Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsHigh Cholesterol and EDHow Statins WorkCan Statins Help ED?Statins and TestosteroneStatins and ED DrugsFrequently Asked Questions
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
High Cholesterol and ED
How Statins Work
Can Statins Help ED?
Statins and Testosterone
Statins and ED Drugs
Frequently Asked Questions
Erectile dysfunction (ED), formerly known as impotence, is a condition that affects roughly 40% of people with penises over the age of 40 and 70% over the age of 70.
One of the critical risk factors for ED ishigh cholesterol. Some studies suggest that seven of every 10 people with ED meet the clinical definition of high cholesterol (also known ashypercholesterolemia).
Therefore, it may seem reasonable to assume that taking cholesterol-lowering drugs likestatinscould potentially improve ED.
But is the relationship that straightforward?
This article takes a closer look at the potential benefits of statins in people with ED, as well as the various factors that can influence a person’s ability to get and keep anerectionif a statin drug is prescribed.
Hailshadow / Getty Images
There is no single cause of ED. Many factors can contribute, some of which are physical, and others of which may bepsychological. In most people, multiple factors are involved.
In people able to achieve an erection,sexual arousaltriggers the rush of blood to the penis, causing it to become engorged and stiff. When blood flow is impaired, getting or sustaining an erection can be difficult.
The build-up of plaques can also lead tohigh blood pressure, causing blood vessels to narrow and harden over time (referred to asatherosclerosis).
All these things can reduce the volume of blood needed to achieve an erection.
High cholesterol and high blood pressure share similar risk factors that can directly or indirectly affect a person’s ability to achieve or sustain an erection.
They include:
Cholesterol and EDHigh cholesterol is part of a larger cascade of conditions that can contribute to ED.Having high cholesterol on its own may increase your ED but doesn’t “cause” ED.Neither does having high cholesterol mean that you will get ED.
Cholesterol and ED
High cholesterol is part of a larger cascade of conditions that can contribute to ED.Having high cholesterol on its own may increase your ED but doesn’t “cause” ED.Neither does having high cholesterol mean that you will get ED.
High cholesterol is part of a larger cascade of conditions that can contribute to ED.
Having high cholesterol on its own may increase your ED but doesn’t “cause” ED.
Neither does having high cholesterol mean that you will get ED.
What Causes Sudden Erectile Dysfunction?
Statins are the most common cholesterol-lowering drugs prescribed today. Statins are most effective at lowering the “bad” form of cholesterol known aslow-density lipoprotein (LDL).
This is the type of cholesterol responsible for arterial plaques.
Statins are also known as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.
HMG-CoA reductase is an enzyme that regulates the liver’s rate of producing cholesterol.
By mimicking this enzyme, statins can “step in” and block the chain of events that leads to the production of cholesterol.
The main action of statin drugs is to reduce LDL levels.
While statins are also pretty good at increasing “good"high-density lipoprotein (HDL)cholesterol and loweringtriglycerides, they are not as good at this as a class of drugs known asfibrates.
Benefits of Statins
Statins are used for both the prevention ofheart diseaseand to decrease the risk of death from heart disease.
They can also help reduce the risk of certain blood clots and help stabilize plaques so that they don’t break off and cause aheart attackorstroke.
Because of their benefit in preventing heart disease and its complications, the American Heart Association recommends statins for the following risk groups:
What Is My Risk of Heart Disease?
Types of Statins
Some statins are classified as high-intensity because they can reduce LDL in the blood better.
Crestor and Lipitor are high-intensity statins, while Lescol, Livalo, Mevacor, and Pravachol are considered low- to moderate-intensity statins based on the prescribed dose.
Types of Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs
It is possible that statins can improve erectile dysfunction in some people in several different ways.
With that said, statins are not used to “treat” ED but are only prescribed when a person has (or has risk factors for) atherosclerosis-related heart disease.
Reduced Arterial Plaque Size
There is some evidence that statins can reverse arterial plaques, suggesting that they may help improve blood flow to certain parts of the body.
It’s a controversial claim, with some studies reporting significant reductions in plaque volumes and others not.
A 2018 study from China reported that Crestor is the statin with the highest potential for plaque reversal.
This effect was seen to be most significant in people withperipheral artery disease (PAD), a vascular disease that causes the narrowing and hardening of arteries in the limbs.
Researchers do not yet know the direct impact of plaque size reversal on ED.
Up to 77% of people with PAD have ED, with the most severe cases involving the obstruction of thepudendal artery(which services one of the significant penile arteries).
Further research is needed.
Improved Vascular Function
One of the factors that influences an erection is the so-calledendothelial functionof the penile arteries. Endothelial function is the ability of the membranes inside a vessel to contract, increasing the force of blood flow.
Statins may also increase the nitric oxide levels in the bloodstream.
This is not to suggest that statins have the same level of action as drugs likeViagraor Cialis, which also increases nitric oxide levels. But they may contribute to improved erections in some people.
Study
What Is Erectile Dysfunction?
Like all drugs, statins have side effects. These include muscle pain, diabetes, liver toxicity, andmemory lossor confusion.
These side effects are more likely in older adults who take multiple drugs or have liver or kidney disease.
A lesser-known side effect is reducedtestosteronelevels. Testosterone is a hormone that regulates muscle growth, bone mass, andlibido(sex drive). It also influences erections. However, the reduction of testosterone may not be clinically significant and therefore may not affect sexual function.
Testosterone modulates many components of erectile function, including nerves and muscles. It also regulates sexual desire, coordinating erection with sexual intercourse timing.
There is some evidence thattestosterone replacement therapycan be helpful for people with mild ED, though it may be less helpful for people with more severe ED.
At present, it is hard to tell whether a drop in testosterone in statin users is enough to influence erections. The evidence suggests that the average change is small and may not be clinically significant.
By contrast, the benefits of statins in people at risk of heart disease almost invariably outweigh the risks.
Side Effects of Statins You Should Know
Generally speaking, it is OK to take ED drugs like Viagra or Cialis while on statin therapy.
There are no known interactions, but this doesn’t mean that everyone on statin drugs can take them.
Viagra (sildenafil) and Cialis (tadalafil) belong to a class of drugs calledphosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors, which also include Levitra (vardenafil), Stanyx (vardenafil dissolvable), and Stendra (avanafil).
Warning
In people withchronic angina, this can reduce the flow of blood to the heart and trigger a heart attack.
Beware of These Statin Drug Interactions
Summary
Statin drugs are important drugs for people who have or are at risk of heart disease.
There is some evidence that they can also benefit people with ED, but they in no way “treat” ED.
They are only prescribed when someone has an increased risk of atherosclerosis-related heart disease. If you take drugs such as Viagra or Cialis for ED, these should not interact with statins.
Frequently Asked QuestionsYes. There are no interactions between Viagra and statins.PDE5 inhibitors like Viagra shouldnotbe used in people who take nitrates, nitroglycerin, or alpha-blockers or have a history of heart attack, stroke, heart failure, unstable angina, life-threatening arrhythmias, or orthostatic hypotension.In addition to the prevention of heart disease, statins can reduce the risk of death in people with heart disease and reduce the risk ofatrial fibrillationfollowing heart surgery.There is also evidence statins can help improve erectile dysfunction (ED) in people with high cholesterol and EDand slow the progression ofAlzheimer’s disease.All statins can cause side effects, but a review of 135 studies published in 2013 concluded that Zocor (simvastatin) and Pravachol (pravastatin) had the fewest side effects.Statins don’t clear plaques from arteries, but they may reduce the size of plaques in certain parts of the body.Research from China published in 2018 suggested that the statin drug Crestor (rosuvastatin) could reduce plaque size in people with peripheral artery disease (avascular diseaseaffecting the limbs).
Yes. There are no interactions between Viagra and statins.PDE5 inhibitors like Viagra shouldnotbe used in people who take nitrates, nitroglycerin, or alpha-blockers or have a history of heart attack, stroke, heart failure, unstable angina, life-threatening arrhythmias, or orthostatic hypotension.
Yes. There are no interactions between Viagra and statins.
PDE5 inhibitors like Viagra shouldnotbe used in people who take nitrates, nitroglycerin, or alpha-blockers or have a history of heart attack, stroke, heart failure, unstable angina, life-threatening arrhythmias, or orthostatic hypotension.
In addition to the prevention of heart disease, statins can reduce the risk of death in people with heart disease and reduce the risk ofatrial fibrillationfollowing heart surgery.There is also evidence statins can help improve erectile dysfunction (ED) in people with high cholesterol and EDand slow the progression ofAlzheimer’s disease.
In addition to the prevention of heart disease, statins can reduce the risk of death in people with heart disease and reduce the risk ofatrial fibrillationfollowing heart surgery.
There is also evidence statins can help improve erectile dysfunction (ED) in people with high cholesterol and EDand slow the progression ofAlzheimer’s disease.
All statins can cause side effects, but a review of 135 studies published in 2013 concluded that Zocor (simvastatin) and Pravachol (pravastatin) had the fewest side effects.
Statins don’t clear plaques from arteries, but they may reduce the size of plaques in certain parts of the body.Research from China published in 2018 suggested that the statin drug Crestor (rosuvastatin) could reduce plaque size in people with peripheral artery disease (avascular diseaseaffecting the limbs).
Statins don’t clear plaques from arteries, but they may reduce the size of plaques in certain parts of the body.
Research from China published in 2018 suggested that the statin drug Crestor (rosuvastatin) could reduce plaque size in people with peripheral artery disease (avascular diseaseaffecting the limbs).
20 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Cleveland Clinic Center for Continuing Education.Erectile dysfunction.Rew KT, Heidelbaugh JJ.Erectile dysfunction.Am Fam Physician. 2016;94(10):820‐7.Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ.Statin use for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults.JAMA.2016;316(19):1997. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.15450Khera AV, Plutzky J.Management of low levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol.Circulation.2013;128(1):72-8, doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.000443Reiter-Brennan C, Osei AD, Iftekhar Uddin SM, et al.ACC/AHA lipid guidelines: Personalized care to prevent cardiovascular disease.CCJM. 2020;87(4):231-239. doi:10.3949/ccjm.87a.19078American Heart Association.Cholesterol medications.Welty FK, Lewis SJ, Friday KE, Cain VA, Anzalone DA.A comparison of statin therapies in hypercholesterolemia in women: a subgroup analysis of the STELLAR study.J Womens Health (Larchmt).2016;25(1):50–6. doi:10.1089/jwh.2015.5271Bittencourt MS, Cerci RJ.Statin effects on atherosclerotic plaques: regression or healing?BMC Med.2015;13:260. doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0499-9Liping Z, Xiufang L, Tao Y Baomin Z, Houshuai T.Efficacy comparison of rosuvastatin and atorvastatin in the treatment of atherosclerosis and drug safety analysis.Pak J Pharm Sci.2018 Sep;31(5(Special)):2203-8.Benaragama KS, Singh AA, Taj T, Hague J, Boyle JR, Richards T.Erectile dysfunction in peripheral vascular disease: endovascular revascularization as a potential therapeutic target.Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2020 Nov;54(8):707-11. doi:10.1177/1538574420952923Kostis JB, Dobryzynski JM.Statins and erectile dysfunction.World J Mens Health. 2019;37(1):1–3. doi:10.5534/wjmh.180015Kostis JB, Dobryzynski JM.The effect of statins on erectile dysfunction: a meta-analysis of randomized trials.J Sex Med. 2014;11(7):1626-35. doi:10.1111/jsm.12521Sniderman AD, Thanassoulis G.Do statins lower testosterone and does it matter?BMC Med.2013;11:58. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-58Isidori AM, Buvat J, Corona G, et al.A critical analysis of the role of testosterone in erectile function: From pathophysiology to treatment-a systematic review.Eur Urol.2014;65(1):99-112. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2013.08.048Kataoka T, Kimura K.Testosterone and erectile function: a review of evidence from basic research. In:Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases. Intech Publishing;2017,Rizk PJ, Kohn TP, Pastuszak AW, Khera M.Testosterone therapy improves erectile function and libido in hypogonadal men.Curr Opin Urol.2017 Nov;27(6):511–5. doi:10.1097/MOU.0000000000000442Task Force Members, Montalescot G, et. al.2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease: the Task Force on the management of stable coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology.Eur Heart J. 2013;34(38):2949-3003. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht296Dhaliwal A, Gupta M.PDE5 inhibitors. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2021McGuinness B, Craig D, Bullock R, Malouf R, Passmore P.Statins for the treatment of dementia.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(7):CD007514. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007514.pub3Naci H, Brugts J, Ades T.Comparative tolerability and harms of individual statins: a study-level network meta-analysis of 246 955 participants from 135 randomized, controlled trials.Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2013;6:390-9. doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.111.000071
20 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Cleveland Clinic Center for Continuing Education.Erectile dysfunction.Rew KT, Heidelbaugh JJ.Erectile dysfunction.Am Fam Physician. 2016;94(10):820‐7.Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ.Statin use for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults.JAMA.2016;316(19):1997. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.15450Khera AV, Plutzky J.Management of low levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol.Circulation.2013;128(1):72-8, doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.000443Reiter-Brennan C, Osei AD, Iftekhar Uddin SM, et al.ACC/AHA lipid guidelines: Personalized care to prevent cardiovascular disease.CCJM. 2020;87(4):231-239. doi:10.3949/ccjm.87a.19078American Heart Association.Cholesterol medications.Welty FK, Lewis SJ, Friday KE, Cain VA, Anzalone DA.A comparison of statin therapies in hypercholesterolemia in women: a subgroup analysis of the STELLAR study.J Womens Health (Larchmt).2016;25(1):50–6. doi:10.1089/jwh.2015.5271Bittencourt MS, Cerci RJ.Statin effects on atherosclerotic plaques: regression or healing?BMC Med.2015;13:260. doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0499-9Liping Z, Xiufang L, Tao Y Baomin Z, Houshuai T.Efficacy comparison of rosuvastatin and atorvastatin in the treatment of atherosclerosis and drug safety analysis.Pak J Pharm Sci.2018 Sep;31(5(Special)):2203-8.Benaragama KS, Singh AA, Taj T, Hague J, Boyle JR, Richards T.Erectile dysfunction in peripheral vascular disease: endovascular revascularization as a potential therapeutic target.Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2020 Nov;54(8):707-11. doi:10.1177/1538574420952923Kostis JB, Dobryzynski JM.Statins and erectile dysfunction.World J Mens Health. 2019;37(1):1–3. doi:10.5534/wjmh.180015Kostis JB, Dobryzynski JM.The effect of statins on erectile dysfunction: a meta-analysis of randomized trials.J Sex Med. 2014;11(7):1626-35. doi:10.1111/jsm.12521Sniderman AD, Thanassoulis G.Do statins lower testosterone and does it matter?BMC Med.2013;11:58. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-58Isidori AM, Buvat J, Corona G, et al.A critical analysis of the role of testosterone in erectile function: From pathophysiology to treatment-a systematic review.Eur Urol.2014;65(1):99-112. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2013.08.048Kataoka T, Kimura K.Testosterone and erectile function: a review of evidence from basic research. In:Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases. Intech Publishing;2017,Rizk PJ, Kohn TP, Pastuszak AW, Khera M.Testosterone therapy improves erectile function and libido in hypogonadal men.Curr Opin Urol.2017 Nov;27(6):511–5. doi:10.1097/MOU.0000000000000442Task Force Members, Montalescot G, et. al.2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease: the Task Force on the management of stable coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology.Eur Heart J. 2013;34(38):2949-3003. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht296Dhaliwal A, Gupta M.PDE5 inhibitors. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2021McGuinness B, Craig D, Bullock R, Malouf R, Passmore P.Statins for the treatment of dementia.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(7):CD007514. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007514.pub3Naci H, Brugts J, Ades T.Comparative tolerability and harms of individual statins: a study-level network meta-analysis of 246 955 participants from 135 randomized, controlled trials.Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2013;6:390-9. doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.111.000071
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Cleveland Clinic Center for Continuing Education.Erectile dysfunction.Rew KT, Heidelbaugh JJ.Erectile dysfunction.Am Fam Physician. 2016;94(10):820‐7.Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ.Statin use for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults.JAMA.2016;316(19):1997. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.15450Khera AV, Plutzky J.Management of low levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol.Circulation.2013;128(1):72-8, doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.000443Reiter-Brennan C, Osei AD, Iftekhar Uddin SM, et al.ACC/AHA lipid guidelines: Personalized care to prevent cardiovascular disease.CCJM. 2020;87(4):231-239. doi:10.3949/ccjm.87a.19078American Heart Association.Cholesterol medications.Welty FK, Lewis SJ, Friday KE, Cain VA, Anzalone DA.A comparison of statin therapies in hypercholesterolemia in women: a subgroup analysis of the STELLAR study.J Womens Health (Larchmt).2016;25(1):50–6. doi:10.1089/jwh.2015.5271Bittencourt MS, Cerci RJ.Statin effects on atherosclerotic plaques: regression or healing?BMC Med.2015;13:260. doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0499-9Liping Z, Xiufang L, Tao Y Baomin Z, Houshuai T.Efficacy comparison of rosuvastatin and atorvastatin in the treatment of atherosclerosis and drug safety analysis.Pak J Pharm Sci.2018 Sep;31(5(Special)):2203-8.Benaragama KS, Singh AA, Taj T, Hague J, Boyle JR, Richards T.Erectile dysfunction in peripheral vascular disease: endovascular revascularization as a potential therapeutic target.Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2020 Nov;54(8):707-11. doi:10.1177/1538574420952923Kostis JB, Dobryzynski JM.Statins and erectile dysfunction.World J Mens Health. 2019;37(1):1–3. doi:10.5534/wjmh.180015Kostis JB, Dobryzynski JM.The effect of statins on erectile dysfunction: a meta-analysis of randomized trials.J Sex Med. 2014;11(7):1626-35. doi:10.1111/jsm.12521Sniderman AD, Thanassoulis G.Do statins lower testosterone and does it matter?BMC Med.2013;11:58. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-58Isidori AM, Buvat J, Corona G, et al.A critical analysis of the role of testosterone in erectile function: From pathophysiology to treatment-a systematic review.Eur Urol.2014;65(1):99-112. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2013.08.048Kataoka T, Kimura K.Testosterone and erectile function: a review of evidence from basic research. In:Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases. Intech Publishing;2017,Rizk PJ, Kohn TP, Pastuszak AW, Khera M.Testosterone therapy improves erectile function and libido in hypogonadal men.Curr Opin Urol.2017 Nov;27(6):511–5. doi:10.1097/MOU.0000000000000442Task Force Members, Montalescot G, et. al.2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease: the Task Force on the management of stable coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology.Eur Heart J. 2013;34(38):2949-3003. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht296Dhaliwal A, Gupta M.PDE5 inhibitors. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2021McGuinness B, Craig D, Bullock R, Malouf R, Passmore P.Statins for the treatment of dementia.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(7):CD007514. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007514.pub3Naci H, Brugts J, Ades T.Comparative tolerability and harms of individual statins: a study-level network meta-analysis of 246 955 participants from 135 randomized, controlled trials.Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2013;6:390-9. doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.111.000071
Cleveland Clinic Center for Continuing Education.Erectile dysfunction.
Rew KT, Heidelbaugh JJ.Erectile dysfunction.Am Fam Physician. 2016;94(10):820‐7.
Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ.Statin use for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults.JAMA.2016;316(19):1997. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.15450
Khera AV, Plutzky J.Management of low levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol.Circulation.2013;128(1):72-8, doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.000443
Reiter-Brennan C, Osei AD, Iftekhar Uddin SM, et al.ACC/AHA lipid guidelines: Personalized care to prevent cardiovascular disease.CCJM. 2020;87(4):231-239. doi:10.3949/ccjm.87a.19078
American Heart Association.Cholesterol medications.
Welty FK, Lewis SJ, Friday KE, Cain VA, Anzalone DA.A comparison of statin therapies in hypercholesterolemia in women: a subgroup analysis of the STELLAR study.J Womens Health (Larchmt).2016;25(1):50–6. doi:10.1089/jwh.2015.5271
Bittencourt MS, Cerci RJ.Statin effects on atherosclerotic plaques: regression or healing?BMC Med.2015;13:260. doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0499-9
Liping Z, Xiufang L, Tao Y Baomin Z, Houshuai T.Efficacy comparison of rosuvastatin and atorvastatin in the treatment of atherosclerosis and drug safety analysis.Pak J Pharm Sci.2018 Sep;31(5(Special)):2203-8.
Benaragama KS, Singh AA, Taj T, Hague J, Boyle JR, Richards T.Erectile dysfunction in peripheral vascular disease: endovascular revascularization as a potential therapeutic target.Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2020 Nov;54(8):707-11. doi:10.1177/1538574420952923
Kostis JB, Dobryzynski JM.Statins and erectile dysfunction.World J Mens Health. 2019;37(1):1–3. doi:10.5534/wjmh.180015
Kostis JB, Dobryzynski JM.The effect of statins on erectile dysfunction: a meta-analysis of randomized trials.J Sex Med. 2014;11(7):1626-35. doi:10.1111/jsm.12521
Sniderman AD, Thanassoulis G.Do statins lower testosterone and does it matter?BMC Med.2013;11:58. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-58
Isidori AM, Buvat J, Corona G, et al.A critical analysis of the role of testosterone in erectile function: From pathophysiology to treatment-a systematic review.Eur Urol.2014;65(1):99-112. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2013.08.048
Kataoka T, Kimura K.Testosterone and erectile function: a review of evidence from basic research. In:Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases. Intech Publishing;2017,
Rizk PJ, Kohn TP, Pastuszak AW, Khera M.Testosterone therapy improves erectile function and libido in hypogonadal men.Curr Opin Urol.2017 Nov;27(6):511–5. doi:10.1097/MOU.0000000000000442
Task Force Members, Montalescot G, et. al.2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease: the Task Force on the management of stable coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology.Eur Heart J. 2013;34(38):2949-3003. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht296
Dhaliwal A, Gupta M.PDE5 inhibitors. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2021
McGuinness B, Craig D, Bullock R, Malouf R, Passmore P.Statins for the treatment of dementia.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(7):CD007514. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007514.pub3
Naci H, Brugts J, Ades T.Comparative tolerability and harms of individual statins: a study-level network meta-analysis of 246 955 participants from 135 randomized, controlled trials.Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2013;6:390-9. doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.111.000071
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