Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsMedicationsPsychotherapyCAM TreatmentsLifestyle Changes
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Medications
Psychotherapy
CAM Treatments
Lifestyle Changes
As a result, SAD can lead to avoidance behavior, which can negatively affect work, school, and other day-to-day activities. Prescription medications and psychotherapy, alone or together, are recommended for treating SAD. Lifestyle changes may help with management, as well.
SDI Productions / Getty Images
Prescription Medications
Mental health professionals often recommend that people with SAD start a prescription medication and participate in different types of psychotherapy. Studies have shown that these two approaches together can improve long-term outcomes in people with SAD.
Medication SafetyMedication should be placed in a secure area where only you can access it. It’s important to ensure that no other people at home, including children and pets, can get into the medication. Anyone who takes the medication, whether it has been prescribed to them or not, can experience side effects. If the side effects are severe, call 911 and go to the nearest hospital right away.
Medication Safety
Medication should be placed in a secure area where only you can access it. It’s important to ensure that no other people at home, including children and pets, can get into the medication. Anyone who takes the medication, whether it has been prescribed to them or not, can experience side effects. If the side effects are severe, call 911 and go to the nearest hospital right away.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
Serotonin is an important chemical messenger, or neurotransmitter, that regulates many body functions, including sleep, mood, and appetite. When serotonin levels are low, people may experience symptoms of anxiety and depression.
SSRIs used to treat social anxiety include:
More than 20 placebo-controlled trials have shown that SSRIs are highly effective in the treatment of SAD.However, they can cause side effects, including headaches, gastrointestinal issues,insomnia,fatigue, sexual side effects, and initial anxiety.
Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
Another class of medications called SNRIs target not only serotonin but also the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Norepinephrine is important for attention and other cognitive functions, energy, and mood.
This class of medications shares a similar safety and efficacy profile as SSRIs, and are also considered first-line treatment for social anxiety. A review identified five large placebo-controlled trials that support the efficacy of venlafaxine, an SNRI, for SAD.
SNRIs used to treat SAD include:
Side effects from these medications may include initial increases in anxiety, insomnia, restlessness, possible sexual dysfunction, and headaches.
Cymbalta RecallStarting in October 2024, over 200,000 bottles of duloxetine delayed-release capsules were recalled over concerns about the presence of nitrosamines, which can increase the risk of cancer.If you take duloxetine, check your medication packaging to see if it was part of the affected lots or call your pharmacist to find out. You should also contact your prescriber, as abruptly stopping a medication like duloxetinecan be dangerous.The recalled lots have expiration dates from November 2024 to December 2025. You can check the lot numbers in the FDA enforcement reports released inOctoberandDecember.
Cymbalta Recall
Starting in October 2024, over 200,000 bottles of duloxetine delayed-release capsules were recalled over concerns about the presence of nitrosamines, which can increase the risk of cancer.If you take duloxetine, check your medication packaging to see if it was part of the affected lots or call your pharmacist to find out. You should also contact your prescriber, as abruptly stopping a medication like duloxetinecan be dangerous.The recalled lots have expiration dates from November 2024 to December 2025. You can check the lot numbers in the FDA enforcement reports released inOctoberandDecember.
Starting in October 2024, over 200,000 bottles of duloxetine delayed-release capsules were recalled over concerns about the presence of nitrosamines, which can increase the risk of cancer.If you take duloxetine, check your medication packaging to see if it was part of the affected lots or call your pharmacist to find out. You should also contact your prescriber, as abruptly stopping a medication like duloxetinecan be dangerous.
The recalled lots have expiration dates from November 2024 to December 2025. You can check the lot numbers in the FDA enforcement reports released inOctoberandDecember.
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
MAOIs stop the breakdown of these neurotransmitters and therefore increase their levels. Research has shown people with social anxiety respond well to these medications, and MAOIs can reduce the severity of SAD symptoms.
MAOIs used to treat SAD include:
However, these medications are not used often because they can cause serious side effects and have potentially dangerous interactions with other medications and certain foods. They are commonly prescribed in cases where other treatments have failed. Their use also requires following dietary guidelines.
MAOIs prevent the breakdown of tyramine and certain foods and drinks, such as aged cheese and beer on tap. People who take MAOIs and consume tyramine-containing foods or drinks will have a high serum tyramine level, which can cause a sudden increase inblood pressure.
The most commonboxed warning(the most serious warning from the FDA) for antianxiety and depression medications is an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in children, adolescents, and young adults.If you or a loved one starts taking a prescribed medication and have thoughts of self-harm, contact your healthcare provider immediately or go to the nearest hospital. Your mental health provider will reevaluate your anxiety management plan.
The most commonboxed warning(the most serious warning from the FDA) for antianxiety and depression medications is an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in children, adolescents, and young adults.
If you or a loved one starts taking a prescribed medication and have thoughts of self-harm, contact your healthcare provider immediately or go to the nearest hospital. Your mental health provider will reevaluate your anxiety management plan.
Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepinestarget the neurotransmitterGABAto increase its effects in the brain. GABA has an inhibitory function, and it suppresses signals that are traveling down a neural pathway.
Benzodiazepines can therefore create calm in the body and mind, and can help with the anxiety symptoms associated with SAD.
While these medications are very effective, they can be very habit-forming and many people become dependent on them, especially for those who have been taking them continuously for extended periods.People with asubstance abuse disordergenerally should not take these medications.
Benzodiazepines used to treat social anxiety include:
It can also be very difficult to discontinue benzodiazepines.Therefore, it’s important to discuss how to most safely come off one of these medications with your healthcare provider so they can lower the dose slowly over time. You should never stop an antianxiety medication on your own.
Beta-Blockers
SAD, as well as other types of anxiety, causes emotional and physiological symptoms. Since the body feels it’s in a threatening situation, it will go into fight-or-flight mode. This means that all resources in your body are made ready to run away or fight for survival.
Beta-blockers used to help with SADinclude:
Similar to benzodiazepines, these medications are often taken in anticipation of a stressful situation to avoid the uncomfortable physiological effects, such as public speaking.
Most SSRIs, SNRIs, and MOAIs are taken orally once or twice daily. However, benzodiazepines and beta-blockers may be prescribed to be taken as needed. It is very important to ask your healthcare provider exactly how many pills you need to take a day and at what times. Your medication will be most effective if taken in the same manner as recommended.
Nonpharmacological approaches to SAD are also very important in helping people to better manage their symptoms. The type of psychotherapy commonly used to treat this anxiety disorder is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). It’s designed to help you better understand your thought processes.Different forms of CBT can be used to treat SAD.
Exposure Therapy
During exposure therapy for social anxiety, you’re gradually presented with the situation that causes you feelings of anxiety, with exposure to increasingly anxiety-provoking situations. Your therapist will then help you identify ways to manage your fear. This exposure may be virtual or in person.
Cognitive Restructuring
In cognitive restructuring, you work with a mental healthcare provider to find the source of your negative thought patterns. Then, you can explore ways to redirect your thoughts so they can take another path. This may help reduce the impact and frequency of negative thoughts.
Social Skills Training
The goal of social skills training is to work on specific behaviors that you may struggle with in social situations that cause stress. This may help improve the way you act in a social situation, such as being able to have a conversation at a busy restaurant.
Interpersonal Therapy
Interpersonal therapy is a psychodynamic therapy that has been used for depression and is being adapted for patients with SAD. It uses role-playing and other techniques to improve your ability to interact and socialize with other people.
SAD Treatmet GoalsChanging your negative thoughts about yourselfBuilding confidence in social situations overall but especially in the ones you most fearImproving your coping skills
SAD Treatmet Goals
Changing your negative thoughts about yourselfBuilding confidence in social situations overall but especially in the ones you most fearImproving your coping skills
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Plant medicines, including herbal teas, have long been cited as natural ways to induce calm. Despite popular use, only certain types of plant medicines have been thoroughly evaluated in clinical trials for helping with SAD:
There are many options available at health food stores and online, but since over-the-counter medications are not regulated, not all products are safe or contain what is advertised.
Tell your healthcare provider before starting other treatments or supplements. While using a tea, for example, may seem harmless, plant compounds can potentially interact with prescription medications and cause serious effects.
SAD affects the body and brain, and it’s important to keep both as healthy as possible.
Consider changing up your habits to include:
Talk with your healthcare provider about how to set up healthy habits that you can stick to and enhance your treatment plan.
A Word From Verywell
Starting a new social anxiety disorder treatment can feel very overwhelming. Be sure to raise any questions you might have with your healthcare provider. Since there are many different types of medications and therapy approaches, it’s OK if the first method you try doesn’t work. Your provider will work to continue evolving your symptom management plan to find the right treatment for you.
Remember that medications and therapy take several weeks to start showing improvement, so it’s important to be patient. However, if your symptoms worsen or you experience side effects, reach out to your healthcare provider right away.
24 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Institute of Mental Health.Social Anxiety Disorder: More than just shyness.Carhart-Harris RL, Nutt DJ.Serotonin and brain function: a tale of two receptors.J Psychopharmacol. 2017;31(9):1091-1120. doi:10.1177/0269881117725915Edinoff AN, Akuly HA, Hanna TA, Ochoa CO, Patti SJ, Ghaffar YA, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I, Boyer AG, Cornett EM, Kaye AM.Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Adverse Effects: A Narrative Review.Neurol Int. 2021 Aug 5;13(3):387-401. doi:10.3390/neurolint13030038Blanco C, Bragdon LB, Schneier FR, Liebowitz MR.The evidence-based pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder.Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;16(1):235-49. doi:10.1017/S1461145712000119Santarsieri D, Schwartz TL.Antidepressant efficacy and side-effect burden: a quick guide for clinicians.Drugs Context. 2015;4:212290. doi:10.7573/dic.212290Santarsieri D, Schwartz TL.Antidepressant efficacy and side-effect burden: a quick guide for clinicians.Drugs Context. 2015 Oct 8;4:212290. doi:10.7573/dic.212290Strawn JR, Geracioti L, Rajdev N, Clemenza K, Levine A.Pharmacotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder in adult and pediatric patients: an evidence-based treatment review.Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2018 Jul;19(10):1057-1070. doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1491966Food and Drug Administration.What to Know and Do About Possible Nitrosamines in Your Medication.Williams T, Hattingh CJ, Kariuki CM, Tromp SA, van Balkom AJ, Ipser JC, Stein DJ.Pharmacotherapy for social anxiety disorder (SAnD).Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;10(10):CD001206. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001206.pub3Gillman PK.A reassessment of the safety profile of monoamine oxidase inhibitors: elucidating tired old tyramine myths.J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2018;125(11):1707-1717. doi:10.1007/s00702-018-1932-yFornaro M, Anastasia A, Valchera A, Carano A, Orsolini L, Vellante F, Rapini G, Olivieri L, Di Natale S, Perna G, Martinotti G, Di Giannantonio M, De Berardis D.The FDA “Black Box” Warning on Antidepressant Suicide Risk in Young Adults: More Harm Than Benefits?.Front Psychiatry. 2019 May 3;10:294. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00294Sartori SB, Singewald N.Novel pharmacological targets in drug development for the treatment of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders.Pharmacol Ther. 2019;204:107402. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107402American Academy of Family Physicians.Addiction: Part I. Benzodiazepines—Side Effects, Abuse Risk and Alternatives.Reid Finlayson AJ, Macoubrie J, Huff C, Foster DE, Martin PR.Experiences with benzodiazepine use, tapering, and discontinuation: an Internet survey.Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2022 Apr 25;12:20451253221082386. doi:10.1177/20451253221082386Mayo-Wilson E, et al.Psychological and pharmacological interventions for social anxiety disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(5):368-76. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70329-3Bögels SM, Wijts P, Oort FJ, Sallaerts SJ.Psychodynamic psychotherapy versus cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder: an efficacy and partial effectiveness trial.Depress Anxiety. 2014;31(5):363-373. doi:10.1002/da.22246Kenda M, Kočevar Glavač N, Nagy M, Sollner Dolenc M.Medicinal Plants Used for Anxiety, Depression, or Stress Treatment: An Update.Molecules. 2022 Sep 15;27(18):6021. doi:10.3390/molecules27186021Masataka N.Anxiolytic effects of repeated cannabidiol treatment in teenagers with social anxiety disorders.Front Psychol. 2019;10:2466. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02466Velten J, Bieda A, Scholten S, Wannemüller A, Margraf J.Lifestyle choices and mental health: a longitudinal survey with German and Chinese students.BMC Public Health. 2018 May 16;18(1):632. doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5526-2National Foundation for Cancer Research.5 Ways Spending More Time Outside Benefits Our Health.Aucoin M, LaChance L, Naidoo U, Remy D, Shekdar T, Sayar N, Cardozo V, Rawana T, Chan I, Cooley K.Diet and Anxiety: A Scoping Review.Nutrients. 2021 Dec 10;13(12):4418. doi:10.3390/nu13124418Wang D, Gruenewald T.The psychological costs of social support imbalance: Variation across relationship context and age.J Health Psychol. 2019 Oct;24(12):1615-1625. doi:10.1177/1359105317692854Scott AJ, Webb TL, Martyn-St James M, Rowse G, Weich S.Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Sleep Med Rev. 2021 Dec;60:101556. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101556Haghighatdoost F, Feizi A, Esmaillzadeh A, Rashidi-Pourfard N, Keshteli AH, Roohafza H, Adibi P.Drinking plain water is associated with decreased risk of depression and anxiety in adults: Results from a large cross-sectional study.World J Psychiatry. 2018 Sep 20;8(3):88-96. doi:10.5498/wjp.v8.i3.88
24 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Institute of Mental Health.Social Anxiety Disorder: More than just shyness.Carhart-Harris RL, Nutt DJ.Serotonin and brain function: a tale of two receptors.J Psychopharmacol. 2017;31(9):1091-1120. doi:10.1177/0269881117725915Edinoff AN, Akuly HA, Hanna TA, Ochoa CO, Patti SJ, Ghaffar YA, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I, Boyer AG, Cornett EM, Kaye AM.Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Adverse Effects: A Narrative Review.Neurol Int. 2021 Aug 5;13(3):387-401. doi:10.3390/neurolint13030038Blanco C, Bragdon LB, Schneier FR, Liebowitz MR.The evidence-based pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder.Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;16(1):235-49. doi:10.1017/S1461145712000119Santarsieri D, Schwartz TL.Antidepressant efficacy and side-effect burden: a quick guide for clinicians.Drugs Context. 2015;4:212290. doi:10.7573/dic.212290Santarsieri D, Schwartz TL.Antidepressant efficacy and side-effect burden: a quick guide for clinicians.Drugs Context. 2015 Oct 8;4:212290. doi:10.7573/dic.212290Strawn JR, Geracioti L, Rajdev N, Clemenza K, Levine A.Pharmacotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder in adult and pediatric patients: an evidence-based treatment review.Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2018 Jul;19(10):1057-1070. doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1491966Food and Drug Administration.What to Know and Do About Possible Nitrosamines in Your Medication.Williams T, Hattingh CJ, Kariuki CM, Tromp SA, van Balkom AJ, Ipser JC, Stein DJ.Pharmacotherapy for social anxiety disorder (SAnD).Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;10(10):CD001206. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001206.pub3Gillman PK.A reassessment of the safety profile of monoamine oxidase inhibitors: elucidating tired old tyramine myths.J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2018;125(11):1707-1717. doi:10.1007/s00702-018-1932-yFornaro M, Anastasia A, Valchera A, Carano A, Orsolini L, Vellante F, Rapini G, Olivieri L, Di Natale S, Perna G, Martinotti G, Di Giannantonio M, De Berardis D.The FDA “Black Box” Warning on Antidepressant Suicide Risk in Young Adults: More Harm Than Benefits?.Front Psychiatry. 2019 May 3;10:294. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00294Sartori SB, Singewald N.Novel pharmacological targets in drug development for the treatment of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders.Pharmacol Ther. 2019;204:107402. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107402American Academy of Family Physicians.Addiction: Part I. Benzodiazepines—Side Effects, Abuse Risk and Alternatives.Reid Finlayson AJ, Macoubrie J, Huff C, Foster DE, Martin PR.Experiences with benzodiazepine use, tapering, and discontinuation: an Internet survey.Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2022 Apr 25;12:20451253221082386. doi:10.1177/20451253221082386Mayo-Wilson E, et al.Psychological and pharmacological interventions for social anxiety disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(5):368-76. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70329-3Bögels SM, Wijts P, Oort FJ, Sallaerts SJ.Psychodynamic psychotherapy versus cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder: an efficacy and partial effectiveness trial.Depress Anxiety. 2014;31(5):363-373. doi:10.1002/da.22246Kenda M, Kočevar Glavač N, Nagy M, Sollner Dolenc M.Medicinal Plants Used for Anxiety, Depression, or Stress Treatment: An Update.Molecules. 2022 Sep 15;27(18):6021. doi:10.3390/molecules27186021Masataka N.Anxiolytic effects of repeated cannabidiol treatment in teenagers with social anxiety disorders.Front Psychol. 2019;10:2466. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02466Velten J, Bieda A, Scholten S, Wannemüller A, Margraf J.Lifestyle choices and mental health: a longitudinal survey with German and Chinese students.BMC Public Health. 2018 May 16;18(1):632. doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5526-2National Foundation for Cancer Research.5 Ways Spending More Time Outside Benefits Our Health.Aucoin M, LaChance L, Naidoo U, Remy D, Shekdar T, Sayar N, Cardozo V, Rawana T, Chan I, Cooley K.Diet and Anxiety: A Scoping Review.Nutrients. 2021 Dec 10;13(12):4418. doi:10.3390/nu13124418Wang D, Gruenewald T.The psychological costs of social support imbalance: Variation across relationship context and age.J Health Psychol. 2019 Oct;24(12):1615-1625. doi:10.1177/1359105317692854Scott AJ, Webb TL, Martyn-St James M, Rowse G, Weich S.Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Sleep Med Rev. 2021 Dec;60:101556. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101556Haghighatdoost F, Feizi A, Esmaillzadeh A, Rashidi-Pourfard N, Keshteli AH, Roohafza H, Adibi P.Drinking plain water is associated with decreased risk of depression and anxiety in adults: Results from a large cross-sectional study.World J Psychiatry. 2018 Sep 20;8(3):88-96. doi:10.5498/wjp.v8.i3.88
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
National Institute of Mental Health.Social Anxiety Disorder: More than just shyness.Carhart-Harris RL, Nutt DJ.Serotonin and brain function: a tale of two receptors.J Psychopharmacol. 2017;31(9):1091-1120. doi:10.1177/0269881117725915Edinoff AN, Akuly HA, Hanna TA, Ochoa CO, Patti SJ, Ghaffar YA, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I, Boyer AG, Cornett EM, Kaye AM.Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Adverse Effects: A Narrative Review.Neurol Int. 2021 Aug 5;13(3):387-401. doi:10.3390/neurolint13030038Blanco C, Bragdon LB, Schneier FR, Liebowitz MR.The evidence-based pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder.Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;16(1):235-49. doi:10.1017/S1461145712000119Santarsieri D, Schwartz TL.Antidepressant efficacy and side-effect burden: a quick guide for clinicians.Drugs Context. 2015;4:212290. doi:10.7573/dic.212290Santarsieri D, Schwartz TL.Antidepressant efficacy and side-effect burden: a quick guide for clinicians.Drugs Context. 2015 Oct 8;4:212290. doi:10.7573/dic.212290Strawn JR, Geracioti L, Rajdev N, Clemenza K, Levine A.Pharmacotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder in adult and pediatric patients: an evidence-based treatment review.Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2018 Jul;19(10):1057-1070. doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1491966Food and Drug Administration.What to Know and Do About Possible Nitrosamines in Your Medication.Williams T, Hattingh CJ, Kariuki CM, Tromp SA, van Balkom AJ, Ipser JC, Stein DJ.Pharmacotherapy for social anxiety disorder (SAnD).Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;10(10):CD001206. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001206.pub3Gillman PK.A reassessment of the safety profile of monoamine oxidase inhibitors: elucidating tired old tyramine myths.J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2018;125(11):1707-1717. doi:10.1007/s00702-018-1932-yFornaro M, Anastasia A, Valchera A, Carano A, Orsolini L, Vellante F, Rapini G, Olivieri L, Di Natale S, Perna G, Martinotti G, Di Giannantonio M, De Berardis D.The FDA “Black Box” Warning on Antidepressant Suicide Risk in Young Adults: More Harm Than Benefits?.Front Psychiatry. 2019 May 3;10:294. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00294Sartori SB, Singewald N.Novel pharmacological targets in drug development for the treatment of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders.Pharmacol Ther. 2019;204:107402. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107402American Academy of Family Physicians.Addiction: Part I. Benzodiazepines—Side Effects, Abuse Risk and Alternatives.Reid Finlayson AJ, Macoubrie J, Huff C, Foster DE, Martin PR.Experiences with benzodiazepine use, tapering, and discontinuation: an Internet survey.Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2022 Apr 25;12:20451253221082386. doi:10.1177/20451253221082386Mayo-Wilson E, et al.Psychological and pharmacological interventions for social anxiety disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(5):368-76. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70329-3Bögels SM, Wijts P, Oort FJ, Sallaerts SJ.Psychodynamic psychotherapy versus cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder: an efficacy and partial effectiveness trial.Depress Anxiety. 2014;31(5):363-373. doi:10.1002/da.22246Kenda M, Kočevar Glavač N, Nagy M, Sollner Dolenc M.Medicinal Plants Used for Anxiety, Depression, or Stress Treatment: An Update.Molecules. 2022 Sep 15;27(18):6021. doi:10.3390/molecules27186021Masataka N.Anxiolytic effects of repeated cannabidiol treatment in teenagers with social anxiety disorders.Front Psychol. 2019;10:2466. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02466Velten J, Bieda A, Scholten S, Wannemüller A, Margraf J.Lifestyle choices and mental health: a longitudinal survey with German and Chinese students.BMC Public Health. 2018 May 16;18(1):632. doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5526-2National Foundation for Cancer Research.5 Ways Spending More Time Outside Benefits Our Health.Aucoin M, LaChance L, Naidoo U, Remy D, Shekdar T, Sayar N, Cardozo V, Rawana T, Chan I, Cooley K.Diet and Anxiety: A Scoping Review.Nutrients. 2021 Dec 10;13(12):4418. doi:10.3390/nu13124418Wang D, Gruenewald T.The psychological costs of social support imbalance: Variation across relationship context and age.J Health Psychol. 2019 Oct;24(12):1615-1625. doi:10.1177/1359105317692854Scott AJ, Webb TL, Martyn-St James M, Rowse G, Weich S.Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Sleep Med Rev. 2021 Dec;60:101556. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101556Haghighatdoost F, Feizi A, Esmaillzadeh A, Rashidi-Pourfard N, Keshteli AH, Roohafza H, Adibi P.Drinking plain water is associated with decreased risk of depression and anxiety in adults: Results from a large cross-sectional study.World J Psychiatry. 2018 Sep 20;8(3):88-96. doi:10.5498/wjp.v8.i3.88
National Institute of Mental Health.Social Anxiety Disorder: More than just shyness.
Carhart-Harris RL, Nutt DJ.Serotonin and brain function: a tale of two receptors.J Psychopharmacol. 2017;31(9):1091-1120. doi:10.1177/0269881117725915
Edinoff AN, Akuly HA, Hanna TA, Ochoa CO, Patti SJ, Ghaffar YA, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I, Boyer AG, Cornett EM, Kaye AM.Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Adverse Effects: A Narrative Review.Neurol Int. 2021 Aug 5;13(3):387-401. doi:10.3390/neurolint13030038
Blanco C, Bragdon LB, Schneier FR, Liebowitz MR.The evidence-based pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder.Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;16(1):235-49. doi:10.1017/S1461145712000119
Santarsieri D, Schwartz TL.Antidepressant efficacy and side-effect burden: a quick guide for clinicians.Drugs Context. 2015;4:212290. doi:10.7573/dic.212290
Santarsieri D, Schwartz TL.Antidepressant efficacy and side-effect burden: a quick guide for clinicians.Drugs Context. 2015 Oct 8;4:212290. doi:10.7573/dic.212290
Strawn JR, Geracioti L, Rajdev N, Clemenza K, Levine A.Pharmacotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder in adult and pediatric patients: an evidence-based treatment review.Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2018 Jul;19(10):1057-1070. doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1491966
Food and Drug Administration.What to Know and Do About Possible Nitrosamines in Your Medication.
Williams T, Hattingh CJ, Kariuki CM, Tromp SA, van Balkom AJ, Ipser JC, Stein DJ.Pharmacotherapy for social anxiety disorder (SAnD).Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;10(10):CD001206. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001206.pub3
Gillman PK.A reassessment of the safety profile of monoamine oxidase inhibitors: elucidating tired old tyramine myths.J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2018;125(11):1707-1717. doi:10.1007/s00702-018-1932-y
Fornaro M, Anastasia A, Valchera A, Carano A, Orsolini L, Vellante F, Rapini G, Olivieri L, Di Natale S, Perna G, Martinotti G, Di Giannantonio M, De Berardis D.The FDA “Black Box” Warning on Antidepressant Suicide Risk in Young Adults: More Harm Than Benefits?.Front Psychiatry. 2019 May 3;10:294. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00294
Sartori SB, Singewald N.Novel pharmacological targets in drug development for the treatment of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders.Pharmacol Ther. 2019;204:107402. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107402
American Academy of Family Physicians.Addiction: Part I. Benzodiazepines—Side Effects, Abuse Risk and Alternatives.
Reid Finlayson AJ, Macoubrie J, Huff C, Foster DE, Martin PR.Experiences with benzodiazepine use, tapering, and discontinuation: an Internet survey.Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2022 Apr 25;12:20451253221082386. doi:10.1177/20451253221082386
Mayo-Wilson E, et al.Psychological and pharmacological interventions for social anxiety disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(5):368-76. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70329-3
Bögels SM, Wijts P, Oort FJ, Sallaerts SJ.Psychodynamic psychotherapy versus cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder: an efficacy and partial effectiveness trial.Depress Anxiety. 2014;31(5):363-373. doi:10.1002/da.22246
Kenda M, Kočevar Glavač N, Nagy M, Sollner Dolenc M.Medicinal Plants Used for Anxiety, Depression, or Stress Treatment: An Update.Molecules. 2022 Sep 15;27(18):6021. doi:10.3390/molecules27186021
Masataka N.Anxiolytic effects of repeated cannabidiol treatment in teenagers with social anxiety disorders.Front Psychol. 2019;10:2466. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02466
Velten J, Bieda A, Scholten S, Wannemüller A, Margraf J.Lifestyle choices and mental health: a longitudinal survey with German and Chinese students.BMC Public Health. 2018 May 16;18(1):632. doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5526-2
National Foundation for Cancer Research.5 Ways Spending More Time Outside Benefits Our Health.
Aucoin M, LaChance L, Naidoo U, Remy D, Shekdar T, Sayar N, Cardozo V, Rawana T, Chan I, Cooley K.Diet and Anxiety: A Scoping Review.Nutrients. 2021 Dec 10;13(12):4418. doi:10.3390/nu13124418
Wang D, Gruenewald T.The psychological costs of social support imbalance: Variation across relationship context and age.J Health Psychol. 2019 Oct;24(12):1615-1625. doi:10.1177/1359105317692854
Scott AJ, Webb TL, Martyn-St James M, Rowse G, Weich S.Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Sleep Med Rev. 2021 Dec;60:101556. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101556
Haghighatdoost F, Feizi A, Esmaillzadeh A, Rashidi-Pourfard N, Keshteli AH, Roohafza H, Adibi P.Drinking plain water is associated with decreased risk of depression and anxiety in adults: Results from a large cross-sectional study.World J Psychiatry. 2018 Sep 20;8(3):88-96. doi:10.5498/wjp.v8.i3.88
Meet Our Medical Expert Board
Share Feedback
Was this page helpful?Thanks for your feedback!What is your feedback?OtherHelpfulReport an ErrorSubmit
Was this page helpful?
Thanks for your feedback!
What is your feedback?OtherHelpfulReport an ErrorSubmit
What is your feedback?
