Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsFrequent SymptomsComplicationsWhen to See a Healthcare ProviderFrequently Asked QuestionsNext in UTI GuideUTIs: Causes and Risk Factors

Table of ContentsView All

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Table of Contents

Frequent Symptoms

Complications

When to See a Healthcare Provider

Frequently Asked Questions

Next in UTI Guide

Anyone who has ever had aurinary tract infection(UTI) knows how frustrating and uncomfortable it can be. Even a mild case can cause pain when urinating, an increased urge to urinate, and blood or pus in the urine.

If the infection moves from the bladder to the kidneys, the condition can get worse. It can trigger severe back pain, nausea, vomiting, and, in rare cases, kidney damage.

And, it’s not just adults who can be affected. Newborns and children can also get UTIs. Those occurring in the elderly can sometimes be life-threatening.

By knowing the signs and symptoms of a UTI, you can seektreatmentand avoid many complications of this all-too-common infection.

This article discusses UTI symptoms, signs of complications, and when to see a doctor.

© Verywell, 2018

lower UTI

How to Sleep With UTI Discomfort: Home Remedies and Treatments

Lower Urinary Tract (Bladder Infection)

A lower urinary tract infection typically occurs when bacteria enter the urethra and cause an infection in the bladder.

When symptoms appear, they often start with a dull ache or discomfort in the pelvis or urethra. Usually, within hours, the UTI will have characteristic symptoms, including:

Upper Urinary Tract (Pyelonephritis)

A bladder infection that has moved to the kidneys is usually considered serious and in need of urgent medical care. Pyelonephritis can cause systemic (all-body) symptoms that are not only more apparent but frequently debilitating.

Signs of pyelonephritis may include:

Foods to Avoid With a UTI

Special Populations

The main challenge in the very young and very old is that the classic signs are frequently either missing or misattributed to othercauses.

In contrast, the signs of a UTI in toddlers and younger children will be more characteristic. They may include pain or burning with urination, urinary urgency, daytime incontinence (enuresis), or the rubbing or grabbing of the genitals.

A UTI in the elderly may not present with traditional symptoms seen in other adults.These may include urinary incontinence, a change in behavior, and mental confusion.

UTI complications often occur as a result of an untreated or undertreated infection.The risk is also high in people with underlying kidney disorders,diabetes, or diseases affecting the immune system (such as HIV).

Complications of a urinary tract infection include:

In Children

A urinary tract infection in newborns will often have few, if any, of the classic signs of a UTI. A child may only become symptomatic when sepsis (also referred to asurosepsis) develops. Sepsis is always considered a medical emergency.

In the Elderly

UTIs are frequently missed in the elderly. The infection may only become apparent when urosepsis starts to affect the brain and other vital organs.

Symptoms of urosepsis include:

If left untreated, sepsis can lead toseptic shock, organ failure, and death.

Mild UTIs in healthy adults will often go away on their own without treatment. However, you shouldn’t avoid seeing a healthcare provider to get a urine test or start treatment.

If you develop signs of a kidney infection, including flank pain, nausea, or vomiting, see a healthcare provider immediately.

If you’re pregnant, never take a chance with UTIs, especially if you have diabetes, HIV, or have had previous infections. Even mild symptoms should be looked at, treated, and monitored to ensure that the infection is fully cleared.

Without exception, any symptoms suggestive of sepsis should be treated as a medical emergency. This is especially true in babies and the elderly.

RecapIf you think you have symptoms of a UTI, see a doctor to get a diagnosis. Call 911 for any severe symptoms that might indicate sepsis, a life-threatening condition. These may include high fever, rapid heart rate, pale or blue skin tone, difficulty breathing, and severe pain.

Recap

If you think you have symptoms of a UTI, see a doctor to get a diagnosis. Call 911 for any severe symptoms that might indicate sepsis, a life-threatening condition. These may include high fever, rapid heart rate, pale or blue skin tone, difficulty breathing, and severe pain.

Summary

A lower urinary tract infection, known as a bladder infection, affects the bladder and urethra. An upper urinary tract infection, or kidney infection, can cause symptoms that affect the whole body. Babies and the elderly can have UTIs, but they may not show the classic symptoms.

If you suspect a UTI, contact your doctor for a diagnosis. Call 911 for any signs of sepsis, a whole-body inflammatory response that can be life-threatening.

Learn MoreWhen to Go to the Hospital for a Kidney Infection

Any type of severe infection can make it more likely to form blood clots, which can lead to serious coronary events that present as chest pains, such as aheart attack.However, it is very rare for someone to have a heart attack from a UTI.

UTIs: Causes and Risk Factors

24 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Bono MJ, Leslie SW, Reygaert WC.Uncomplicated urinary tract infections. In:StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024.National Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s Health (UK).Urinary Tract Infection in Children: Diagnosis, Treatment and Long-Term Management. RCOG Press; 2007.Flores-Mireles AL, Walker JN, Caparon M, Hultgren SJ.Urinary tract infections: Epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options.Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015;13(5):269–284. doi:10.1038/nrmicro3432Belyayeva M, Leslie SW, Jeong JM.Acute pyelonephritis. In:StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024.Najar MS, Saldanha CL, Banday KA.Approach to urinary tract infections.Indian J Nephrol. 2009;19(4):129–139. doi:10.4103/0971-4065.59333Bremnor JD, Sadovsky R.Evaluation of dysuria in adults.Am Fam Physician. 2002;65(8):1589-96.Leslie SW, Sajjad H, Singh S.Nocturia. In:StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024.Su RR, Palta M, Lim A, Wald ER.Pyuria as a marker of urinary tract infection in neurogenic bladder: Is it reliable?Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2019;38(8):804-807. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000002370Leslie SW, Hamawy K, Saleem MO.Gross and Microscopic Hematuria. In:StatPearls.StatPearls Publishing; 2024.Colgan R, Williams M, Johnson JR.Diagnosis and treatment of acute pyelonephritis in women.Am Fam Physician. 2011;84(5):519-26.Arshad M, Seed PC.Urinary tract infections in the infant.Clin Perinatol. 2015;42(1):17–vii. doi:10.1016/j.clp.2014.10.003Schlager TA.Urinary tract infections in children younger than 5 years of age: Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, outcomes and prevention.Paediatr Drugs. 2001;3(3):219-27. doi:10.2165/00128072-200103030-00004Rowe TA, Juthani-Mehta M.Urinary tract infection in older adults.Aging health. 2013;9(5):10.2217/ahe.13.38. doi:10.2217/ahe.13.38Nicolle L.Complicated urinary tract infection in adults.Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology. 2005;16(6):349-360. doi:10.1155/2005/385768Tritschler S, Roosen A, Füllhase C, Stief CG, Rübben H.Urethral stricture: Etiology, investigation and treatments.Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013;110(13):220–226. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2013.0220Kalra OP, Raizada A.Approach to a patient with urosepsis.J Glob Infect Dis. 2009;1(1):57–63. doi:10.4103/0974-777X.52984Simonsen KA, Anderson-Berry AL, Delair SF, Davies HD.Early-onset neonatal sepsis.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27(1):21–47. doi:10.1128/CMR.00031-13Garcia FJ, Nager AL.Jaundice as an early diagnostic sign of urinary tract infection in infancy.Pediatrics. 2002;109(5):846-51. doi:10.1542/peds.109.5.846George A, Goetz D.A case of sulfhemoglobinemia in a child with chronic constipation.Respiratory Medicine Case Reports. 2017;21:21-24. doi:10.1016/j.rmcr.2017.03.009Mody L, Juthani-Mehta M.Urinary tract infections in older women: A clinical review.JAMA. 2014;311(8):844–854. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.303Dason S, Dason JT, Kapoor A.Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of recurrent urinary tract infection in women.Can Urol Assoc J. 2011;5(5):316–322. doi:10.5489/cuaj.11214Kalinderi K, Delkos D, Kalinderis M, Athanasiadis A, Kalogiannidis I.Urinary tract infection during pregnancy: Current concepts on a common multifaceted problem.Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2018;38(4):448-453. doi:10.1080/01443615.2017.1370579Sepsis Alliance.Urinary tract infections.Cowan LT, Lutsey PL, Pankow JS, Matsushita K, Ishigami J, Lakshminarayan K.Inpatient and outpatient infection as a trigger of cardiovascular disease: the ARIC study.J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(22). doi:10.1161/JAHA.118.009683Additional ReadingHeppner H, Yapan F, Wiedemann A.Urosepsis in geriatric patients.Aktuel Urol. 2016;47(01):54-59. doi:10.1055/s-0041-106184Robinson JL, Finlay JC, Lang ME, Bortolussi R.Urinary tract infections in infants and children: Diagnosis and management.Paediatrics & Child Health. 2014;19(6):315-319. doi:10.1093/pch/19.6.315Schaeffer AJ, Nicolle LE.Urinary tract infections in older men. Solomon CG, ed.N Engl J Med. 2016;374(6):562-571. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1503950Schwartz, B. (2014) “Urinary Tract Infections.” In: Levinson, W. eds.Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 14e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

24 Sources

Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Bono MJ, Leslie SW, Reygaert WC.Uncomplicated urinary tract infections. In:StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024.National Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s Health (UK).Urinary Tract Infection in Children: Diagnosis, Treatment and Long-Term Management. RCOG Press; 2007.Flores-Mireles AL, Walker JN, Caparon M, Hultgren SJ.Urinary tract infections: Epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options.Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015;13(5):269–284. doi:10.1038/nrmicro3432Belyayeva M, Leslie SW, Jeong JM.Acute pyelonephritis. In:StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024.Najar MS, Saldanha CL, Banday KA.Approach to urinary tract infections.Indian J Nephrol. 2009;19(4):129–139. doi:10.4103/0971-4065.59333Bremnor JD, Sadovsky R.Evaluation of dysuria in adults.Am Fam Physician. 2002;65(8):1589-96.Leslie SW, Sajjad H, Singh S.Nocturia. In:StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024.Su RR, Palta M, Lim A, Wald ER.Pyuria as a marker of urinary tract infection in neurogenic bladder: Is it reliable?Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2019;38(8):804-807. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000002370Leslie SW, Hamawy K, Saleem MO.Gross and Microscopic Hematuria. In:StatPearls.StatPearls Publishing; 2024.Colgan R, Williams M, Johnson JR.Diagnosis and treatment of acute pyelonephritis in women.Am Fam Physician. 2011;84(5):519-26.Arshad M, Seed PC.Urinary tract infections in the infant.Clin Perinatol. 2015;42(1):17–vii. doi:10.1016/j.clp.2014.10.003Schlager TA.Urinary tract infections in children younger than 5 years of age: Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, outcomes and prevention.Paediatr Drugs. 2001;3(3):219-27. doi:10.2165/00128072-200103030-00004Rowe TA, Juthani-Mehta M.Urinary tract infection in older adults.Aging health. 2013;9(5):10.2217/ahe.13.38. doi:10.2217/ahe.13.38Nicolle L.Complicated urinary tract infection in adults.Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology. 2005;16(6):349-360. doi:10.1155/2005/385768Tritschler S, Roosen A, Füllhase C, Stief CG, Rübben H.Urethral stricture: Etiology, investigation and treatments.Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013;110(13):220–226. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2013.0220Kalra OP, Raizada A.Approach to a patient with urosepsis.J Glob Infect Dis. 2009;1(1):57–63. doi:10.4103/0974-777X.52984Simonsen KA, Anderson-Berry AL, Delair SF, Davies HD.Early-onset neonatal sepsis.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27(1):21–47. doi:10.1128/CMR.00031-13Garcia FJ, Nager AL.Jaundice as an early diagnostic sign of urinary tract infection in infancy.Pediatrics. 2002;109(5):846-51. doi:10.1542/peds.109.5.846George A, Goetz D.A case of sulfhemoglobinemia in a child with chronic constipation.Respiratory Medicine Case Reports. 2017;21:21-24. doi:10.1016/j.rmcr.2017.03.009Mody L, Juthani-Mehta M.Urinary tract infections in older women: A clinical review.JAMA. 2014;311(8):844–854. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.303Dason S, Dason JT, Kapoor A.Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of recurrent urinary tract infection in women.Can Urol Assoc J. 2011;5(5):316–322. doi:10.5489/cuaj.11214Kalinderi K, Delkos D, Kalinderis M, Athanasiadis A, Kalogiannidis I.Urinary tract infection during pregnancy: Current concepts on a common multifaceted problem.Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2018;38(4):448-453. doi:10.1080/01443615.2017.1370579Sepsis Alliance.Urinary tract infections.Cowan LT, Lutsey PL, Pankow JS, Matsushita K, Ishigami J, Lakshminarayan K.Inpatient and outpatient infection as a trigger of cardiovascular disease: the ARIC study.J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(22). doi:10.1161/JAHA.118.009683Additional ReadingHeppner H, Yapan F, Wiedemann A.Urosepsis in geriatric patients.Aktuel Urol. 2016;47(01):54-59. doi:10.1055/s-0041-106184Robinson JL, Finlay JC, Lang ME, Bortolussi R.Urinary tract infections in infants and children: Diagnosis and management.Paediatrics & Child Health. 2014;19(6):315-319. doi:10.1093/pch/19.6.315Schaeffer AJ, Nicolle LE.Urinary tract infections in older men. Solomon CG, ed.N Engl J Med. 2016;374(6):562-571. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1503950Schwartz, B. (2014) “Urinary Tract Infections.” In: Levinson, W. eds.Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 14e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

Bono MJ, Leslie SW, Reygaert WC.Uncomplicated urinary tract infections. In:StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024.National Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s Health (UK).Urinary Tract Infection in Children: Diagnosis, Treatment and Long-Term Management. RCOG Press; 2007.Flores-Mireles AL, Walker JN, Caparon M, Hultgren SJ.Urinary tract infections: Epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options.Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015;13(5):269–284. doi:10.1038/nrmicro3432Belyayeva M, Leslie SW, Jeong JM.Acute pyelonephritis. In:StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024.Najar MS, Saldanha CL, Banday KA.Approach to urinary tract infections.Indian J Nephrol. 2009;19(4):129–139. doi:10.4103/0971-4065.59333Bremnor JD, Sadovsky R.Evaluation of dysuria in adults.Am Fam Physician. 2002;65(8):1589-96.Leslie SW, Sajjad H, Singh S.Nocturia. In:StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024.Su RR, Palta M, Lim A, Wald ER.Pyuria as a marker of urinary tract infection in neurogenic bladder: Is it reliable?Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2019;38(8):804-807. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000002370Leslie SW, Hamawy K, Saleem MO.Gross and Microscopic Hematuria. In:StatPearls.StatPearls Publishing; 2024.Colgan R, Williams M, Johnson JR.Diagnosis and treatment of acute pyelonephritis in women.Am Fam Physician. 2011;84(5):519-26.Arshad M, Seed PC.Urinary tract infections in the infant.Clin Perinatol. 2015;42(1):17–vii. doi:10.1016/j.clp.2014.10.003Schlager TA.Urinary tract infections in children younger than 5 years of age: Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, outcomes and prevention.Paediatr Drugs. 2001;3(3):219-27. doi:10.2165/00128072-200103030-00004Rowe TA, Juthani-Mehta M.Urinary tract infection in older adults.Aging health. 2013;9(5):10.2217/ahe.13.38. doi:10.2217/ahe.13.38Nicolle L.Complicated urinary tract infection in adults.Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology. 2005;16(6):349-360. doi:10.1155/2005/385768Tritschler S, Roosen A, Füllhase C, Stief CG, Rübben H.Urethral stricture: Etiology, investigation and treatments.Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013;110(13):220–226. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2013.0220Kalra OP, Raizada A.Approach to a patient with urosepsis.J Glob Infect Dis. 2009;1(1):57–63. doi:10.4103/0974-777X.52984Simonsen KA, Anderson-Berry AL, Delair SF, Davies HD.Early-onset neonatal sepsis.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27(1):21–47. doi:10.1128/CMR.00031-13Garcia FJ, Nager AL.Jaundice as an early diagnostic sign of urinary tract infection in infancy.Pediatrics. 2002;109(5):846-51. doi:10.1542/peds.109.5.846George A, Goetz D.A case of sulfhemoglobinemia in a child with chronic constipation.Respiratory Medicine Case Reports. 2017;21:21-24. doi:10.1016/j.rmcr.2017.03.009Mody L, Juthani-Mehta M.Urinary tract infections in older women: A clinical review.JAMA. 2014;311(8):844–854. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.303Dason S, Dason JT, Kapoor A.Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of recurrent urinary tract infection in women.Can Urol Assoc J. 2011;5(5):316–322. doi:10.5489/cuaj.11214Kalinderi K, Delkos D, Kalinderis M, Athanasiadis A, Kalogiannidis I.Urinary tract infection during pregnancy: Current concepts on a common multifaceted problem.Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2018;38(4):448-453. doi:10.1080/01443615.2017.1370579Sepsis Alliance.Urinary tract infections.Cowan LT, Lutsey PL, Pankow JS, Matsushita K, Ishigami J, Lakshminarayan K.Inpatient and outpatient infection as a trigger of cardiovascular disease: the ARIC study.J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(22). doi:10.1161/JAHA.118.009683

Bono MJ, Leslie SW, Reygaert WC.Uncomplicated urinary tract infections. In:StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024.

National Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s Health (UK).Urinary Tract Infection in Children: Diagnosis, Treatment and Long-Term Management. RCOG Press; 2007.

Flores-Mireles AL, Walker JN, Caparon M, Hultgren SJ.Urinary tract infections: Epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options.Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015;13(5):269–284. doi:10.1038/nrmicro3432

Belyayeva M, Leslie SW, Jeong JM.Acute pyelonephritis. In:StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024.

Najar MS, Saldanha CL, Banday KA.Approach to urinary tract infections.Indian J Nephrol. 2009;19(4):129–139. doi:10.4103/0971-4065.59333

Bremnor JD, Sadovsky R.Evaluation of dysuria in adults.Am Fam Physician. 2002;65(8):1589-96.

Leslie SW, Sajjad H, Singh S.Nocturia. In:StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024.

Su RR, Palta M, Lim A, Wald ER.Pyuria as a marker of urinary tract infection in neurogenic bladder: Is it reliable?Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2019;38(8):804-807. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000002370

Leslie SW, Hamawy K, Saleem MO.Gross and Microscopic Hematuria. In:StatPearls.StatPearls Publishing; 2024.

Colgan R, Williams M, Johnson JR.Diagnosis and treatment of acute pyelonephritis in women.Am Fam Physician. 2011;84(5):519-26.

Arshad M, Seed PC.Urinary tract infections in the infant.Clin Perinatol. 2015;42(1):17–vii. doi:10.1016/j.clp.2014.10.003

Schlager TA.Urinary tract infections in children younger than 5 years of age: Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, outcomes and prevention.Paediatr Drugs. 2001;3(3):219-27. doi:10.2165/00128072-200103030-00004

Rowe TA, Juthani-Mehta M.Urinary tract infection in older adults.Aging health. 2013;9(5):10.2217/ahe.13.38. doi:10.2217/ahe.13.38

Nicolle L.Complicated urinary tract infection in adults.Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology. 2005;16(6):349-360. doi:10.1155/2005/385768

Tritschler S, Roosen A, Füllhase C, Stief CG, Rübben H.Urethral stricture: Etiology, investigation and treatments.Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013;110(13):220–226. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2013.0220

Kalra OP, Raizada A.Approach to a patient with urosepsis.J Glob Infect Dis. 2009;1(1):57–63. doi:10.4103/0974-777X.52984

Simonsen KA, Anderson-Berry AL, Delair SF, Davies HD.Early-onset neonatal sepsis.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27(1):21–47. doi:10.1128/CMR.00031-13

Garcia FJ, Nager AL.Jaundice as an early diagnostic sign of urinary tract infection in infancy.Pediatrics. 2002;109(5):846-51. doi:10.1542/peds.109.5.846

George A, Goetz D.A case of sulfhemoglobinemia in a child with chronic constipation.Respiratory Medicine Case Reports. 2017;21:21-24. doi:10.1016/j.rmcr.2017.03.009

Mody L, Juthani-Mehta M.Urinary tract infections in older women: A clinical review.JAMA. 2014;311(8):844–854. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.303

Dason S, Dason JT, Kapoor A.Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of recurrent urinary tract infection in women.Can Urol Assoc J. 2011;5(5):316–322. doi:10.5489/cuaj.11214

Kalinderi K, Delkos D, Kalinderis M, Athanasiadis A, Kalogiannidis I.Urinary tract infection during pregnancy: Current concepts on a common multifaceted problem.Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2018;38(4):448-453. doi:10.1080/01443615.2017.1370579

Sepsis Alliance.Urinary tract infections.

Cowan LT, Lutsey PL, Pankow JS, Matsushita K, Ishigami J, Lakshminarayan K.Inpatient and outpatient infection as a trigger of cardiovascular disease: the ARIC study.J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(22). doi:10.1161/JAHA.118.009683

Heppner H, Yapan F, Wiedemann A.Urosepsis in geriatric patients.Aktuel Urol. 2016;47(01):54-59. doi:10.1055/s-0041-106184Robinson JL, Finlay JC, Lang ME, Bortolussi R.Urinary tract infections in infants and children: Diagnosis and management.Paediatrics & Child Health. 2014;19(6):315-319. doi:10.1093/pch/19.6.315Schaeffer AJ, Nicolle LE.Urinary tract infections in older men. Solomon CG, ed.N Engl J Med. 2016;374(6):562-571. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1503950Schwartz, B. (2014) “Urinary Tract Infections.” In: Levinson, W. eds.Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 14e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

Heppner H, Yapan F, Wiedemann A.Urosepsis in geriatric patients.Aktuel Urol. 2016;47(01):54-59. doi:10.1055/s-0041-106184

Robinson JL, Finlay JC, Lang ME, Bortolussi R.Urinary tract infections in infants and children: Diagnosis and management.Paediatrics & Child Health. 2014;19(6):315-319. doi:10.1093/pch/19.6.315

Schaeffer AJ, Nicolle LE.Urinary tract infections in older men. Solomon CG, ed.N Engl J Med. 2016;374(6):562-571. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1503950

Schwartz, B. (2014) “Urinary Tract Infections.” In: Levinson, W. eds.Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 14e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

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