Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsFrequent SymptomsRare SymptomsComplicationsWhen to See a DoctorFrequently Asked QuestionsNext in Celiac Disease GuideHow Celiac Disease Is Diagnosed
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Frequent Symptoms
Rare Symptoms
Complications
When to See a Doctor
Frequently Asked Questions
Next in Celiac Disease Guide
The best-known (but not necessarily most common) symptoms ofceliac diseaseinclude smelly diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, and fatigue. However, celiac disease can affect aspects of just about every system in your body, including your skin, hormones, and bones and joints. The celiac disease symptoms you experience may be ones you might have never even thought to associatewith the condition.
The effects of celiac can be too wide and unpredictable for any one set of symptoms to be considered expected, so it’s doubtful that there’s a truly typical case. It’s also possible to have celiac disease butnot have any symptoms at all.
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The symptoms will vary considerably from person to person and are also significantly different for children and adults. Even symptoms in men and women may differ.
*Approximately half of adults with celiac disease have some of these non-digestive symptoms.
Digestive Symptoms
Not everyone who’s diagnosed with celiac disease experiences digestive symptoms, but many do. Still, these digestive symptoms can be subtle, and you might not necessarily associate them with celiac disease.
Chronic diarrheais one hallmark symptom of celiac disease, and it appears to affect half or more of those newly diagnosed. Frequently, the diarrhea is watery, smelly, and voluminous, and floats rather than sinks.
However, plenty of people with celiac disease tend to haveconstipationrather than diarrhea, and some see their symptoms alternate between the two.
Digestive symptoms can include diarrhea, constipation, heartburn, bloating, flatulence, nausea, and even vomiting in certain circumstances. People with celiac disease often are diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome.
In addition, other types of digestive symptoms can appear. For example,flatulenceandexcessive gasare common, as isabdominal bloating(many people describe themselves as looking pregnant). It’s also common to haveabdominal pain, which can be severe at times.
Additional digestive symptoms of celiac disease can includeheartburnand reflux(some people already have been told they have gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD),nausea and vomiting, andlactose intolerance.
Undiagnosed people with celiac disease sometimes developpancreatitisorgallbladder disease, and many already have been diagnosed withirritable bowel syndrome(those IBS symptoms often lessen or disappear completely following a celiac disease diagnosis).
In addition, not everyone loses weight as with undiagnosed celiac disease. In fact, many people find they gain weight prior to diagnosis. Some people report being absolutely unable to shed excess pounds, no matter how much they diet and exercise.
Neurological Symptoms
Many people with undiagnosed celiac disease experienceextreme fatiguethat prevents them from performing everyday tasks and impacts their quality of life. Generally, fatigue seems to creep up on you, making it easy to blame it on getting older (as opposed to a treatable medical condition).
At the same time,insomniaand other sleep disordersare very common in people with celiac disease. You’re exhausted during the day, but then can’t fall asleep or stay asleep at night.
In addition, many people with celiac disease get"brain fog"due to gluten. When you have brain fog, you have trouble thinking clearly. You might have trouble coming up with the right words to carry on an intelligent conversation, or you might misplace your car keys or fumble other common household tasks.
Some people newly diagnosed with celiac disease already have diagnoses ofmigraine headaches; in many cases (but not all), these headaches will lessen in severity and frequency or even clear up completely once you adopt a gluten-free diet.
Psychological symptomssuch asdepression, anxiety,attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and irritability occur frequently in people with undiagnosed celiac disease. In fact, long-diagnosed people with celiac disease often can tell they’ve been exposed toglutenwhen they become irritable—that symptom can appear within hours of exposure and linger for several days. In small children with celiac disease, sometimes irritability is the only symptom.
Restless legs syndromehas also been reported as a common symptom of celiac disease.
Skin Disorders
You might see signs of celiac disease in your largest organ: your skin. Up to one-fourth of people with celiac suffer fromdermatitis herpetiformis(a.k.a. “the gluten rash”), an intensely itchy skin rash.
People with celiac disease also may havea variety of other skin problems, includingpsoriasis,eczema,alopecia areata(an autoimmune condition where you lose your hair), hives, and even such common problems as acne and dry skin. There’s no firm evidence that gluten ingestion causes or contributes to these skin problems, but the gluten-free diet helps clear them up in some cases.
If you have dermatitis herpetiformis plus positiveceliac blood tests, you have celiac disease—no further testing required.
Bone and Joint Symptoms
Bone and joint issues such as osteoporosis,joint pain, bone pain,rheumatoid arthritis, and fibromyalgia also occur with regularity in those with celiac disease.
It’s not clear what the connection is; it may involvenutritional deficienciesrelated to the fact that celiac causes intestinal damage, which makes it difficult for you to absorb vitamins and minerals. In some cases, the gluten-free diet can alleviate pain from these conditions.
Dental Issues
Canker sores (also known asaphthous ulcers) occur in both adults and children with undiagnosed celiac disease (and in those already diagnosed who ingest gluten accidentally). These painful mouth sores frequently crop up on the inside of your lips in areas where you’ve had a very minor injury (such as a scratch from a sharp piece of food, a utensil, or your teeth). Once they start, they can take up to a week to subside.
It’s also not unusual to identify celiac disease in a person who hasperiodontal diseaseor badly receding gums. In some cases, the gluten-free diet can help to reverse some of the damage that’s been done.
2:48What You Don’t Know About Celiac Disease
2:48
What You Don’t Know About Celiac Disease
You can find lists of over 200 different symptoms of celiac disease. It’s actually very common to experience marked improvement in other, minor ailments you never would have imagined were related to celiac disease when you adopt a gluten-free lifestyle.
It is now rare that children present with severe symptoms. These include chronic fatigue, very low blood pressure, electrolyte imbalances due to fluid loss in diarrhea, and abdominal obstruction.
In very unusual adult cases, the first obvious sign that a patient has unrecognized celiac is non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Fortunately, this type of cancer is very rare, even in people who have had celiac symptoms for years but remained undiagnosed.
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Celiac Disease
Complications/Sub-Group Indications
People with celiac disease are at risk of developingmalnutrition. You are unable to absorb enough nutrients due to the damage to your digestive tract. This can result in anemia and weight loss.
Children with undiagnosed celiac disease often fall behind the growth curve, and thisdelayed growthor “failure to thrive” may be the only symptom of celiac disease in a child. If the child gets diagnosed prior to puberty and begins a strict gluten-free diet, sheoften can make up some or all of the height. Adults with longstanding undiagnosed celiac diseaseoften are quite short.
Osteoporosis, in which your bones become thin and weak, frequently appears in concert with celiac disease. When you have celiac you can’t absorb the nutrients needed to keep your bones strong.
Celiac disease can affect your hormones and other functions of your endocrine system, which controls everything from your reproductive system to your moods. In fact, celiac disease is found in 2% to 5% of patients with eitherthyroid diseaseortype 1 diabetes. The consequences can include poor absorption of thyroid hormone medications.It is unclear whether these disorders stem from similar underlying causes or whether one leads to another.
Reproductive health issues can be seen in celiac disease, includinginfertility in both womenandmen,skipped periods,late puberty, andearly menopause. Women with celiac are significantly more likely than other women to experience pregnancy problems and repeated miscarriages.
Celiac disease has differing effects on cancer risk. It may lower your risk of breast cancer, but raises the risk of cancer of the small intestine (a rare type of cancer), carcinoid tumors (a rare, slow-growing type of cancer that can occur in the digestive tract), and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (another rare form of cancer). It’s not clear whether people with celiac disease have an increased risk forcolon cancer.
When to See a Healthcare Provider/Go to the Hospital
See your healthcare provider if you or your child has had diarrhea or digestive discomfort for two weeks or more. You should see your healthcare provider before you try a gluten-free diet as that can change the test results.
All first-degree family members (parents, siblings, and children) of people diagnosed with celiac disease should be tested, as their risks increase to a 1 in 10 chance, even for those with no symptoms.
Celiac disease can masquerade as many, many other conditions. However, having some (or many) of these symptoms doesn’t mean you necessarily have celiac disease—it just means you should consider being tested for the condition.
A Word From Verywell
Celiac disease is a lifelong condition. To avert long-term complications, you must follow a strictgluten-free diet. However, you’ll probably be pretty happy to learn that doing sogenerally resolves most or all of your symptoms. You may even notice many minor health complaints disappearing once you’re diagnosed and on a gluten-free diet.
A protein called gluten causes damage to the small intestine that eventually leads to celiac disease symptoms. Gluten is a protein in a variety of grains—among them wheat, barley, rye, durum, semolina, spelt, farina, and farro. Gluten helps foods hold their shape, which is why it’s key to the formation of foods like bread and pasta.
Certain symptoms of celiac disease can occur very quickly after eating gluten. In one study, 92% of people with the condition experienced an increase in interleukin-2, a protein associated with the immune response,within an hour of eating gluten. The most common symptoms in this group were nausea and vomiting, rather than the diarrhea, bloating, and abdominal pain most often associated with celiac disease flares.
Celiac disease can cause a variety of skin conditions, including psoriasis, an itchy rash called dermatitis herpetiformis, and blisters.Some people also developcanker soresinside their mouths.
Children, including babies, are more likely than adults to have diarrhea, vomiting, bloating, and other digestive symptoms. Only a third of adults with celiac disease have diarrhea and most are more likely to have anemia, fatigue, and bone and joint problems such as pain, arthritis, andosteoporosis.
When you stop eating foods that contain gluten, you prevent further damage to the cilia in yoursmall intestinethat are responsible for your symptoms. Doing so will not repair the damage already done but it will prevent flare-ups of symptoms. Many people with celiac disease say they start feeling better within days of cutting gluten from their diet.
People who havenon-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS)have symptoms similar to those of celiac disease but do not test positive for the condition. The same is true for non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS), which is anallergy to wheat. Among the common symptoms of both, which occur when gluten is eaten, are diarrhea or constipation, abdominal pain and bloating, headaches, joint pain, inability to focus and concentrate, and persistent tiredness.
Silent celiac disease is an informal term for asymptomatic celiac disease. It’s different from classical celiac disease and non-classical celiac disease in that a person doesn’t experience overt symptoms as a result of damage to the cilia in the small intestine. That said, people who have asymptomatic celiac disease say they notice they feel better overall and have fewer mild digestive issues such as bloating and gas when they stop eating gluten.
26 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Kelly CP, Bai JC, Liu E, Leffler DA.Advances in diagnosis and management of celiac disease.Gastroenterology. 2015;148(6):1175-86. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.01.044Freeman HJ.Hepatobiliary and pancreatic disorders in celiac disease.World J Gastroenterol.2006;12(10):1503-8. doi:10.3748/wjg.v12.i10.1503Jelsness-jørgensen LP, Bernklev T, Lundin KEA.Fatigue as an extra-intestinal manifestation of celiac disease: a Systematic Review.Nutrients. 2018;10(11). doi:10.3390/nu10111652Yelland GW.Gluten-induced cognitive impairment (“brain fog”) in coeliac disease.J Gastroenterol Hepatol.2017;32 Suppl 1:90-93. doi:10.1111/jgh.13706Gabrielli M, Cremonini F, Fiore G, et al.Association between migraine and celiac disease: results from a preliminary case-control and therapeutic study.Am J Gastroenterol.2003;98(3):625-9.Jackson JR, Eaton WW, Cascella NG, Fasano A, Kelly DL.Neurologic and psychiatric manifestations of celiac disease and gluten sensitivity.Psychiatr Q.2012;83(1):91-102. doi:10.1007/s11126-011-9186-yHadjivassiliou M, Sanders DS, Woodroofe N, Williamson C, Grünewald RA.Gluten ataxia.Cerebellum. 2008;7(3):494-8. doi:10.1007/s12311-008-0052-xWeinstock LB, Walters AS, Mullin GE, Duntley SP.Celiac disease is associated with restless legs syndrome.Dig Dis Sci. 2010;55(6):1667-73. doi:10.1007/s10620-009-0943-9Kárpáti S.Dermatitis herpetiformis.Clin Dermatol. 2012;30(1):56-9. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2011.03.010Zanchetta MB, Longobardi V, Bai JC.Bone and Celiac Disease.Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2016;14(2):43-8. doi:10.1007/s11914-016-0304-5Condò R, Costacurta M, Maturo P, Docimo R.The dental age in the child with coeliac disease.Eur J Paediatr Dent.2011;12(3):184-8.Sedghizadeh PP, Shuler CF, Allen CM, Beck FM, Kalmar JR.Celiac disease and recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a report and review of the literature.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.2002;94(4):474-8.Spinell T, Demayo F, Cato M, et al.The association between coeliac disease and periodontitis: results from NHANES 2009-2012.J Clin Periodontol.2018;45(3):303-310. doi:10.1111/jcpe.12856Celiac Disease Foundation.Celiac disease in children.Catassi C, Fabiani E, Corrao G, et al.Risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in celiac disease.JAMA. 2002;287(11):1413-9. doi:10.1001/jama.287.11.1413Ghiselli A, Bizzarri B, Gaiani F, et al.Growth changes after gluteen free diet in pediatric celiac patients: a literature-review.Acta Biomed. 2018;89(9-S):5-10. doi:10.23750/abm.v89i9-S.7871Virili C et al.Atypical celiac disease as cause of increased need for thyroxine: a systematic study.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(3):E419-E422. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-1851Freeman HJ.Reproductive changes associated with celiac disease.World J Gastroenterol.2010;16(46):5810-4. doi:10.3748/wjg.v16.i46.5810Celiac Disease Foundation.What is gluten?National Cancer Institute.Interleukin-2.Goel G, Tye-Din JA, Qiao SW, et al.Cytokine release and gastrointestinal symptoms after gluten challenge in celiac disease.Sci. Adv. 2019 Aug 7;5(8):eaaw7756. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw7756World Gastroenterology Organisation.Celiac disease.Celiac Disease Foundation.Symptoms of celiac disease.University of Rochester Medical Center.Fecal fat.National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Treatment for celiac disease: gluten-free diet.Al-Toma A, Volta U, Auricchio R, et al.European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease (ESsCD) guideline for coeliac disease and other gluten-related disorders.United European Gastroenterol J. 2019. doi:10.1177/2050640619844125Additional ReadingNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Symptoms and Causes of Celiac Disease.
26 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Kelly CP, Bai JC, Liu E, Leffler DA.Advances in diagnosis and management of celiac disease.Gastroenterology. 2015;148(6):1175-86. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.01.044Freeman HJ.Hepatobiliary and pancreatic disorders in celiac disease.World J Gastroenterol.2006;12(10):1503-8. doi:10.3748/wjg.v12.i10.1503Jelsness-jørgensen LP, Bernklev T, Lundin KEA.Fatigue as an extra-intestinal manifestation of celiac disease: a Systematic Review.Nutrients. 2018;10(11). doi:10.3390/nu10111652Yelland GW.Gluten-induced cognitive impairment (“brain fog”) in coeliac disease.J Gastroenterol Hepatol.2017;32 Suppl 1:90-93. doi:10.1111/jgh.13706Gabrielli M, Cremonini F, Fiore G, et al.Association between migraine and celiac disease: results from a preliminary case-control and therapeutic study.Am J Gastroenterol.2003;98(3):625-9.Jackson JR, Eaton WW, Cascella NG, Fasano A, Kelly DL.Neurologic and psychiatric manifestations of celiac disease and gluten sensitivity.Psychiatr Q.2012;83(1):91-102. doi:10.1007/s11126-011-9186-yHadjivassiliou M, Sanders DS, Woodroofe N, Williamson C, Grünewald RA.Gluten ataxia.Cerebellum. 2008;7(3):494-8. doi:10.1007/s12311-008-0052-xWeinstock LB, Walters AS, Mullin GE, Duntley SP.Celiac disease is associated with restless legs syndrome.Dig Dis Sci. 2010;55(6):1667-73. doi:10.1007/s10620-009-0943-9Kárpáti S.Dermatitis herpetiformis.Clin Dermatol. 2012;30(1):56-9. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2011.03.010Zanchetta MB, Longobardi V, Bai JC.Bone and Celiac Disease.Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2016;14(2):43-8. doi:10.1007/s11914-016-0304-5Condò R, Costacurta M, Maturo P, Docimo R.The dental age in the child with coeliac disease.Eur J Paediatr Dent.2011;12(3):184-8.Sedghizadeh PP, Shuler CF, Allen CM, Beck FM, Kalmar JR.Celiac disease and recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a report and review of the literature.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.2002;94(4):474-8.Spinell T, Demayo F, Cato M, et al.The association between coeliac disease and periodontitis: results from NHANES 2009-2012.J Clin Periodontol.2018;45(3):303-310. doi:10.1111/jcpe.12856Celiac Disease Foundation.Celiac disease in children.Catassi C, Fabiani E, Corrao G, et al.Risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in celiac disease.JAMA. 2002;287(11):1413-9. doi:10.1001/jama.287.11.1413Ghiselli A, Bizzarri B, Gaiani F, et al.Growth changes after gluteen free diet in pediatric celiac patients: a literature-review.Acta Biomed. 2018;89(9-S):5-10. doi:10.23750/abm.v89i9-S.7871Virili C et al.Atypical celiac disease as cause of increased need for thyroxine: a systematic study.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(3):E419-E422. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-1851Freeman HJ.Reproductive changes associated with celiac disease.World J Gastroenterol.2010;16(46):5810-4. doi:10.3748/wjg.v16.i46.5810Celiac Disease Foundation.What is gluten?National Cancer Institute.Interleukin-2.Goel G, Tye-Din JA, Qiao SW, et al.Cytokine release and gastrointestinal symptoms after gluten challenge in celiac disease.Sci. Adv. 2019 Aug 7;5(8):eaaw7756. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw7756World Gastroenterology Organisation.Celiac disease.Celiac Disease Foundation.Symptoms of celiac disease.University of Rochester Medical Center.Fecal fat.National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Treatment for celiac disease: gluten-free diet.Al-Toma A, Volta U, Auricchio R, et al.European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease (ESsCD) guideline for coeliac disease and other gluten-related disorders.United European Gastroenterol J. 2019. doi:10.1177/2050640619844125Additional ReadingNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Symptoms and Causes of Celiac Disease.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Kelly CP, Bai JC, Liu E, Leffler DA.Advances in diagnosis and management of celiac disease.Gastroenterology. 2015;148(6):1175-86. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.01.044Freeman HJ.Hepatobiliary and pancreatic disorders in celiac disease.World J Gastroenterol.2006;12(10):1503-8. doi:10.3748/wjg.v12.i10.1503Jelsness-jørgensen LP, Bernklev T, Lundin KEA.Fatigue as an extra-intestinal manifestation of celiac disease: a Systematic Review.Nutrients. 2018;10(11). doi:10.3390/nu10111652Yelland GW.Gluten-induced cognitive impairment (“brain fog”) in coeliac disease.J Gastroenterol Hepatol.2017;32 Suppl 1:90-93. doi:10.1111/jgh.13706Gabrielli M, Cremonini F, Fiore G, et al.Association between migraine and celiac disease: results from a preliminary case-control and therapeutic study.Am J Gastroenterol.2003;98(3):625-9.Jackson JR, Eaton WW, Cascella NG, Fasano A, Kelly DL.Neurologic and psychiatric manifestations of celiac disease and gluten sensitivity.Psychiatr Q.2012;83(1):91-102. doi:10.1007/s11126-011-9186-yHadjivassiliou M, Sanders DS, Woodroofe N, Williamson C, Grünewald RA.Gluten ataxia.Cerebellum. 2008;7(3):494-8. doi:10.1007/s12311-008-0052-xWeinstock LB, Walters AS, Mullin GE, Duntley SP.Celiac disease is associated with restless legs syndrome.Dig Dis Sci. 2010;55(6):1667-73. doi:10.1007/s10620-009-0943-9Kárpáti S.Dermatitis herpetiformis.Clin Dermatol. 2012;30(1):56-9. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2011.03.010Zanchetta MB, Longobardi V, Bai JC.Bone and Celiac Disease.Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2016;14(2):43-8. doi:10.1007/s11914-016-0304-5Condò R, Costacurta M, Maturo P, Docimo R.The dental age in the child with coeliac disease.Eur J Paediatr Dent.2011;12(3):184-8.Sedghizadeh PP, Shuler CF, Allen CM, Beck FM, Kalmar JR.Celiac disease and recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a report and review of the literature.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.2002;94(4):474-8.Spinell T, Demayo F, Cato M, et al.The association between coeliac disease and periodontitis: results from NHANES 2009-2012.J Clin Periodontol.2018;45(3):303-310. doi:10.1111/jcpe.12856Celiac Disease Foundation.Celiac disease in children.Catassi C, Fabiani E, Corrao G, et al.Risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in celiac disease.JAMA. 2002;287(11):1413-9. doi:10.1001/jama.287.11.1413Ghiselli A, Bizzarri B, Gaiani F, et al.Growth changes after gluteen free diet in pediatric celiac patients: a literature-review.Acta Biomed. 2018;89(9-S):5-10. doi:10.23750/abm.v89i9-S.7871Virili C et al.Atypical celiac disease as cause of increased need for thyroxine: a systematic study.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(3):E419-E422. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-1851Freeman HJ.Reproductive changes associated with celiac disease.World J Gastroenterol.2010;16(46):5810-4. doi:10.3748/wjg.v16.i46.5810Celiac Disease Foundation.What is gluten?National Cancer Institute.Interleukin-2.Goel G, Tye-Din JA, Qiao SW, et al.Cytokine release and gastrointestinal symptoms after gluten challenge in celiac disease.Sci. Adv. 2019 Aug 7;5(8):eaaw7756. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw7756World Gastroenterology Organisation.Celiac disease.Celiac Disease Foundation.Symptoms of celiac disease.University of Rochester Medical Center.Fecal fat.National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Treatment for celiac disease: gluten-free diet.Al-Toma A, Volta U, Auricchio R, et al.European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease (ESsCD) guideline for coeliac disease and other gluten-related disorders.United European Gastroenterol J. 2019. doi:10.1177/2050640619844125
Kelly CP, Bai JC, Liu E, Leffler DA.Advances in diagnosis and management of celiac disease.Gastroenterology. 2015;148(6):1175-86. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.01.044
Freeman HJ.Hepatobiliary and pancreatic disorders in celiac disease.World J Gastroenterol.2006;12(10):1503-8. doi:10.3748/wjg.v12.i10.1503
Jelsness-jørgensen LP, Bernklev T, Lundin KEA.Fatigue as an extra-intestinal manifestation of celiac disease: a Systematic Review.Nutrients. 2018;10(11). doi:10.3390/nu10111652
Yelland GW.Gluten-induced cognitive impairment (“brain fog”) in coeliac disease.J Gastroenterol Hepatol.2017;32 Suppl 1:90-93. doi:10.1111/jgh.13706
Gabrielli M, Cremonini F, Fiore G, et al.Association between migraine and celiac disease: results from a preliminary case-control and therapeutic study.Am J Gastroenterol.2003;98(3):625-9.
Jackson JR, Eaton WW, Cascella NG, Fasano A, Kelly DL.Neurologic and psychiatric manifestations of celiac disease and gluten sensitivity.Psychiatr Q.2012;83(1):91-102. doi:10.1007/s11126-011-9186-y
Hadjivassiliou M, Sanders DS, Woodroofe N, Williamson C, Grünewald RA.Gluten ataxia.Cerebellum. 2008;7(3):494-8. doi:10.1007/s12311-008-0052-x
Weinstock LB, Walters AS, Mullin GE, Duntley SP.Celiac disease is associated with restless legs syndrome.Dig Dis Sci. 2010;55(6):1667-73. doi:10.1007/s10620-009-0943-9
Kárpáti S.Dermatitis herpetiformis.Clin Dermatol. 2012;30(1):56-9. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2011.03.010
Zanchetta MB, Longobardi V, Bai JC.Bone and Celiac Disease.Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2016;14(2):43-8. doi:10.1007/s11914-016-0304-5
Condò R, Costacurta M, Maturo P, Docimo R.The dental age in the child with coeliac disease.Eur J Paediatr Dent.2011;12(3):184-8.
Sedghizadeh PP, Shuler CF, Allen CM, Beck FM, Kalmar JR.Celiac disease and recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a report and review of the literature.Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.2002;94(4):474-8.
Spinell T, Demayo F, Cato M, et al.The association between coeliac disease and periodontitis: results from NHANES 2009-2012.J Clin Periodontol.2018;45(3):303-310. doi:10.1111/jcpe.12856
Celiac Disease Foundation.Celiac disease in children.
Catassi C, Fabiani E, Corrao G, et al.Risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in celiac disease.JAMA. 2002;287(11):1413-9. doi:10.1001/jama.287.11.1413
Ghiselli A, Bizzarri B, Gaiani F, et al.Growth changes after gluteen free diet in pediatric celiac patients: a literature-review.Acta Biomed. 2018;89(9-S):5-10. doi:10.23750/abm.v89i9-S.7871
Virili C et al.Atypical celiac disease as cause of increased need for thyroxine: a systematic study.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(3):E419-E422. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-1851
Freeman HJ.Reproductive changes associated with celiac disease.World J Gastroenterol.2010;16(46):5810-4. doi:10.3748/wjg.v16.i46.5810
Celiac Disease Foundation.What is gluten?
National Cancer Institute.Interleukin-2.
Goel G, Tye-Din JA, Qiao SW, et al.Cytokine release and gastrointestinal symptoms after gluten challenge in celiac disease.Sci. Adv. 2019 Aug 7;5(8):eaaw7756. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw7756
World Gastroenterology Organisation.Celiac disease.
Celiac Disease Foundation.Symptoms of celiac disease.
University of Rochester Medical Center.Fecal fat.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Treatment for celiac disease: gluten-free diet.
Al-Toma A, Volta U, Auricchio R, et al.European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease (ESsCD) guideline for coeliac disease and other gluten-related disorders.United European Gastroenterol J. 2019. doi:10.1177/2050640619844125
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Symptoms and Causes of Celiac Disease.
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What Is Celiac Disease?Celiac Disease SymptomsHow Celiac Disease Is DiagnosedBeyond a Gluten-Free Diet: Treating Celiac DiseaseCoping With Celiac DiseaseAn Overview of the Gluten-Free Diet
What Is Celiac Disease?
Celiac Disease Symptoms
How Celiac Disease Is Diagnosed
Beyond a Gluten-Free Diet: Treating Celiac Disease
Coping With Celiac Disease
An Overview of the Gluten-Free Diet
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