Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsDefinitionBenefitsSide EffectsPrecautionsDosageToxicitySources
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Definition
Benefits
Side Effects
Precautions
Dosage
Toxicity
Sources
Sulforaphaneis a natural plant compound derived from cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli and Brussels sprouts.
It is known for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, andanti-inflammatoryproperties. As such, some research has looked at its potential health benefits, including cancer prevention and heart and kidney health.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate supplements the way it regulates prescription drugs. That means some supplement products may not contain what the label says. Whenchoosing a supplement, look for independently tested products and consult a healthcare provider, registered dietitian nutritionist (RD or RDN), or pharmacist.
Verywell / Getty Images
What Is Sulforaphane?
Sulforaphaneis a natural plant compound derived from cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli, cauliflower, and kale.
Sulforaphane Benefits
Researchers have studied sulforaphane for its potential health effects on various conditions, including cancer prevention,diabetes,heart disease, kidney health, and autism.
May Help Prevent Cancer
Sulforaphane has chemoprotective properties.That means it helps stop carcinogens (cancer-causing substances) from impacting the body. In addition, it’s anti-inflammatory. Inflammation can play a role in some types of tumor formation. Sulforaphane may benefitcancer prevention.
A 2020 randomized study of adults withpancreatic cancerundergoing chemotherapy was conducted. The researchers reported the survival rate was higher in the treatment group than in the placebo group at six months. However, the results were not statistically significant.
Research published in 2019 studied the effects of sulforaphane supplementation on prostate cancer progression. Participants ate broccoli soup withglucoraphanin. The test group had a dose-dependent reduction in prostate cancer progression.
In addition, a 2016 study looked at the association between cruciferous vegetable intake and specific tumor biomarkers. Researchers evaluated 54 people scheduled forbreast biopsiesafterabnormal mammogramfindings.
Cruciferous vegetable intake was associated with decreased cell growth in breast tissue. However, other compounds in broccoli may have contributed to these findings.
Do Cancer-Fighting Foods Work?
May Help Autism Symptoms
Some studies have reported sulforaphane increased improvements in behavior, communication, and social interaction.
A 2024 randomized trial in collaboration with researchers from China, Johns Hopkins, Columbia University, and more reported some improvements in autistic children who were given sulforaphane. The treatment was also reportedly well tolerated. However, the researchers suggested further study was needed given the differences between clinician and caregiver scores.
On the other hand, a study published in 2023 reported a lack of clinically significant changes using sulforaphane for children with autism.
Further research is needed.
May Improve Cardiovascular Disease
Because oxidative stress and inflammation are markers in cardiovascular disease, and sulforaphanes have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, researchers have looked at their potential role in protecting against heart disease.
A 2015 paper reviewed how sulforaphane might be protective against cardiovascular disease.Clinical studies and animal experiments demonstrated that sulforaphane is potentially protective against heart diseases, including hypertension and atherosclerosis.
Evidence for this use is limited. Therefore, more research is needed.
What Is the Longevity Diet?
May Help Insulin Resistance in Diabetes
Sulforaphane’s role in maintaining healthy cells and genes has prompted some researchers to look at its potential role in diabetes andinsulin resistance(when your body doesn’t respond normally to the hormone insulin) and diabetes.
A 2012 randomized, double-blind study examined the effects ofbroccoli sproutson insulin resistance in people withtype 2 diabetes.Researchers analyzed glucose and insulin levels in 63 people who received a placebo or broccoli sprout powder for four weeks. Results showed a significant decrease in serum insulin concentration and resistance in those receiving 10 grams per day of broccoli sprouts.
May Boost Kidney Health
Preclinical research from 2023 suggests that sulforaphane may benefit kidney health. Research indicates sulforaphane may:
The bulk of these studies were in animal models, so further research in humans is warranted.
Other Potential Uses
In addition to the above, people also use sulforaphane for other health conditions, though there are few quality human studies on these topics. These include:
What Are the Side Effects of Sulforaphane?
Your healthcare provider may recommend sulforaphane to reduce your risk of cancer, heart disease, or diabetes. However, consuming a supplement like sulforaphane may have potential side effects. These may be common or severe.
Common Side Effects
Sulforaphane is safe when consumed in plant forms, such askaleor broccoli. In supplement form, sulforaphane has minor, if any, side effects. The main side effects include digestive problems, such asgasand a bad aftertaste. (Broccoli in particular is likely to cause gas.)
Severe Side Effects
Some animal research indicates that high doses of sulforaphane could cause the following side effects associated with toxicity:
Sulforaphane is safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding when eaten in whole food form, such as broccoli. However, whether it’s safe when taken as a supplement during pregnancy and breastfeeding is unknown. Therefore, you should avoid taking the supplement if you are pregnant or breastfeeding or consult with a healthcare provider first.
In addition, sulforaphane may interfere with some anti-seizure medications, includingTegretol(carbamazepine).
Dosage: How Much Sulforaphane Should I Take?
There are no daily intake recommendations for sulforaphane, and supplement brands vary widely in how much they suggest taking.
Some animal studies have used a wide range of dosages, including 3–10 µmol/kg to >100 µmol/kg.
Although there is a wide availability of sulforaphane in supplemental form, more research is needed to determine the ideal dose, safety, and effectiveness. Always speak with a healthcare provider before taking a supplement to ensure that the supplement and dosage are appropriate for your individual needs.
What Happens if I Take Too Much Sulforaphane?
While there is no established upper limit for sulforaphane, some research has found evidence of toxicity at doses of 150 to 300 milligrams/kilogram of body weight (mg/kg).
Seek immediate medical care if you experience any of the severe side effects listed above.
Sources of Sulforaphane
Sulforaphane is widely available through cruciferous food sources. In addition, you can take it as a supplement.
Food Sources of Sulforaphane
Cruciferous vegetables are well known for their sulforaphane content, including:
Does cooking foods change their sulforaphane content?Cooking foods seems to decrease the amount of sulforaphane in cruciferous vegetables, with raw vegetables having the highest levels of sulforaphane. According to one study, raw broccoli has 10 times more sulforaphane than cooked broccoli.If you prefer your cruciferous vegetables cooked, steaming might have the least effect on sulforaphane levels.A study found that steaming broccoli for one to three minutes may be the best way to get the most sulforaphane when cooking, compared to microwaving and boiling.
Does cooking foods change their sulforaphane content?
Cooking foods seems to decrease the amount of sulforaphane in cruciferous vegetables, with raw vegetables having the highest levels of sulforaphane. According to one study, raw broccoli has 10 times more sulforaphane than cooked broccoli.If you prefer your cruciferous vegetables cooked, steaming might have the least effect on sulforaphane levels.A study found that steaming broccoli for one to three minutes may be the best way to get the most sulforaphane when cooking, compared to microwaving and boiling.
Cooking foods seems to decrease the amount of sulforaphane in cruciferous vegetables, with raw vegetables having the highest levels of sulforaphane. According to one study, raw broccoli has 10 times more sulforaphane than cooked broccoli.
If you prefer your cruciferous vegetables cooked, steaming might have the least effect on sulforaphane levels.A study found that steaming broccoli for one to three minutes may be the best way to get the most sulforaphane when cooking, compared to microwaving and boiling.
Sulforaphane Supplements
Sulforaphane supplements are available in various forms, including:
They are often made from broccoli, broccoli seeds, or broccoli sprouts extract. Some sulforaphane supplement manufacturers also advertise their products as combined with myrosinase enzymes for enhanced absorption.
How to Store Sulforaphane
Store sulforaphane in a cool, dry place. Keep sulforaphane away from direct sunlight. Discard after one year or as indicated on the packaging.
Summary
Sulforaphane is a natural plant compound found in cruciferous vegetables and supplements. It is known for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Some people take sulforaphane for health reasons, such as lowering their risk of cancer, heart disease, kidney conditions, and diabetes, or to treat moderate to severe autism symptoms. There is some evidence to support those uses, but the research is limited.
22 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Foundational Medicine Review.Sulforaphane glucosinolate monograph.Alt Med Rev. 2010;15(4):352-360.Jiang X, Liu Y, Ma L, et al.Chemopreventive activity of sulforaphane.Drug Des Devel Ther. 2018;12:2905-2913. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S100534Lozanovski VJ, Polychronidis G, Gross W, et al.Broccoli sprout supplementation in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer is difficult despite positive effects-results from the POUDER pilot study.Invest New Drugs. 2020;38(3):776-784. doi:10.1007/s10637-019-00826-zTraka MH, Melchini A, Coode-Bate J, et al.Transcriptional changes in prostate of men on active surveillance after a 12-mo glucoraphanin-rich broccoli intervention-results from the Effect of Sulforaphane on prostate CAncer PrEvention (ESCAPE) randomized controlled trial.Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;109(4):1133-1144. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqz012Zhang Z, Atwell LL, Farris PE, Ho E, Shannon J.Associations between cruciferous vegetable intake and selected biomarkers among women scheduled for breast biopsies.Public Health Nutr. 2016;19(7):1288-1295. doi:10.1017/S136898001500244XSingh K, Connors SL, Macklin EA, et al.Sulforaphane treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(43):15550-15555. doi:10.1073/pnas.1416940111Bent S, Lawton B, Warren T, et al.Identification of urinary metabolites that correlate with clinical improvements in children with autism treated with sulforaphane from broccoli. Mol Autism. 2018;9:35. doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0218-4Ou J, Smith RC, Tobe RH, et al.Efficacy of sulforaphane in treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multi-center trial. J Autism Dev Disord. 2024;54(2):628-641. doi: 10.1007/s10803-022-05784-9Magner M, Thorová K, Župová V, et al.Sulforaphane treatment in children with autism: a prospective randomized double-blind study. Nutrients. 2023;15(3):718. doi:10.3390/nu15030718Bai Y, Wang X, Zhao S, Ma C, Cui J, Zheng Y.Sulforaphane protects against cardiovascular disease via Nrf2 activation.Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015;2015:407580. doi:10.1155/2015/407580Nagata N, Xu L, Kohno S, et al.Glucoraphanin ameliorates obesity and insulin resistance through adipose tissue browning and reduction of metabolic endotoxemia in mice.Diabetes. 2017;66(5):1222-1236. doi:10.2337/db16-0662Bahadoran Z, Tohidi M, Nazeri P, Mehran M, Azizi F, Mirmiran P.Effect of broccoli sprouts on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized double-blind clinical trial.Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2012;63(7):767-771. doi:10.3109/09637486.2012.665043Monteiro EB, Ajackson M, Stockler-Pinto MB, et al.Sulforaphane exhibits potent renoprotective effects in preclinical models of kidney diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Life Sciences. 2023;322:121664. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121664Yanaka A.Daily intake of broccoli sprouts normalizes bowel habits in human healthy subjects.J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2018;62(1):75-82. doi:10.3164/jcbn.17-42Tahata S, Singh SV, Lin Y, Hahm ER, et al.Evaluation of biodistribution of sulforaphane after administration of oral broccoli sprout extract in melanoma patients with multiple atypical nevi.Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2018;11(7):429-438. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-17-0268Lin H, Wei B, Li G, et al.Sulforaphane reverses glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in osteoblastic cells through regulation of the Nrf2 pathway.Drug Des Devel Ther. 2014;8:973-82. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S65410Klomparens EA, Ding Y.The neuroprotective mechanisms and effects of sulforaphane.Brain Circ. 2019;5(2):74-83. doi:10.4103/bc.bc_7_19Martins T, Colaço B, Venâncio C, et al.Potential effects of sulforaphane to fight obesity.J Sci Food Agric. 2018;98(8):2837-2844. doi:10.1002/jsfa.8898Yagishita Y, Fahey JW, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Kensler TW.Broccoli or sulforaphane: Is it the source or dose that matters?Molecules. 2019;24(19):3593. doi:10.3390/molecules24193593National Cancer Institute.Cruciferous vegetables and cancer prevention.Vermeulen M, Klöpping-Ketelaars IW, van den Berg R, Vaes WH.Bioavailability and kinetics of sulforaphane in humans after consumption of cooked versus raw broccoli.J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(22):10505-10509. doi:10.1021/jf801989eYuan GF, Sun B, Yuan J, Wang QM.Effects of different cooking methods on health-promoting compounds of broccoli.J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2009;10(8):580-588. doi:10.1631/jzus.B0920051Additional ReadingKim JK, Park SU.Current potential health benefits of sulforaphane.EXCLI J. 2016;15:571-577. doi:10.17179/excli2016-485Vanduchova A, Anzenbacher P, Anzenbacherova E.Isothiocyanate from broccoli, sulforaphane, and its properties.J Med Food. 2019;22(2):121-126. doi:10.1089/jmf.2018.0024Zimmerman A, Diggins E, Connors S, Singh K.Sulforaphane treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) – A progress report (N1.002).Neurology. 2018, 90(15):N1.002.
22 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Foundational Medicine Review.Sulforaphane glucosinolate monograph.Alt Med Rev. 2010;15(4):352-360.Jiang X, Liu Y, Ma L, et al.Chemopreventive activity of sulforaphane.Drug Des Devel Ther. 2018;12:2905-2913. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S100534Lozanovski VJ, Polychronidis G, Gross W, et al.Broccoli sprout supplementation in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer is difficult despite positive effects-results from the POUDER pilot study.Invest New Drugs. 2020;38(3):776-784. doi:10.1007/s10637-019-00826-zTraka MH, Melchini A, Coode-Bate J, et al.Transcriptional changes in prostate of men on active surveillance after a 12-mo glucoraphanin-rich broccoli intervention-results from the Effect of Sulforaphane on prostate CAncer PrEvention (ESCAPE) randomized controlled trial.Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;109(4):1133-1144. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqz012Zhang Z, Atwell LL, Farris PE, Ho E, Shannon J.Associations between cruciferous vegetable intake and selected biomarkers among women scheduled for breast biopsies.Public Health Nutr. 2016;19(7):1288-1295. doi:10.1017/S136898001500244XSingh K, Connors SL, Macklin EA, et al.Sulforaphane treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(43):15550-15555. doi:10.1073/pnas.1416940111Bent S, Lawton B, Warren T, et al.Identification of urinary metabolites that correlate with clinical improvements in children with autism treated with sulforaphane from broccoli. Mol Autism. 2018;9:35. doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0218-4Ou J, Smith RC, Tobe RH, et al.Efficacy of sulforaphane in treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multi-center trial. J Autism Dev Disord. 2024;54(2):628-641. doi: 10.1007/s10803-022-05784-9Magner M, Thorová K, Župová V, et al.Sulforaphane treatment in children with autism: a prospective randomized double-blind study. Nutrients. 2023;15(3):718. doi:10.3390/nu15030718Bai Y, Wang X, Zhao S, Ma C, Cui J, Zheng Y.Sulforaphane protects against cardiovascular disease via Nrf2 activation.Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015;2015:407580. doi:10.1155/2015/407580Nagata N, Xu L, Kohno S, et al.Glucoraphanin ameliorates obesity and insulin resistance through adipose tissue browning and reduction of metabolic endotoxemia in mice.Diabetes. 2017;66(5):1222-1236. doi:10.2337/db16-0662Bahadoran Z, Tohidi M, Nazeri P, Mehran M, Azizi F, Mirmiran P.Effect of broccoli sprouts on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized double-blind clinical trial.Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2012;63(7):767-771. doi:10.3109/09637486.2012.665043Monteiro EB, Ajackson M, Stockler-Pinto MB, et al.Sulforaphane exhibits potent renoprotective effects in preclinical models of kidney diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Life Sciences. 2023;322:121664. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121664Yanaka A.Daily intake of broccoli sprouts normalizes bowel habits in human healthy subjects.J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2018;62(1):75-82. doi:10.3164/jcbn.17-42Tahata S, Singh SV, Lin Y, Hahm ER, et al.Evaluation of biodistribution of sulforaphane after administration of oral broccoli sprout extract in melanoma patients with multiple atypical nevi.Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2018;11(7):429-438. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-17-0268Lin H, Wei B, Li G, et al.Sulforaphane reverses glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in osteoblastic cells through regulation of the Nrf2 pathway.Drug Des Devel Ther. 2014;8:973-82. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S65410Klomparens EA, Ding Y.The neuroprotective mechanisms and effects of sulforaphane.Brain Circ. 2019;5(2):74-83. doi:10.4103/bc.bc_7_19Martins T, Colaço B, Venâncio C, et al.Potential effects of sulforaphane to fight obesity.J Sci Food Agric. 2018;98(8):2837-2844. doi:10.1002/jsfa.8898Yagishita Y, Fahey JW, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Kensler TW.Broccoli or sulforaphane: Is it the source or dose that matters?Molecules. 2019;24(19):3593. doi:10.3390/molecules24193593National Cancer Institute.Cruciferous vegetables and cancer prevention.Vermeulen M, Klöpping-Ketelaars IW, van den Berg R, Vaes WH.Bioavailability and kinetics of sulforaphane in humans after consumption of cooked versus raw broccoli.J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(22):10505-10509. doi:10.1021/jf801989eYuan GF, Sun B, Yuan J, Wang QM.Effects of different cooking methods on health-promoting compounds of broccoli.J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2009;10(8):580-588. doi:10.1631/jzus.B0920051Additional ReadingKim JK, Park SU.Current potential health benefits of sulforaphane.EXCLI J. 2016;15:571-577. doi:10.17179/excli2016-485Vanduchova A, Anzenbacher P, Anzenbacherova E.Isothiocyanate from broccoli, sulforaphane, and its properties.J Med Food. 2019;22(2):121-126. doi:10.1089/jmf.2018.0024Zimmerman A, Diggins E, Connors S, Singh K.Sulforaphane treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) – A progress report (N1.002).Neurology. 2018, 90(15):N1.002.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Foundational Medicine Review.Sulforaphane glucosinolate monograph.Alt Med Rev. 2010;15(4):352-360.Jiang X, Liu Y, Ma L, et al.Chemopreventive activity of sulforaphane.Drug Des Devel Ther. 2018;12:2905-2913. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S100534Lozanovski VJ, Polychronidis G, Gross W, et al.Broccoli sprout supplementation in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer is difficult despite positive effects-results from the POUDER pilot study.Invest New Drugs. 2020;38(3):776-784. doi:10.1007/s10637-019-00826-zTraka MH, Melchini A, Coode-Bate J, et al.Transcriptional changes in prostate of men on active surveillance after a 12-mo glucoraphanin-rich broccoli intervention-results from the Effect of Sulforaphane on prostate CAncer PrEvention (ESCAPE) randomized controlled trial.Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;109(4):1133-1144. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqz012Zhang Z, Atwell LL, Farris PE, Ho E, Shannon J.Associations between cruciferous vegetable intake and selected biomarkers among women scheduled for breast biopsies.Public Health Nutr. 2016;19(7):1288-1295. doi:10.1017/S136898001500244XSingh K, Connors SL, Macklin EA, et al.Sulforaphane treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(43):15550-15555. doi:10.1073/pnas.1416940111Bent S, Lawton B, Warren T, et al.Identification of urinary metabolites that correlate with clinical improvements in children with autism treated with sulforaphane from broccoli. Mol Autism. 2018;9:35. doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0218-4Ou J, Smith RC, Tobe RH, et al.Efficacy of sulforaphane in treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multi-center trial. J Autism Dev Disord. 2024;54(2):628-641. doi: 10.1007/s10803-022-05784-9Magner M, Thorová K, Župová V, et al.Sulforaphane treatment in children with autism: a prospective randomized double-blind study. Nutrients. 2023;15(3):718. doi:10.3390/nu15030718Bai Y, Wang X, Zhao S, Ma C, Cui J, Zheng Y.Sulforaphane protects against cardiovascular disease via Nrf2 activation.Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015;2015:407580. doi:10.1155/2015/407580Nagata N, Xu L, Kohno S, et al.Glucoraphanin ameliorates obesity and insulin resistance through adipose tissue browning and reduction of metabolic endotoxemia in mice.Diabetes. 2017;66(5):1222-1236. doi:10.2337/db16-0662Bahadoran Z, Tohidi M, Nazeri P, Mehran M, Azizi F, Mirmiran P.Effect of broccoli sprouts on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized double-blind clinical trial.Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2012;63(7):767-771. doi:10.3109/09637486.2012.665043Monteiro EB, Ajackson M, Stockler-Pinto MB, et al.Sulforaphane exhibits potent renoprotective effects in preclinical models of kidney diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Life Sciences. 2023;322:121664. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121664Yanaka A.Daily intake of broccoli sprouts normalizes bowel habits in human healthy subjects.J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2018;62(1):75-82. doi:10.3164/jcbn.17-42Tahata S, Singh SV, Lin Y, Hahm ER, et al.Evaluation of biodistribution of sulforaphane after administration of oral broccoli sprout extract in melanoma patients with multiple atypical nevi.Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2018;11(7):429-438. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-17-0268Lin H, Wei B, Li G, et al.Sulforaphane reverses glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in osteoblastic cells through regulation of the Nrf2 pathway.Drug Des Devel Ther. 2014;8:973-82. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S65410Klomparens EA, Ding Y.The neuroprotective mechanisms and effects of sulforaphane.Brain Circ. 2019;5(2):74-83. doi:10.4103/bc.bc_7_19Martins T, Colaço B, Venâncio C, et al.Potential effects of sulforaphane to fight obesity.J Sci Food Agric. 2018;98(8):2837-2844. doi:10.1002/jsfa.8898Yagishita Y, Fahey JW, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Kensler TW.Broccoli or sulforaphane: Is it the source or dose that matters?Molecules. 2019;24(19):3593. doi:10.3390/molecules24193593National Cancer Institute.Cruciferous vegetables and cancer prevention.Vermeulen M, Klöpping-Ketelaars IW, van den Berg R, Vaes WH.Bioavailability and kinetics of sulforaphane in humans after consumption of cooked versus raw broccoli.J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(22):10505-10509. doi:10.1021/jf801989eYuan GF, Sun B, Yuan J, Wang QM.Effects of different cooking methods on health-promoting compounds of broccoli.J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2009;10(8):580-588. doi:10.1631/jzus.B0920051
Foundational Medicine Review.Sulforaphane glucosinolate monograph.Alt Med Rev. 2010;15(4):352-360.
Jiang X, Liu Y, Ma L, et al.Chemopreventive activity of sulforaphane.Drug Des Devel Ther. 2018;12:2905-2913. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S100534
Lozanovski VJ, Polychronidis G, Gross W, et al.Broccoli sprout supplementation in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer is difficult despite positive effects-results from the POUDER pilot study.Invest New Drugs. 2020;38(3):776-784. doi:10.1007/s10637-019-00826-z
Traka MH, Melchini A, Coode-Bate J, et al.Transcriptional changes in prostate of men on active surveillance after a 12-mo glucoraphanin-rich broccoli intervention-results from the Effect of Sulforaphane on prostate CAncer PrEvention (ESCAPE) randomized controlled trial.Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;109(4):1133-1144. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqz012
Zhang Z, Atwell LL, Farris PE, Ho E, Shannon J.Associations between cruciferous vegetable intake and selected biomarkers among women scheduled for breast biopsies.Public Health Nutr. 2016;19(7):1288-1295. doi:10.1017/S136898001500244X
Singh K, Connors SL, Macklin EA, et al.Sulforaphane treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(43):15550-15555. doi:10.1073/pnas.1416940111
Bent S, Lawton B, Warren T, et al.Identification of urinary metabolites that correlate with clinical improvements in children with autism treated with sulforaphane from broccoli. Mol Autism. 2018;9:35. doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0218-4
Ou J, Smith RC, Tobe RH, et al.Efficacy of sulforaphane in treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multi-center trial. J Autism Dev Disord. 2024;54(2):628-641. doi: 10.1007/s10803-022-05784-9
Magner M, Thorová K, Župová V, et al.Sulforaphane treatment in children with autism: a prospective randomized double-blind study. Nutrients. 2023;15(3):718. doi:10.3390/nu15030718
Bai Y, Wang X, Zhao S, Ma C, Cui J, Zheng Y.Sulforaphane protects against cardiovascular disease via Nrf2 activation.Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015;2015:407580. doi:10.1155/2015/407580
Nagata N, Xu L, Kohno S, et al.Glucoraphanin ameliorates obesity and insulin resistance through adipose tissue browning and reduction of metabolic endotoxemia in mice.Diabetes. 2017;66(5):1222-1236. doi:10.2337/db16-0662
Bahadoran Z, Tohidi M, Nazeri P, Mehran M, Azizi F, Mirmiran P.Effect of broccoli sprouts on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized double-blind clinical trial.Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2012;63(7):767-771. doi:10.3109/09637486.2012.665043
Monteiro EB, Ajackson M, Stockler-Pinto MB, et al.Sulforaphane exhibits potent renoprotective effects in preclinical models of kidney diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Life Sciences. 2023;322:121664. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121664
Yanaka A.Daily intake of broccoli sprouts normalizes bowel habits in human healthy subjects.J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2018;62(1):75-82. doi:10.3164/jcbn.17-42
Tahata S, Singh SV, Lin Y, Hahm ER, et al.Evaluation of biodistribution of sulforaphane after administration of oral broccoli sprout extract in melanoma patients with multiple atypical nevi.Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2018;11(7):429-438. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-17-0268
Lin H, Wei B, Li G, et al.Sulforaphane reverses glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in osteoblastic cells through regulation of the Nrf2 pathway.Drug Des Devel Ther. 2014;8:973-82. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S65410
Klomparens EA, Ding Y.The neuroprotective mechanisms and effects of sulforaphane.Brain Circ. 2019;5(2):74-83. doi:10.4103/bc.bc_7_19
Martins T, Colaço B, Venâncio C, et al.Potential effects of sulforaphane to fight obesity.J Sci Food Agric. 2018;98(8):2837-2844. doi:10.1002/jsfa.8898
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