.Drugs R D.2017;17(1):53-64. doi:10.1007/s40268-016-0157-5Miroddi M, Navarra M, Quattropani MC, et al.Systematic review of clinical trials assessing pharmacological properties ofSalviaspecies on memory, cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease.CNS Neurosci Ther. 2014;20(6):485-95. doi:10.1111/cns.12270Schapowal A, Berger D, Klein P, Suter A.Echinacea/sage or chlorhexidine/lidocaine for treating acute sore throats: a randomized double-blind trial.Eur J Med Res. 2009;14(9):406-412. doi:10.1186/2047-783X-14-9-406Bittner Fialová S, Rendeková K, Mučaji P, Nagy M, Slobodníková L.Antibacterial activity of medicinal plants and their constituents in the context of skin and wound infections, considering European legislation and folk medicine—a review.Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(19):10746. doi:10.3390/ijms221910746Rad S, Forouhari S, Dehaghani A, et al.The effect ofSalvia officinalistablet on hot flashes, night sweating, and estradiol hormone in postmenopausal women.Int J Med Res Health Sci.2016;5(8):257-263.Moradi M, Ghavami V, Niazi A, Seraj Shirvan F, Rasa S.The effect ofSalvia officinalison hot flashes in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. 2023;11(3):169-178. doi:10.30476/IJCBNM.2023.97639.2198Heydarpour S, Sharifipour F, Heydarpour F.Effect ofSalvia officinalisscent on postmenopausal women’s sexual function and satisfaction: a randomized controlled trial.BMC Womens Health. 2023;23(1):442. doi:10.1186/s12905-023-02605-8Abdnezhad R, Simbar M, Sheikhan Z, Mojab F, Nasiri M.Salvia officinalisreduces the severity of the premenstrual syndrome.Complement Med Res. 2019;26(1):39-46. doi:10.1159/000490104Ahangari F, Farshbaf-Khalili A, Javadzadeh Y, Adibpour M, Sadeghzadeh Oskouei B.Comparing the effectiveness ofSalvia officinalis, clotrimazole and their combination on vulvovaginal candidiasis: a randomized, controlled clinical trial.J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2019;45(4):897-907. doi:10.1111/jog.13918National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.Sage.Mathew T, John SK, Javali M, Vasireddy M, Nadig R, Sarma GRK.Substance use related cluster headache: a case series.Headache. 2022;62(7):908-910. doi:10.1111/head.14364Kamei A, Izawa K, Ando T, et al.Development of mouse model for oral allergy syndrome to identify IgE cross-reactive pollen and food allergens: ragweed pollen cross-reacts with fennel and black pepper.Front Immunol. 2022;13:945222. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.945222American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology.Oral allergy syndrome (OAS).National Institute of Child Health and Human Development: Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed).Sage.Amini L, Mojab F, Jahanfar S, Sepidarkish M, Raoofi Z, Maleki-Hajiagha A.Efficacy ofSalvia officinalisextract on the prevention of insulin resistance in euglycemic patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial.Complement Ther Med. 2020;48:102245. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102245Farzam E, Ardestani ES, Emadi R, Pakdel M, Baesi K, Mokhtari F.Exploring the potent in vitro antiviral activity of Faramir: a tailoredSalvia officinalisextraction utilizing the sequential solvent polarity method.Pharmacol Res Nat Prod. 2024;2:100010. doi:10.1016/j.prenap.2023.100010Kornel A, Nadile M, Retsidou MI, et al.Ursolic acid against prostate and urogenital cancers: a review of in vitro and in vivo studies.Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(8):7414. doi:10.3390/ijms24087414
Ghorbania A, Esmaeilizadehb M.Pharmacological properties ofSalvia officinalisand its components.J Tradit Complement Med.2017;7(4):433-40. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.12.014
Hamidpour M, Hamidpour R, Hamidpour S, Shahlari M.Chemistry, pharmacology, and medicinal property of sage (Salvia) to prevent and cure illnesses such as obesity, diabetes, depression, dementia, lupus, autism, heart disease, and cancer.J Tradit Complement Med.2014;4(2):82–88. doi:10.4103/2225-4110.130373
National Library of Medicine: PubChem.Camphor.
Wang L, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, et al.Natural product agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ): a review.Biochem Pharmacol. 2014;92(1):73-89. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.018
Kumar N, Goel N.Phenolic acids: natural versatile molecules with promising therapeutic applications.Biotechnol Rep (Amst). 2019;24:e00370. doi:10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00370
USDA: FoodData Central.Spices, sage, ground.
Alsamri H, El Hasasna H, Al Dhaheri Y, Eid AH, Attoub S, Iratni R.Carnosol, a natural polyphenol, inhibits migration, metastasis, and tumor growth of breast cancer via a ROS-dependent proteasome degradation of STAT3.Front Oncol. 2019;9:743. doi:10.3389/fonc.2019.00743
Alasvand S, Bridges W, Haley-Zitlin V.Effectiveness of Salvia Officinalis on Mediation of Serum Lipid in Clinical Trials: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (P12-004-19). Curr Dev Nutr. 2019 Jun 13;3(Suppl 1):nzz035.P12-004-19. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzz035.P12-004-19
Kianbakht S, Nabati F, Abasi B.Salvia officinalis (Sage) Leaf Extract as Add-on to Statin Therapy in Hypercholesterolemic Type 2 Diabetic Patients: a Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Mol Cell Med. 2016 Summer;5(3):141-148. Epub 2016 Sep 3. PMID: 27942500; PMCID: PMC5125366.
Lopresti A.Salvia (sage): a review of its potential cognitive-enhancing and protective effects.Drugs R D.2017;17(1):53-64. doi:10.1007/s40268-016-0157-5
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