Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsSupplementsCalciumVitamin DMagnesiumVitamin KBoronIsoflavonesPrecautionsWho Can Benefit From Them?Other Ways to Bone Health
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Supplements
Calcium
Vitamin D
Magnesium
Vitamin K
Boron
Isoflavones
Precautions
Who Can Benefit From Them?
Other Ways to Bone Health
Maintaining good bone health is important as you age. Good nutrition is key to bone development and strength.
As you get older, you start to lose bone mass. Continued loss of bone mass may develop intoosteoporosis(decrease in bone mass and bone mineral density) and increase your risk offractures.
Several nutrients are integral to bone health, and these nutrient requirements can often be met through diet alone. However, supplementation, mainly for calcium and vitamin D, may be beneficial for some people when nutrient needs can’t be met through food choices.
This article reviews the nutrients essential for good bone health and whether you need supplementation, as well as best practices when supplementing.
Getty Images / Grace Cary
Supplements for Bone Health: Are They Necessary?
Supplementation is only recommended in a few circumstances and for a few nutrients, such as calcium and vitamin D. Most of the research on nutrientsupplementation for bone healthhas been done on calcium and vitamin D.
While important to bone health, other nutrients, such as magnesium and vitamin K, do not have enough research to support routine supplementation.
Good nutrition overall is important for healthy bones. Several nutrients have a key role in bone health, including:
The nutrients needed can all be obtained through a healthful diet. Therefore, supplementation is not routinely needed to maintain good bone health. The case may be different for those who have calcium or vitamin D deficiencies and require supplements to meet the recommended amounts.
Calcium is a mineral found in the human body and in the foods that we eat. It is the most abundant mineral in the body. As much as 98% of the calcium in the body is found in the bones.
Calcium is needed to build and maintain healthy bones. Bone remodeling occurs every day in the body. This remodeling is often thought of as similar to a bank account during which deposits and withdrawals of calcium occur in the bone. When withdrawals exceed the deposits, bones can weaken.
Sources of calcium in the diet include:
Some antacids, likeTums and Rolaids, also containcalcium carbonate.This amount of calcium should be included in your daily calcium intake.
Calcium Supplements
Supplementation is generally only advised if you can’t meet your calcium needs through diet alone.
Calcium is available as a single nutrient supplement, a calcium and vitamin D supplement, or in a multivitamin preparation. Multivitamin preparations generally contain less calcium than a single calcium supplement.
Calcium is available in several different forms. Calcium carbonate andcalcium citrateare the most common, but calcium gluconate,calcium lactate, and calcium phosphate are also options.
Calcium carbonate tends to be cheaper but should be taken with food.
Calcium citrate can be taken at any time of the day. It may also be a better option for older individuals who have less stomach acid production.
Calcium Supplements for Bone Health: What the Research Says
Historically, calcium supplements have been recommended for women inmenopauseor who are postmenopausal, but this is now considered controversial. Too much calcium can lead to other health problems or potential side effects.
Decliningestrogenlevels during menopause alter bone remodeling leading to reduced bone mass. Some research (but not all studies) have found that calcium supplementation improves bone mass density (BMD) and reduces fractures.
A large clinical trial of more than 36,000 postmenopausal women randomized participants to receive 1,000 mg of elemental calcium and 400 international units (IU)of vitamin D or a placebo (a treatment with no active properties that’s given to a control group in trials). Calcium and vitamin D supplementation increased hip BMD but did not reduce hip fractures. Supplementation also led to an increased risk ofkidney stones.
However, a recent meta-analysis found that the research does not support calcium or vitamin D supplementation to improve BMD inpremenopausalwomen.
Some studies have also found an increase in heart-related issues with calcium supplementation in postmenopausal women.This means that, for some, the risks of supplementation may outweigh the benefits.
As a result of the data, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) does not recommend supplementing calcium and vitamin D for the primary prevention of fractures in otherwise healthy people.
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin found in some foods and added to others. It isavailable as a supplementas well. Vitamin D is also made in the body when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun.
Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption and is needed for bone remodeling. Not having enough vitamin D can weaken bones and make them brittle. In children, severe vitamin D deficiency can lead torickets, a condition that weakens bones.
Vitamin D is available in several foods, such as:
Vitamin D Supplements
You might need to supplement if you cannot meet your vitamin D needs through food alone. It is now more common that lab work includes screening forvitamin D deficiency, which can tell whether you need to consume more.
Vitamin D can be added to calcium supplements and multivitamins or supplemented as a single nutrient. People who are vitamin D deficient will usually take a supplement as a single vitamin D dose.
Talk to your healthcare provider if you think supplementing is necessary for you.
Vitamin D Supplements for Bone Health: What the Research Says
When it comes to vitamin Dsupplements for bone health, the research shows a similar story to calcium.
One systematic review found that supplementation improves vitamin D status and bone remodeling in postmenopausal women.Another systematic review and meta-analysis found that vitamin D supplementation improved BMD.
However, after reviewing the data, the USPSTF concluded that vitamin D supplementation does not reduce the number of falls or fractures. Therefore, it does not recommend taking vitamin supplements to prevent fractures in otherwise healthy adults.
Calcium and Vitamin D Supplements for Bone Health
Calcium and vitamin D play important roles in maintaining healthy bones. When calcium or vitamin D needs are not met through food alone, supplementation is advised.
Magnesium is also needed to build and maintain healthy bones. There is a positive relationship between higher magnesium intake and BMD. Women with osteoporosis have also been found to have lower serum magnesium levels.
One study found magnesium supplementation reduced bone loss in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.
The RDA for magnesium for adults ranges from 310 mg to 420 mg daily.Diets with adequate amounts of magnesium promote bone health. Eating a variety of healthful foods will help to meet magnesium needs.
Dietary sources of magnesiuminclude:
Diets with adequate amounts of magnesium promote bone health, but more research is needed to determine if supplementation has any role in preventing bone loss, osteoporosis, or fractures.
Should You Take Magnesium and Vitamin D Together?
Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that functions as a coenzyme for bone metabolism.
Higher vitamin K intakes have been linked to higher BMD. A few studies showed that vitamin K supplementation improved BMD in postmenopausal women. However, more recent clinical trials found no effect of vitamin K on BMD.
Vitamin K requirements for adults range from 90 to 120 micrograms (mcg) daily.Vitamin K needs can be easily met through diet. Foods that are good sources of vitamin K include:
Further research is needed before routinely recommending vitamin K supplementation for bone health.
Boron is a trace element found in some foods. It is also available as a supplement. Boron’s functions in the body are not clear, but it is found in bones, and it is thought to have a role in calcium metabolism and bone formation.
Boron is not considered an essential nutrient, and therefore, there is no RDA for boron.
Preliminary research on boron for bone health has been mixed, and there is not enough good research data to support supplementing boron for bone health.
Isoflavones are compounds found in soy products. They have an estrogen effect on the body. Three common isoflavones include genistein, daidzein, and glycitein.
Research has examined the effects of isoflavones on postmenopausal bone loss, but study protocols and outcomes have been mixed.
Soy isoflavones have improved bone calcium retention compared to placebo in research.One clinical trial found that daily supplementation of 120 mg of soy hypocotyl isoflavones reduced overall bone loss but did not slow bone loss at common fracture sites.
A recent meta-analysis concluded that after menopause, soy isoflavones are effective in slowing bone loss.
However, it is difficult to arrive at any conclusions and provide guidance on supplementing isoflavones based on the available data because:
Further research is needed before supplementing isoflavones can become a standard practice for preventing bone loss and fractures. In the meantime, adding soybeans, tofu, tempeh, and soy milk in your diet will provide you with isoflavones.
Precautions When Taking Supplements
Supplementing may not be appropriate for everyone. Additionally, some supplement forms may not be recommended.
If you have kidney disease or a history of kidney stones, discuss your calcium needs with your primary healthcare provider before supplementing.
Be sure to read the full supplement facts label and the ingredients before taking a supplement. Any calcium supplements that also contain dolomite should be avoided.
Excess amounts of vitamin A through supplementation may lead to bone loss.
Nutrients like boron, magnesium, phosphorus, and vitamin K are important for bone health, but there is not enough research to support routine supplementation of these nutrients.
Who Should Take Supplements for Bone Health?
Always speak with a healthcare provider before taking a supplement to ensure that the supplement and dosage are appropriate for your needs.
Supplementation is recommended for individuals unable to meet calcium or vitamin D requirements through diet alone.
You may want to consider supplementation if:
Those at risk of deficiencies may include:
Key Takeaways
When considering calcium or vitamin D supplements, remember the following:
Other Ways to Support Healthy Bones
There are other ways to improve your bone health:
Everything You Need to Know About Osteoporosis Prevention
Summary
Many nutrients play a role in bone health. Meeting calcium and vitamin D requirements is especially important. Other nutrients, such as magnesium and vitamin K, can also help support healthy bones. If you don’t get enough calcium or vitamin D through your food, you might need to take a supplement.
Routine calcium and vitamin D supplementation in postmenopausal women is not recommended unless a deficiency exists. Further research is needed for other supplements, like vitamin K and magnesium, before recommending them for bone health.
25 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Sunyecz JA.The use of calcium and vitamin D in the management of osteoporosis.Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2008;4(4):827-836. doi:10.2147/tcrm.s3552Office of Dietary Supplements.Calcium.Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin D.Office of Dietary Supplements.Magnesium.Office of Dietary Supplements.Phosphorus.Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin K.Office of Dietary Supplements.Boron.Li K, Wang XF, Li DY, Chen YC, et al.The good, the bad, and the ugly of calcium supplementation: a review of calcium intake on human health.Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:2443-2452. doi:10.2147/CIA.S157523Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, et al.Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures[published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2006 Mar 9;354(10):1102].N Engl J Med. 2006;354(7):669-683. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa055218Méndez-Sánchez L, Clark P, Winzenberg TM, Tugwell P, Correa-Burrows P, Costello R.Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;1(1):CD012664. Published 2023 Jan 27. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012664.pub2Myung SK, Kim HB, Lee YJ, Choi YJ, Oh SW.Calcium supplements and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of clinical trials.Nutrients. 2021;13(2):368. doi:10.3390/nu13020368Radford, L.T., Bolland, M.J., Mason, B.et al.The Auckland calcium study: 5-year post-trial follow-up.Osteoporos Int25, 297–304 (2014).US Preventive Services Task Force, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al.Vitamin D, calcium, or combined supplementation for the primary prevention of fractures in community-dwelling adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.JAMA. 2018;319(15):1592-1599. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.3185Reis AR, Santos RKF, Dos Santos CB, et al.Supplementation of vitamin D isolated or calcium-associated with bone remodeling and fracture risk in postmenopausal women without osteoporosis: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.Nutrition. 2023;116:112151. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2023.112151Kazemian E, Pourali A, Sedaghat F, et al.Effect of supplemental vitamin D3 on bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutr Rev. 2023;81(5):511-530. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuac068Aydin H, Deyneli O, Yavuz D, et al.Short-term oral magnesium supplementation suppresses bone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporotic women.Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010;133(2):136-143. doi:10.1007/s12011-009-8416-8Yu J, Bi X, Yu B, Chen D.Isoflavones: anti-inflammatory benefit and possible caveats.Nutrients. 2016 Jun 10;8(6):361. doi: 10.3390/nu8060361Pawlowski JW, Martin BR, McCabe GP, et al.Impact of equol-producing capacity and soy-isoflavone profiles of supplements on bone calcium retention in postmenopausal women: a randomized crossover trial.Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(3):695-703. doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.093906Wong WW, Lewis RD, Steinberg FM, et al.Soy isoflavone supplementation and bone mineral density in menopausal women: a 2-y multicenter clinical trial.Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(5):1433-1439. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28001Barańska A, Kanadys W, Bogdan M, et al.The role of soy isoflavones in the prevention of bone loss in postmenopausal women: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.J Clin Med. 2022;11(16):4676. doi:10.3390/jcm11164676Chen LR, Ko NY, Chen KH.Isoflavone supplements for menopausal women: a systematic review.Nutrients. 2019;11(11):2649. doi:10.3390/nu11112649Bone Health & Osteoporosis Foundation.Vitamins for bone health.Thorpe DL, Beeson WL, Knutsen R, Fraser GE, Knutsen SF.Dietary patterns and hip fracture in the Adventist Health Study 2: combined vitamin D and calcium supplementation mitigate increased hip fracture risk among vegans.Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;114(2):488-495. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab095National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Exercise for your bone health.Guirguis-Blake JM, Michael YL, Perdue LA, Coppola EL, Beil TL.Interventions to Prevent Falls in Older Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.JAMA. 2018;319(16):1705-1716. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.21962
25 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Sunyecz JA.The use of calcium and vitamin D in the management of osteoporosis.Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2008;4(4):827-836. doi:10.2147/tcrm.s3552Office of Dietary Supplements.Calcium.Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin D.Office of Dietary Supplements.Magnesium.Office of Dietary Supplements.Phosphorus.Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin K.Office of Dietary Supplements.Boron.Li K, Wang XF, Li DY, Chen YC, et al.The good, the bad, and the ugly of calcium supplementation: a review of calcium intake on human health.Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:2443-2452. doi:10.2147/CIA.S157523Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, et al.Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures[published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2006 Mar 9;354(10):1102].N Engl J Med. 2006;354(7):669-683. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa055218Méndez-Sánchez L, Clark P, Winzenberg TM, Tugwell P, Correa-Burrows P, Costello R.Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;1(1):CD012664. Published 2023 Jan 27. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012664.pub2Myung SK, Kim HB, Lee YJ, Choi YJ, Oh SW.Calcium supplements and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of clinical trials.Nutrients. 2021;13(2):368. doi:10.3390/nu13020368Radford, L.T., Bolland, M.J., Mason, B.et al.The Auckland calcium study: 5-year post-trial follow-up.Osteoporos Int25, 297–304 (2014).US Preventive Services Task Force, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al.Vitamin D, calcium, or combined supplementation for the primary prevention of fractures in community-dwelling adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.JAMA. 2018;319(15):1592-1599. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.3185Reis AR, Santos RKF, Dos Santos CB, et al.Supplementation of vitamin D isolated or calcium-associated with bone remodeling and fracture risk in postmenopausal women without osteoporosis: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.Nutrition. 2023;116:112151. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2023.112151Kazemian E, Pourali A, Sedaghat F, et al.Effect of supplemental vitamin D3 on bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutr Rev. 2023;81(5):511-530. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuac068Aydin H, Deyneli O, Yavuz D, et al.Short-term oral magnesium supplementation suppresses bone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporotic women.Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010;133(2):136-143. doi:10.1007/s12011-009-8416-8Yu J, Bi X, Yu B, Chen D.Isoflavones: anti-inflammatory benefit and possible caveats.Nutrients. 2016 Jun 10;8(6):361. doi: 10.3390/nu8060361Pawlowski JW, Martin BR, McCabe GP, et al.Impact of equol-producing capacity and soy-isoflavone profiles of supplements on bone calcium retention in postmenopausal women: a randomized crossover trial.Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(3):695-703. doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.093906Wong WW, Lewis RD, Steinberg FM, et al.Soy isoflavone supplementation and bone mineral density in menopausal women: a 2-y multicenter clinical trial.Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(5):1433-1439. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28001Barańska A, Kanadys W, Bogdan M, et al.The role of soy isoflavones in the prevention of bone loss in postmenopausal women: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.J Clin Med. 2022;11(16):4676. doi:10.3390/jcm11164676Chen LR, Ko NY, Chen KH.Isoflavone supplements for menopausal women: a systematic review.Nutrients. 2019;11(11):2649. doi:10.3390/nu11112649Bone Health & Osteoporosis Foundation.Vitamins for bone health.Thorpe DL, Beeson WL, Knutsen R, Fraser GE, Knutsen SF.Dietary patterns and hip fracture in the Adventist Health Study 2: combined vitamin D and calcium supplementation mitigate increased hip fracture risk among vegans.Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;114(2):488-495. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab095National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Exercise for your bone health.Guirguis-Blake JM, Michael YL, Perdue LA, Coppola EL, Beil TL.Interventions to Prevent Falls in Older Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.JAMA. 2018;319(16):1705-1716. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.21962
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Sunyecz JA.The use of calcium and vitamin D in the management of osteoporosis.Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2008;4(4):827-836. doi:10.2147/tcrm.s3552Office of Dietary Supplements.Calcium.Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin D.Office of Dietary Supplements.Magnesium.Office of Dietary Supplements.Phosphorus.Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin K.Office of Dietary Supplements.Boron.Li K, Wang XF, Li DY, Chen YC, et al.The good, the bad, and the ugly of calcium supplementation: a review of calcium intake on human health.Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:2443-2452. doi:10.2147/CIA.S157523Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, et al.Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures[published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2006 Mar 9;354(10):1102].N Engl J Med. 2006;354(7):669-683. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa055218Méndez-Sánchez L, Clark P, Winzenberg TM, Tugwell P, Correa-Burrows P, Costello R.Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;1(1):CD012664. Published 2023 Jan 27. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012664.pub2Myung SK, Kim HB, Lee YJ, Choi YJ, Oh SW.Calcium supplements and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of clinical trials.Nutrients. 2021;13(2):368. doi:10.3390/nu13020368Radford, L.T., Bolland, M.J., Mason, B.et al.The Auckland calcium study: 5-year post-trial follow-up.Osteoporos Int25, 297–304 (2014).US Preventive Services Task Force, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al.Vitamin D, calcium, or combined supplementation for the primary prevention of fractures in community-dwelling adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.JAMA. 2018;319(15):1592-1599. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.3185Reis AR, Santos RKF, Dos Santos CB, et al.Supplementation of vitamin D isolated or calcium-associated with bone remodeling and fracture risk in postmenopausal women without osteoporosis: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.Nutrition. 2023;116:112151. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2023.112151Kazemian E, Pourali A, Sedaghat F, et al.Effect of supplemental vitamin D3 on bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutr Rev. 2023;81(5):511-530. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuac068Aydin H, Deyneli O, Yavuz D, et al.Short-term oral magnesium supplementation suppresses bone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporotic women.Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010;133(2):136-143. doi:10.1007/s12011-009-8416-8Yu J, Bi X, Yu B, Chen D.Isoflavones: anti-inflammatory benefit and possible caveats.Nutrients. 2016 Jun 10;8(6):361. doi: 10.3390/nu8060361Pawlowski JW, Martin BR, McCabe GP, et al.Impact of equol-producing capacity and soy-isoflavone profiles of supplements on bone calcium retention in postmenopausal women: a randomized crossover trial.Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(3):695-703. doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.093906Wong WW, Lewis RD, Steinberg FM, et al.Soy isoflavone supplementation and bone mineral density in menopausal women: a 2-y multicenter clinical trial.Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(5):1433-1439. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28001Barańska A, Kanadys W, Bogdan M, et al.The role of soy isoflavones in the prevention of bone loss in postmenopausal women: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.J Clin Med. 2022;11(16):4676. doi:10.3390/jcm11164676Chen LR, Ko NY, Chen KH.Isoflavone supplements for menopausal women: a systematic review.Nutrients. 2019;11(11):2649. doi:10.3390/nu11112649Bone Health & Osteoporosis Foundation.Vitamins for bone health.Thorpe DL, Beeson WL, Knutsen R, Fraser GE, Knutsen SF.Dietary patterns and hip fracture in the Adventist Health Study 2: combined vitamin D and calcium supplementation mitigate increased hip fracture risk among vegans.Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;114(2):488-495. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab095National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Exercise for your bone health.Guirguis-Blake JM, Michael YL, Perdue LA, Coppola EL, Beil TL.Interventions to Prevent Falls in Older Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.JAMA. 2018;319(16):1705-1716. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.21962
Sunyecz JA.The use of calcium and vitamin D in the management of osteoporosis.Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2008;4(4):827-836. doi:10.2147/tcrm.s3552
Office of Dietary Supplements.Calcium.
Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin D.
Office of Dietary Supplements.Magnesium.
Office of Dietary Supplements.Phosphorus.
Office of Dietary Supplements.Vitamin K.
Office of Dietary Supplements.Boron.
Li K, Wang XF, Li DY, Chen YC, et al.The good, the bad, and the ugly of calcium supplementation: a review of calcium intake on human health.Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:2443-2452. doi:10.2147/CIA.S157523
Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, et al.Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures[published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2006 Mar 9;354(10):1102].N Engl J Med. 2006;354(7):669-683. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa055218
Méndez-Sánchez L, Clark P, Winzenberg TM, Tugwell P, Correa-Burrows P, Costello R.Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;1(1):CD012664. Published 2023 Jan 27. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012664.pub2
Myung SK, Kim HB, Lee YJ, Choi YJ, Oh SW.Calcium supplements and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of clinical trials.Nutrients. 2021;13(2):368. doi:10.3390/nu13020368
Radford, L.T., Bolland, M.J., Mason, B.et al.The Auckland calcium study: 5-year post-trial follow-up.Osteoporos Int25, 297–304 (2014).
US Preventive Services Task Force, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al.Vitamin D, calcium, or combined supplementation for the primary prevention of fractures in community-dwelling adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.JAMA. 2018;319(15):1592-1599. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.3185
Reis AR, Santos RKF, Dos Santos CB, et al.Supplementation of vitamin D isolated or calcium-associated with bone remodeling and fracture risk in postmenopausal women without osteoporosis: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials.Nutrition. 2023;116:112151. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2023.112151
Kazemian E, Pourali A, Sedaghat F, et al.Effect of supplemental vitamin D3 on bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutr Rev. 2023;81(5):511-530. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuac068
Aydin H, Deyneli O, Yavuz D, et al.Short-term oral magnesium supplementation suppresses bone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporotic women.Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010;133(2):136-143. doi:10.1007/s12011-009-8416-8
Yu J, Bi X, Yu B, Chen D.Isoflavones: anti-inflammatory benefit and possible caveats.Nutrients. 2016 Jun 10;8(6):361. doi: 10.3390/nu8060361
Pawlowski JW, Martin BR, McCabe GP, et al.Impact of equol-producing capacity and soy-isoflavone profiles of supplements on bone calcium retention in postmenopausal women: a randomized crossover trial.Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(3):695-703. doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.093906
Wong WW, Lewis RD, Steinberg FM, et al.Soy isoflavone supplementation and bone mineral density in menopausal women: a 2-y multicenter clinical trial.Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(5):1433-1439. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28001
Barańska A, Kanadys W, Bogdan M, et al.The role of soy isoflavones in the prevention of bone loss in postmenopausal women: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.J Clin Med. 2022;11(16):4676. doi:10.3390/jcm11164676
Chen LR, Ko NY, Chen KH.Isoflavone supplements for menopausal women: a systematic review.Nutrients. 2019;11(11):2649. doi:10.3390/nu11112649
Bone Health & Osteoporosis Foundation.Vitamins for bone health.
Thorpe DL, Beeson WL, Knutsen R, Fraser GE, Knutsen SF.Dietary patterns and hip fracture in the Adventist Health Study 2: combined vitamin D and calcium supplementation mitigate increased hip fracture risk among vegans.Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;114(2):488-495. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab095
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.Exercise for your bone health.
Guirguis-Blake JM, Michael YL, Perdue LA, Coppola EL, Beil TL.Interventions to Prevent Falls in Older Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.JAMA. 2018;319(16):1705-1716. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.21962
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