Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsSymptomsCausesTypesDiagnosisTreatmentFrequently Asked Questions
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Symptoms
Causes
Types
Diagnosis
Treatment
Frequently Asked Questions
Sleep disorders are medical conditions that can affect the quality and duration of your sleep. These can includesleep apnea,insomnia, andrestless legs syndrome. Symptoms of a sleeping disorder can involve snoring and trouble falling asleep. This leads to sleep deprivation and impacts quality of life and overall health. Sleeping disorders can contribute to serious health issues likeheart failureanddiabetes.
This article presents information about sleep disorders, of which there are many types, some quite common and others less so. It explores the causes and symptoms, and how they may be treated. Knowing this information can help you and your healthcare provider determine a diagnosis and a course of action.
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Several factors can cause sleep disorders or lead to them. These factors include:Genetic predispositionLifestyle factors such as shift work, frequent travel, or irregular schedulesMood issues, such as anxiety or depressionDietary factors, including too much caffeine or alcoholBeing overweight or obeseMedical conditions, including pain, depression, and heart diseaseCertain medicationsAging
Several factors can cause sleep disorders or lead to them. These factors include:
Sleep Disorder Symptoms
Disordered sleeping can have a multitude of symptoms that vary based on the specific type. These could include any of the following nighttime symptoms:
Sleep disorders can also cause signs and symptoms during the daytime such as:
Is Sleeping Naked Good for Your Body?
Causes of Sleep Disorders
Different types of sleep disorders can have different causes. Some common causes of this disruption to your body’s sleep cycle include:
Types of Sleep Disorders
There are four main categories of sleep disorders:
Some of the most common sleep disorders include:
Insomnia
Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder, with about 10% of adults having a chronic problem with it and between 30% and 40% dealing with it now and then.It makes you unable to get enough sleep to feel rested and leaves you yawning all day.
Insomnia can take many forms. Some people have trouble falling asleep, which is defined as spending more than 20 to 30 minutes in bed before dozing off. Others wake up frequently or awaken hours too early and can’t get back to sleep. Some people have a combination of different types.
Sleep Disorders
Is There a Blood Test for Insomnia?Blood tests for insomnia are usually meant to diagnose underlying conditions rather than the insomnia itself. For example, low iron can contribute to restless legs syndrome and thyroid dysfunction can disrupt sleep patterns.These tests may be a part of diagnosing your problem.
Is There a Blood Test for Insomnia?
Blood tests for insomnia are usually meant to diagnose underlying conditions rather than the insomnia itself. For example, low iron can contribute to restless legs syndrome and thyroid dysfunction can disrupt sleep patterns.These tests may be a part of diagnosing your problem.
Can Your Thyroid Gland and Thyroid Hormones Cause Sleep Disorders?
Insomnia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
Snoring and Sleep Apnea
Snoringmay seem harmless, however, you snore because your throat is closing while you sleep. If it’s extreme enough to cut off breathing for a few seconds, then it becomes snoring’s more serious cousin—sleep apnea—which is a chronic and potentially serious medical condition.
The effects of sleep apnea can cause and worsen other medical conditions, includinghypertension, heart failure, and diabetes.Over time, it can also contribute to the risk of serious consequences such as a heart attack or heart failure,stroke, andsudden death.
The good news is that there are effective treatments. Treatments include changing sleeping positions or acontinuous positive airway pressure machine (CPAP) if breathing patterns are interrupted.Positional sleep aids, dental devices, or mouth appliances are other methods. In more severe cases, surgical removal of excess throat tissue may be recommended.
Understanding Sleep Apnea Treatments
Parasomnias
Common forms include:
Sleep behaviors aren’t limited to these, though. A number of potential behaviors can occur while you’re sleeping. The underlying cause of parasomnias may be another sleep condition, such as sleep apnea. In that case, treating the underlying condition may stop the behavior. Other courses of action may include stoppingmedication that could be the cause, safety precautions against behaviors like sleepwalking, therapy, and counseling.
Symptoms and Causes of Parasomnias
Sleep Paralysis
Imagine waking up in the morning and being unable to move. One may experience hallucinations or simply confusion. As you might imagine,sleep paralysiscan be terrifying. It can happen during any transition between sleep and being awake, either as you drift off or as you wake up.
Episodes of sleep paralysis typically last only a few minutes, as your brain naturally either wakes up or falls asleep more fully. While the first few may be frightening, just knowing what’s going on can make it less scary.
It’s fairly common to have an isolated incident of sleep paralysis in your life. Research suggests that between 5% and 40% of people will experience it at least once.It sometimes has no identifiable cause. However, it can be a symptom of narcolepsy ormental health conditionssuch as bipolar disorder, a side effect of some medications, or a symptom of sleep deprivation.If sleep paralysis is severe,cognitive behavioral therapyis one course of treatment that may help to improve sleep quality and help cope with hallucination-related fear.
Is It Sleep Paralysis or a Night Terror?
Restless Legs Syndrome
Typically, symptoms come on when you’re resting, sleeping, or trying to fall asleep. They can make it difficult to fall asleep, bring you out of deep sleep, or wake you from sleep. The end result is often a lack of quality rest.
RLS has many potential causes, including iron deficiency, pregnancy, obesity, and certain drugs (including medications, nicotine, alcohol, and caffeine), and supplements that can disrupt sleep.Treatments may include increasing iron intake, weight loss, or medications. Stretching, walking, or rubbing your legs may be good options, as well.
Natural Remedies for Restless Leg Syndrome
A movement disorder often associated with RLS is calledperiodic limb movements of sleep (PLMS). PLMS involves sudden, repetitive jerking movements of the legs or sometimes arms while you’re asleep. They can be fairly rhythmic, typically happening between about 20 and 40 seconds apart, and can continue for several hours.
Many people with PLMS aren’t aware that they have it until a sleeping partner tells them.
PLMS differs from RLS in that RLS can happen when you’re resting or trying to sleep, but PLMS only happens when you’re actually asleep. However, many people have both disorders. In most cases, the cause is unknown, but researchers think it involves the nervous system. It can also occur as a result of obstructive sleep apnea or antidepressant use.
If PLMS doesn’t disrupt your sleep, it may not require treatment. If you do experience excessive daytime sleepiness without another cause, though, your PLMS may be to blame. PLMS can be treated with medications like benzodiazepines and opioid painkillers. It’s been shown that caffeine can exacerbate PLMS so eliminating caffeinated substances should also be considered.
Circadian Rhythm Disorders
Circadian rhythm disorders are conditions that may result from your internal biological clock being out of sync with external time cues, including the natural dark-light cycle. Causes can include blindness, shift work, jet lag, aging, and advanced ordelayed sleep phase syndrome.
The mismatch may lead to insomnia or excessive sleepiness (hypersomnia) at inappropriate times. Circadian rhythm disorders can be treated with properly timed light exposure using a light box,melatonin, or adherence to a regular sleep-wake schedule.
Narcolepsy
Other symptoms include sleep paralysis,hypnagogic hallucinationswhile trying to fall asleep andcataplexy, also described as a “sudden loss of muscle tone.”
Narcolepsy can have a profound effect on one’s life and may lead to falling asleep in inappropriate situations, such as while working or driving a car.Narcolepsy is normally treated with medications including stimulants to stay awake and antidepressants to moderate symptoms.
What’s the Difference? Narcolepsy Types 1 and 2
How Are Sleep Disorders Diagnosed?
The first step to overcoming a sleep disorder is to see your healthcare provider and get a diagnosis. It can help if you keep a sleep journal so you can provide a thorough description of your sleep problems and any suspected causes. A healthcare provider will often do a physical exam to check your symptoms as well as blood tests and imaging tests.
Sleep Disorder Diagnostic Tests: How They Work
You may also want to visit a sleep specialist. They can perform a sleep study or polysomnogram. This test electronically records specific body and brain activities during sleep and transmits the data to your doctor to analyze. The patterns established can help determine what kind of sleep disorder you have.
Other noninvasive tests to diagnose sleep orders include:
There are several methods of treatment available for sleep disorders. These are recommended based on the specific type of sleep disorder and each individual situation. With proper treatment, sleep disorders can be vastly improved.
Medical Treatment
Medical treatment can be sought to treat sleep disorders. These may include:
Your healthcare provider will advise you on which medical intervention will best treat the sleep disorder you have and any potential side effects.
Lifestyle Tips
Making simple lifestyle changes can also vastly improve a sleep disorder. This is known as improving sleep hygiene. Maintaining a healthy diet and exercising regularly alone will promote good sleep habits.
Other measures may include avoiding caffeine and alcohol, especially close to bedtime, establishing a daily schedule of sleeping and waking at the same time, keeping stress at a minimum, and creating a healthy sleep environment.
Summary
Sleep plays an essential role in mental and physical well-being. Sleep disorders are medical conditions resulting in a variety of symptoms with a lack of quality sleep being the most prevalent. This lack can negatively affect your life and put you at a higher risk for health problems such as diabetes and heart disease.
Sleep deprivation can also affect your mood and cognitive function leading to a higher incidence of anxiety and depression among sufferers. Luckily there are methods of treatment to help with disordered sleeping. As getting enough sleep at the right time is vital for optimum health and safety, consult with your healthcare provider to determine the right course of treatment.
Frequently Asked QuestionsSleep disorders that are associated with obesityinclude:InsomniaObstructive sleep apneaRestless legs syndromeIt’s not always clear which condition causes the other. It may be that obesity is a causal factor of some sleep disorders, especially OSA and snoring, but sleep deprivation due to a sleep disorder can impact metabolism and lead to obesity as well.Rapid eye movement (REM) behavior disorder is a type of parasomnia, which causes abnormal sleep behaviors. With REM behavior disorder, you physically act out dreams while inREM sleep. This can range from hand gestures to violent thrashing, kicking, or punching.Learn MoreREM Behavior Disorder: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and TreatmentSleep attacks are a symptom of narcolepsy. They happen when you get a sudden, overwhelming feeling of sleepiness. Between sleep attacks, you may have a normal sense of feeling awake with the attacks seeming to come out of nowhere.Learn MoreWhat Is Narcolepsy?
Sleep disorders that are associated with obesityinclude:InsomniaObstructive sleep apneaRestless legs syndromeIt’s not always clear which condition causes the other. It may be that obesity is a causal factor of some sleep disorders, especially OSA and snoring, but sleep deprivation due to a sleep disorder can impact metabolism and lead to obesity as well.
Sleep disorders that are associated with obesityinclude:
It’s not always clear which condition causes the other. It may be that obesity is a causal factor of some sleep disorders, especially OSA and snoring, but sleep deprivation due to a sleep disorder can impact metabolism and lead to obesity as well.
Rapid eye movement (REM) behavior disorder is a type of parasomnia, which causes abnormal sleep behaviors. With REM behavior disorder, you physically act out dreams while inREM sleep. This can range from hand gestures to violent thrashing, kicking, or punching.Learn MoreREM Behavior Disorder: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Rapid eye movement (REM) behavior disorder is a type of parasomnia, which causes abnormal sleep behaviors. With REM behavior disorder, you physically act out dreams while inREM sleep. This can range from hand gestures to violent thrashing, kicking, or punching.
Learn MoreREM Behavior Disorder: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Sleep attacks are a symptom of narcolepsy. They happen when you get a sudden, overwhelming feeling of sleepiness. Between sleep attacks, you may have a normal sense of feeling awake with the attacks seeming to come out of nowhere.Learn MoreWhat Is Narcolepsy?
Sleep attacks are a symptom of narcolepsy. They happen when you get a sudden, overwhelming feeling of sleepiness. Between sleep attacks, you may have a normal sense of feeling awake with the attacks seeming to come out of nowhere.
Learn MoreWhat Is Narcolepsy?
25 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Health topics: sleep disorders.National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Sleep disorders.American Psychiatric Association.What are sleep disorders?Karna B, Sankari A, Tatikonda G.Sleep disorder. In:StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024.Dopheide JA.Insomnia overview: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and monitoring, and nonpharmacologic therapy.Am J Manag Care. 2020;26(Suppl 4):S76-S84. doi:10.37765/ajmc.2020.42769Patel D, Steinberg J, Patel P.Insomnia in the elderly: A review.J Clin Sleep Med. 2018;14(6):1017-1024. doi:10.5664/jcsm.7172Geng C, Yang Z, Kong X, Xu P, Zhang H.Association between thyroid function and disease severity in restless legs syndrome.Front Neurol. 2022;13:974229. doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.974229American Academy of Sleep Medicine.Study shows that people with sleep apnea have a high risk of death.Javaheri S, Barbe F, Campos-rodriguez F, et al.Sleep apnea: Types, mechanisms, and clinical cardiovascular consequences.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(7):841-858. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.069Shamsuzzaman AS, Somers VK, Knilans TK, Ackerman MJ, Wang Y, Amin RS.Obstructive sleep apnea in patients with congenital long QT syndrome: Implications for increased risk of sudden cardiac death.Sleep. 2015;38(7):1113-9. doi:10.5665/sleep.4824Patil SP, Ayappa IA, Caples SM, Kimoff RJ, Patel SR, Harrod CG.Treatment of adult obstructive sleep apnea with positive airway pressure: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment.J Clin Sleep Med.2019;15(2):301-334. doi:10.5664/jcsm.7638National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Obstructive sleep apnea—adults.Bollu PC, Goyal MK, Thakkar MM, Sahota P.Sleep medicine: Parasomnias.Mo Med. 2018;115(2):169-175.American Academy of Sleep Medicine.What is sleep paralysis?.American Academy of Sleep Medicine.Sleep paralysis.Guo S, Huang J, Jiang H, et al.Restless legs syndrome: From pathophysiology to clinical diagnosis and management.Front Aging Neurosci. 2017;9:171. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00171Breen DP, Högl B, Fasano A, Trenkwalder C, Lang AE.Sleep-related motor and behavioral disorders: recent advances and new entities.Mov Disord. 2018;33(7):1042-1055. doi:10.1002/mds.27375McCall CA, Winkelman JW.Respiratory-related leg movements of sleep are associated with serotonergic antidepressants but not bupropion.J Clin Sleep Med. 2018;14(09):1569-1576. doi:10.5664/jcsm.7338Pamu S, Thakkalapally L, Badugu V, Pawar D.Caffeine induced restless legs syndrome.IOSR J Pharm. 2017;7(9):50-52.Potter GD, Skene DJ, Arendt J, Cade JE, Grant PJ, Hardie LJ.Circadian rhythm and sleep disruption: Causes, metabolic consequences, and countermeasures.Endocr Rev. 2016;37(6):584-608. doi:10.1210/er.2016-1083National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Narcolepsy.Barateau L, Dauvilliers Y.Recent advances in treatment for narcolepsy.Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2019;12:1756286419875622. doi:10.1177/1756286419875622MedlinePlus.Healthy sleep.Hargens TA, Kaleth AS, Edwards ES, Butner KL.Association between sleep disorders, obesity, and exercise: a review.Nat Sci Sleep. 2013;5:27-35. doi:10.2147/NSS.S34838Roguski A, Rayment D, Whone AL, Jones MW, Rolinski M.A neurologist’s guide to rem sleep behavior disorder.Front Neurol. 2020;11:610. doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00610
25 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Health topics: sleep disorders.National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Sleep disorders.American Psychiatric Association.What are sleep disorders?Karna B, Sankari A, Tatikonda G.Sleep disorder. In:StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024.Dopheide JA.Insomnia overview: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and monitoring, and nonpharmacologic therapy.Am J Manag Care. 2020;26(Suppl 4):S76-S84. doi:10.37765/ajmc.2020.42769Patel D, Steinberg J, Patel P.Insomnia in the elderly: A review.J Clin Sleep Med. 2018;14(6):1017-1024. doi:10.5664/jcsm.7172Geng C, Yang Z, Kong X, Xu P, Zhang H.Association between thyroid function and disease severity in restless legs syndrome.Front Neurol. 2022;13:974229. doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.974229American Academy of Sleep Medicine.Study shows that people with sleep apnea have a high risk of death.Javaheri S, Barbe F, Campos-rodriguez F, et al.Sleep apnea: Types, mechanisms, and clinical cardiovascular consequences.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(7):841-858. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.069Shamsuzzaman AS, Somers VK, Knilans TK, Ackerman MJ, Wang Y, Amin RS.Obstructive sleep apnea in patients with congenital long QT syndrome: Implications for increased risk of sudden cardiac death.Sleep. 2015;38(7):1113-9. doi:10.5665/sleep.4824Patil SP, Ayappa IA, Caples SM, Kimoff RJ, Patel SR, Harrod CG.Treatment of adult obstructive sleep apnea with positive airway pressure: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment.J Clin Sleep Med.2019;15(2):301-334. doi:10.5664/jcsm.7638National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Obstructive sleep apnea—adults.Bollu PC, Goyal MK, Thakkar MM, Sahota P.Sleep medicine: Parasomnias.Mo Med. 2018;115(2):169-175.American Academy of Sleep Medicine.What is sleep paralysis?.American Academy of Sleep Medicine.Sleep paralysis.Guo S, Huang J, Jiang H, et al.Restless legs syndrome: From pathophysiology to clinical diagnosis and management.Front Aging Neurosci. 2017;9:171. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00171Breen DP, Högl B, Fasano A, Trenkwalder C, Lang AE.Sleep-related motor and behavioral disorders: recent advances and new entities.Mov Disord. 2018;33(7):1042-1055. doi:10.1002/mds.27375McCall CA, Winkelman JW.Respiratory-related leg movements of sleep are associated with serotonergic antidepressants but not bupropion.J Clin Sleep Med. 2018;14(09):1569-1576. doi:10.5664/jcsm.7338Pamu S, Thakkalapally L, Badugu V, Pawar D.Caffeine induced restless legs syndrome.IOSR J Pharm. 2017;7(9):50-52.Potter GD, Skene DJ, Arendt J, Cade JE, Grant PJ, Hardie LJ.Circadian rhythm and sleep disruption: Causes, metabolic consequences, and countermeasures.Endocr Rev. 2016;37(6):584-608. doi:10.1210/er.2016-1083National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Narcolepsy.Barateau L, Dauvilliers Y.Recent advances in treatment for narcolepsy.Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2019;12:1756286419875622. doi:10.1177/1756286419875622MedlinePlus.Healthy sleep.Hargens TA, Kaleth AS, Edwards ES, Butner KL.Association between sleep disorders, obesity, and exercise: a review.Nat Sci Sleep. 2013;5:27-35. doi:10.2147/NSS.S34838Roguski A, Rayment D, Whone AL, Jones MW, Rolinski M.A neurologist’s guide to rem sleep behavior disorder.Front Neurol. 2020;11:610. doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00610
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Health topics: sleep disorders.National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Sleep disorders.American Psychiatric Association.What are sleep disorders?Karna B, Sankari A, Tatikonda G.Sleep disorder. In:StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024.Dopheide JA.Insomnia overview: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and monitoring, and nonpharmacologic therapy.Am J Manag Care. 2020;26(Suppl 4):S76-S84. doi:10.37765/ajmc.2020.42769Patel D, Steinberg J, Patel P.Insomnia in the elderly: A review.J Clin Sleep Med. 2018;14(6):1017-1024. doi:10.5664/jcsm.7172Geng C, Yang Z, Kong X, Xu P, Zhang H.Association between thyroid function and disease severity in restless legs syndrome.Front Neurol. 2022;13:974229. doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.974229American Academy of Sleep Medicine.Study shows that people with sleep apnea have a high risk of death.Javaheri S, Barbe F, Campos-rodriguez F, et al.Sleep apnea: Types, mechanisms, and clinical cardiovascular consequences.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(7):841-858. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.069Shamsuzzaman AS, Somers VK, Knilans TK, Ackerman MJ, Wang Y, Amin RS.Obstructive sleep apnea in patients with congenital long QT syndrome: Implications for increased risk of sudden cardiac death.Sleep. 2015;38(7):1113-9. doi:10.5665/sleep.4824Patil SP, Ayappa IA, Caples SM, Kimoff RJ, Patel SR, Harrod CG.Treatment of adult obstructive sleep apnea with positive airway pressure: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment.J Clin Sleep Med.2019;15(2):301-334. doi:10.5664/jcsm.7638National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Obstructive sleep apnea—adults.Bollu PC, Goyal MK, Thakkar MM, Sahota P.Sleep medicine: Parasomnias.Mo Med. 2018;115(2):169-175.American Academy of Sleep Medicine.What is sleep paralysis?.American Academy of Sleep Medicine.Sleep paralysis.Guo S, Huang J, Jiang H, et al.Restless legs syndrome: From pathophysiology to clinical diagnosis and management.Front Aging Neurosci. 2017;9:171. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00171Breen DP, Högl B, Fasano A, Trenkwalder C, Lang AE.Sleep-related motor and behavioral disorders: recent advances and new entities.Mov Disord. 2018;33(7):1042-1055. doi:10.1002/mds.27375McCall CA, Winkelman JW.Respiratory-related leg movements of sleep are associated with serotonergic antidepressants but not bupropion.J Clin Sleep Med. 2018;14(09):1569-1576. doi:10.5664/jcsm.7338Pamu S, Thakkalapally L, Badugu V, Pawar D.Caffeine induced restless legs syndrome.IOSR J Pharm. 2017;7(9):50-52.Potter GD, Skene DJ, Arendt J, Cade JE, Grant PJ, Hardie LJ.Circadian rhythm and sleep disruption: Causes, metabolic consequences, and countermeasures.Endocr Rev. 2016;37(6):584-608. doi:10.1210/er.2016-1083National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Narcolepsy.Barateau L, Dauvilliers Y.Recent advances in treatment for narcolepsy.Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2019;12:1756286419875622. doi:10.1177/1756286419875622MedlinePlus.Healthy sleep.Hargens TA, Kaleth AS, Edwards ES, Butner KL.Association between sleep disorders, obesity, and exercise: a review.Nat Sci Sleep. 2013;5:27-35. doi:10.2147/NSS.S34838Roguski A, Rayment D, Whone AL, Jones MW, Rolinski M.A neurologist’s guide to rem sleep behavior disorder.Front Neurol. 2020;11:610. doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00610
National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Health topics: sleep disorders.
National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Sleep disorders.
American Psychiatric Association.What are sleep disorders?
Karna B, Sankari A, Tatikonda G.Sleep disorder. In:StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024.
Dopheide JA.Insomnia overview: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and monitoring, and nonpharmacologic therapy.Am J Manag Care. 2020;26(Suppl 4):S76-S84. doi:10.37765/ajmc.2020.42769
Patel D, Steinberg J, Patel P.Insomnia in the elderly: A review.J Clin Sleep Med. 2018;14(6):1017-1024. doi:10.5664/jcsm.7172
Geng C, Yang Z, Kong X, Xu P, Zhang H.Association between thyroid function and disease severity in restless legs syndrome.Front Neurol. 2022;13:974229. doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.974229
American Academy of Sleep Medicine.Study shows that people with sleep apnea have a high risk of death.
Javaheri S, Barbe F, Campos-rodriguez F, et al.Sleep apnea: Types, mechanisms, and clinical cardiovascular consequences.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(7):841-858. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.069
Shamsuzzaman AS, Somers VK, Knilans TK, Ackerman MJ, Wang Y, Amin RS.Obstructive sleep apnea in patients with congenital long QT syndrome: Implications for increased risk of sudden cardiac death.Sleep. 2015;38(7):1113-9. doi:10.5665/sleep.4824
Patil SP, Ayappa IA, Caples SM, Kimoff RJ, Patel SR, Harrod CG.Treatment of adult obstructive sleep apnea with positive airway pressure: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine systematic review, meta-analysis, and GRADE assessment.J Clin Sleep Med.2019;15(2):301-334. doi:10.5664/jcsm.7638
National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.Obstructive sleep apnea—adults.
Bollu PC, Goyal MK, Thakkar MM, Sahota P.Sleep medicine: Parasomnias.Mo Med. 2018;115(2):169-175.
American Academy of Sleep Medicine.What is sleep paralysis?.
American Academy of Sleep Medicine.Sleep paralysis.
Guo S, Huang J, Jiang H, et al.Restless legs syndrome: From pathophysiology to clinical diagnosis and management.Front Aging Neurosci. 2017;9:171. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00171
Breen DP, Högl B, Fasano A, Trenkwalder C, Lang AE.Sleep-related motor and behavioral disorders: recent advances and new entities.Mov Disord. 2018;33(7):1042-1055. doi:10.1002/mds.27375
McCall CA, Winkelman JW.Respiratory-related leg movements of sleep are associated with serotonergic antidepressants but not bupropion.J Clin Sleep Med. 2018;14(09):1569-1576. doi:10.5664/jcsm.7338
Pamu S, Thakkalapally L, Badugu V, Pawar D.Caffeine induced restless legs syndrome.IOSR J Pharm. 2017;7(9):50-52.
Potter GD, Skene DJ, Arendt J, Cade JE, Grant PJ, Hardie LJ.Circadian rhythm and sleep disruption: Causes, metabolic consequences, and countermeasures.Endocr Rev. 2016;37(6):584-608. doi:10.1210/er.2016-1083
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.Narcolepsy.
Barateau L, Dauvilliers Y.Recent advances in treatment for narcolepsy.Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2019;12:1756286419875622. doi:10.1177/1756286419875622
MedlinePlus.Healthy sleep.
Hargens TA, Kaleth AS, Edwards ES, Butner KL.Association between sleep disorders, obesity, and exercise: a review.Nat Sci Sleep. 2013;5:27-35. doi:10.2147/NSS.S34838
Roguski A, Rayment D, Whone AL, Jones MW, Rolinski M.A neurologist’s guide to rem sleep behavior disorder.Front Neurol. 2020;11:610. doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00610
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