Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsFrequent SymptomsLess Common SymptomsComplicationsWhen to See a Healthcare ProviderFrequently Asked QuestionsNext in GERD GuideHow Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Is Diagnosed
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Frequent Symptoms
Less Common Symptoms
Complications
When to See a Healthcare Provider
Frequently Asked Questions
Next in GERD Guide
Heartburnand acid regurgitation are the main symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD),though some people have GERD without heartburn. Other symptoms include pain in your chest and/or abdomen, difficulty swallowing,dry cough, hoarseness, nausea, vomiting, bad breath, wheezing, and interrupted sleep.
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Whether or not you have heartburn, if you have GERD, you will likely experience some or all of these frequent symptoms,including:
Symptoms in the Elderly
Elderly patients may not connect their symptoms withheartburnor GERD, as they may be different from what is considered typical for the disease.Usually, when we think of the symptoms of GERD we think of heartburn. In the elderly, symptoms often show up in the mouth, throat, or lungs.
Symptoms that can occur in the throat include:
These symptoms are certainly not as common as those above, but it’s worth being aware of them so you can bring them to your healthcare provider’s attention if they occur. You might not necessarily associate them with GERD.
Treating GERD and Back Pain Together
No matter your age, if you experience heartburn two or more times a week, take notice. This constant movement of acid-containing stomach contents traveling back up into your esophagus can irritate the lining and, if it’s left untreated, complications can occur at any age.
Barrett’s Esophagus
People with Barrett’s are 30 to 125 times more likelyto developesophageal cancercompared to those who don’t have it, but fewer than 1 percent of Barrett’s esophagus patients develop this cancer. Nevertheless, it is still important if you’re diagnosed with Barrett’s esophagus to have regular screenings—usually an upper endoscopic exam andbiopsy—for precancerous and cancerous cells.
When it comes totreating Barrett’s esophagus, taking the usual steps to diminish GERD symptoms, such as lifestyle, diet, and medications, will help ease the discomfort.As for reversing the disease, there are currently no medications to do that.
Esophageal Cancer
GERD is one of the risk factors for developing esophageal cancer. An esophageal cancer tumor begins growing in the esophagus lining and, if it grows enough to break through the esophageal wall, it can spread to other parts of your body using the lymphatic system as its transport.
Symptoms of Esophageal CancerDifficult and/or painful swallowingHoarsenessUnexplained weight lossIf you are experiencing any of thesesymptoms of esophageal cancerin conjunction with your acid reflux, talk to your gastroenterologist. Varioustreatment optionsare available.
Symptoms of Esophageal Cancer
Difficult and/or painful swallowingHoarsenessUnexplained weight lossIf you are experiencing any of thesesymptoms of esophageal cancerin conjunction with your acid reflux, talk to your gastroenterologist. Varioustreatment optionsare available.
If you are experiencing any of thesesymptoms of esophageal cancerin conjunction with your acid reflux, talk to your gastroenterologist. Varioustreatment optionsare available.
Erosive Esophagitis
When your esophagus is inflamed and swollen, it’s called esophagitis. Acid reflux is the most likely cause, though an infection can also be the culprit. Symptoms ofesophagitisinclude pain when swallowing and a burning sensation in the esophagus.
Treating esophagitis depends on the cause. Medications such as proton pump inhibitors andH2 blockersmay be prescribed if the esophagitis is an acid reflux complication. Antibiotics may be prescribed if the cause of the esophagitis is an infection.
Esophageal Strictures
A complication of prolonged acid reflux can be an esophageal stricture, or a gradual narrowing of the esophagus, which can lead to swallowing difficulties.One of thecauses of esophageal stricturescan be scar tissue that builds up in the esophagus. When the lining of the esophagus is damaged—for example, when acid reflux occurs over an extended period of time—scarring can develop. Other causes of strictures can include infections and swallowing corrosive substances.
Respiratory Problems
Because GERD can cause you to breathe stomach acid into your lungs that can then irritate your lungs and throat,respiratory problems can occur. Some of these are both symptoms and complications and include:
Nighttime Reflux
When symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occur at night, they can be more damaging than if they occur during the day.The evening can set the stage for the following, which can make nighttime heartburn more likely to cause problems:
If you experience frequent and/orsevere heartburn, make an appointment with your healthcare provider.If you’re taking over-the-counter medication for heartburn like Prevacid or Prilosec more than twice a week, you should also talk to your healthcare provider.
GERD Healthcare Provider Discussion GuideGet our printable guide for your next healthcare provider’s appointment to help you ask the right questions.Download PDFEmail AddressSign UpThank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up.There was an error. Please try again.
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Regardless of age, see your healthcare provider immediately if you experience any of these symptoms:
Frequently Asked QuestionsThe symptoms of GERD, including heartburn, can last for a couple of hours at a time. GERD is a chronic form of acid reflux that tends to reoccur more than two times a week for several weeks or more. Acid reflux episodes will tend to keep reoccurring unless they are prevented with medications or lifestyle changes.Your healthcare provider will suggest treatment based on your symptoms. This could include:Diet and lifestyle changes, such as losing weight, reducing alcohol, and avoiding certain foodsMedicine, such as antacids, H2 blockers, and proton pump inhibitorsSurgery for cases that don’t improve with lifestyle changes or medication
The symptoms of GERD, including heartburn, can last for a couple of hours at a time. GERD is a chronic form of acid reflux that tends to reoccur more than two times a week for several weeks or more. Acid reflux episodes will tend to keep reoccurring unless they are prevented with medications or lifestyle changes.
Your healthcare provider will suggest treatment based on your symptoms. This could include:Diet and lifestyle changes, such as losing weight, reducing alcohol, and avoiding certain foodsMedicine, such as antacids, H2 blockers, and proton pump inhibitorsSurgery for cases that don’t improve with lifestyle changes or medication
Your healthcare provider will suggest treatment based on your symptoms. This could include:
What Is GERD?
24 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Antunes C, Curtis SA.Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441938/Clarrett DM, Hachem C.Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD).Mo Med.Herbella FA, Patti MG.Gastroesophageal reflux disease: From pathophysiology to treatment.World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(30):3745–3749. doi:10.3748/wjg.v16.i30.3745Bösner S, Haasenritter J, Becker A, et al.Heartburn or angina? Differentiating gastrointestinal disease in primary care patients presenting with chest pain: a cross sectional diagnostic study.Int Arch Med. 2009;2:40. Published 2009 Dec 12. doi:10.1186/1755-7682-2-40Schneider GT, Vaezi MF, Francis DO.Reflux and Voice Disorders: Have We Established Causality?.Curr Otorhinolaryngol Rep. 2016;4(3):157–167. doi:10.1007/s40136-016-0121-5Bollschweiler E, Knoppe K, Wolfgarten E, Hölscher AH.Prevalence of dysphagia in patients with gastroesophageal reflux in Germany. Dysphagia.Francis DO.Chronic Cough and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y).Struch F, Schwahn C, Wallaschofski H, et al.Self-reported halitosis and gastro-esophageal reflux disease in the general population.J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(3):260–266. doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0486-8Gaude GS.Pulmonary manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease.Ann Thorac Med. 2009;4(3):115–123. doi:10.4103/1817-1737.53347Jung HK, Choung RS, Talley NJ.Gastroesophageal reflux disease and sleep disorders: evidence for a causal link and therapeutic implications.J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2010;16(1):22–29. doi:10.5056/jnm.2010.16.1.22Devault KR.Management of reflux disease in elderly patients.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y).Campagnolo AM, Priston J, Thoen RH, Medeiros T, Assunção AR.Laryngopharyngeal reflux: diagnosis, treatment, and latest research.Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;18(2):184–191. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1352504Mastronarde JG.Is There a Relationship Between GERD and Asthma?.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y).Modiano N, Gerson LB.Barrett’s esophagus: Incidence, etiology, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment.Ther Clin Risk Manag.Runge TM, Abrams JA, Shaheen NJ.Epidemiology of Barrett’s Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterol Clin North Am.Sanghi V, Thota PN.Barrett’s esophagus: novel strategies for screening and surveillance.Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2019;10:2040622319837851. Published 2019 Mar 26. doi:10.1177/2040622319837851Napier KJ, Scheerer M, Misra S.Esophageal cancer: A Review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, staging workup and treatment modalities.World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2014;6(5):112–120. doi:10.4251/wjgo.v6.i5.112Ida T, Inamori M, Inoh Y, et al.Clinical Characteristics of Severe Erosive Esophagitis among Patients with Erosive Esophagitis: A Case-control Study.Intern Med. 2017;56(11):1293–1300. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.56.8058Desai JP, Moustarah F.Esophageal Stricture. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542209/Gaude GS.Pulmonary manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease.Ann Thorac Med. 2009;4(3):115–123. doi:10.4103/1817-1737.53347Lee KJ.Nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux: assessment and clinical implications.J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011;17(2):105–107. doi:10.5056/jnm.2011.17.2.105Person E, Rife C, Freeman J, Clark A, Castell DO.A Novel Sleep Positioning Device Reduces Gastroesophageal Reflux: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Gastroenterol.Orr WC.Management of nighttime gastroesophageal reflux disease.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y).Klenzak S, Danelisen I, Brannan GD, Holland MA, van Tilburg MA.Management of gastroesophageal reflux disease: Patient and physician communication challenges and shared decision making.World J Clin Cases. 2018;6(15):892–900. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v6.i15.892Additional ReadingMayo Clinic.Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Mayo Clinic Staff.National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Symptoms & Causes of GER & GERD. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
24 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Antunes C, Curtis SA.Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441938/Clarrett DM, Hachem C.Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD).Mo Med.Herbella FA, Patti MG.Gastroesophageal reflux disease: From pathophysiology to treatment.World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(30):3745–3749. doi:10.3748/wjg.v16.i30.3745Bösner S, Haasenritter J, Becker A, et al.Heartburn or angina? Differentiating gastrointestinal disease in primary care patients presenting with chest pain: a cross sectional diagnostic study.Int Arch Med. 2009;2:40. Published 2009 Dec 12. doi:10.1186/1755-7682-2-40Schneider GT, Vaezi MF, Francis DO.Reflux and Voice Disorders: Have We Established Causality?.Curr Otorhinolaryngol Rep. 2016;4(3):157–167. doi:10.1007/s40136-016-0121-5Bollschweiler E, Knoppe K, Wolfgarten E, Hölscher AH.Prevalence of dysphagia in patients with gastroesophageal reflux in Germany. Dysphagia.Francis DO.Chronic Cough and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y).Struch F, Schwahn C, Wallaschofski H, et al.Self-reported halitosis and gastro-esophageal reflux disease in the general population.J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(3):260–266. doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0486-8Gaude GS.Pulmonary manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease.Ann Thorac Med. 2009;4(3):115–123. doi:10.4103/1817-1737.53347Jung HK, Choung RS, Talley NJ.Gastroesophageal reflux disease and sleep disorders: evidence for a causal link and therapeutic implications.J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2010;16(1):22–29. doi:10.5056/jnm.2010.16.1.22Devault KR.Management of reflux disease in elderly patients.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y).Campagnolo AM, Priston J, Thoen RH, Medeiros T, Assunção AR.Laryngopharyngeal reflux: diagnosis, treatment, and latest research.Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;18(2):184–191. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1352504Mastronarde JG.Is There a Relationship Between GERD and Asthma?.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y).Modiano N, Gerson LB.Barrett’s esophagus: Incidence, etiology, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment.Ther Clin Risk Manag.Runge TM, Abrams JA, Shaheen NJ.Epidemiology of Barrett’s Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterol Clin North Am.Sanghi V, Thota PN.Barrett’s esophagus: novel strategies for screening and surveillance.Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2019;10:2040622319837851. Published 2019 Mar 26. doi:10.1177/2040622319837851Napier KJ, Scheerer M, Misra S.Esophageal cancer: A Review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, staging workup and treatment modalities.World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2014;6(5):112–120. doi:10.4251/wjgo.v6.i5.112Ida T, Inamori M, Inoh Y, et al.Clinical Characteristics of Severe Erosive Esophagitis among Patients with Erosive Esophagitis: A Case-control Study.Intern Med. 2017;56(11):1293–1300. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.56.8058Desai JP, Moustarah F.Esophageal Stricture. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542209/Gaude GS.Pulmonary manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease.Ann Thorac Med. 2009;4(3):115–123. doi:10.4103/1817-1737.53347Lee KJ.Nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux: assessment and clinical implications.J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011;17(2):105–107. doi:10.5056/jnm.2011.17.2.105Person E, Rife C, Freeman J, Clark A, Castell DO.A Novel Sleep Positioning Device Reduces Gastroesophageal Reflux: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Gastroenterol.Orr WC.Management of nighttime gastroesophageal reflux disease.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y).Klenzak S, Danelisen I, Brannan GD, Holland MA, van Tilburg MA.Management of gastroesophageal reflux disease: Patient and physician communication challenges and shared decision making.World J Clin Cases. 2018;6(15):892–900. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v6.i15.892Additional ReadingMayo Clinic.Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Mayo Clinic Staff.National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Symptoms & Causes of GER & GERD. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Antunes C, Curtis SA.Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441938/Clarrett DM, Hachem C.Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD).Mo Med.Herbella FA, Patti MG.Gastroesophageal reflux disease: From pathophysiology to treatment.World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(30):3745–3749. doi:10.3748/wjg.v16.i30.3745Bösner S, Haasenritter J, Becker A, et al.Heartburn or angina? Differentiating gastrointestinal disease in primary care patients presenting with chest pain: a cross sectional diagnostic study.Int Arch Med. 2009;2:40. Published 2009 Dec 12. doi:10.1186/1755-7682-2-40Schneider GT, Vaezi MF, Francis DO.Reflux and Voice Disorders: Have We Established Causality?.Curr Otorhinolaryngol Rep. 2016;4(3):157–167. doi:10.1007/s40136-016-0121-5Bollschweiler E, Knoppe K, Wolfgarten E, Hölscher AH.Prevalence of dysphagia in patients with gastroesophageal reflux in Germany. Dysphagia.Francis DO.Chronic Cough and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y).Struch F, Schwahn C, Wallaschofski H, et al.Self-reported halitosis and gastro-esophageal reflux disease in the general population.J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(3):260–266. doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0486-8Gaude GS.Pulmonary manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease.Ann Thorac Med. 2009;4(3):115–123. doi:10.4103/1817-1737.53347Jung HK, Choung RS, Talley NJ.Gastroesophageal reflux disease and sleep disorders: evidence for a causal link and therapeutic implications.J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2010;16(1):22–29. doi:10.5056/jnm.2010.16.1.22Devault KR.Management of reflux disease in elderly patients.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y).Campagnolo AM, Priston J, Thoen RH, Medeiros T, Assunção AR.Laryngopharyngeal reflux: diagnosis, treatment, and latest research.Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;18(2):184–191. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1352504Mastronarde JG.Is There a Relationship Between GERD and Asthma?.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y).Modiano N, Gerson LB.Barrett’s esophagus: Incidence, etiology, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment.Ther Clin Risk Manag.Runge TM, Abrams JA, Shaheen NJ.Epidemiology of Barrett’s Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterol Clin North Am.Sanghi V, Thota PN.Barrett’s esophagus: novel strategies for screening and surveillance.Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2019;10:2040622319837851. Published 2019 Mar 26. doi:10.1177/2040622319837851Napier KJ, Scheerer M, Misra S.Esophageal cancer: A Review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, staging workup and treatment modalities.World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2014;6(5):112–120. doi:10.4251/wjgo.v6.i5.112Ida T, Inamori M, Inoh Y, et al.Clinical Characteristics of Severe Erosive Esophagitis among Patients with Erosive Esophagitis: A Case-control Study.Intern Med. 2017;56(11):1293–1300. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.56.8058Desai JP, Moustarah F.Esophageal Stricture. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542209/Gaude GS.Pulmonary manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease.Ann Thorac Med. 2009;4(3):115–123. doi:10.4103/1817-1737.53347Lee KJ.Nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux: assessment and clinical implications.J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011;17(2):105–107. doi:10.5056/jnm.2011.17.2.105Person E, Rife C, Freeman J, Clark A, Castell DO.A Novel Sleep Positioning Device Reduces Gastroesophageal Reflux: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Gastroenterol.Orr WC.Management of nighttime gastroesophageal reflux disease.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y).Klenzak S, Danelisen I, Brannan GD, Holland MA, van Tilburg MA.Management of gastroesophageal reflux disease: Patient and physician communication challenges and shared decision making.World J Clin Cases. 2018;6(15):892–900. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v6.i15.892
Antunes C, Curtis SA.Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441938/
Clarrett DM, Hachem C.Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD).Mo Med.
Herbella FA, Patti MG.Gastroesophageal reflux disease: From pathophysiology to treatment.World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(30):3745–3749. doi:10.3748/wjg.v16.i30.3745
Bösner S, Haasenritter J, Becker A, et al.Heartburn or angina? Differentiating gastrointestinal disease in primary care patients presenting with chest pain: a cross sectional diagnostic study.Int Arch Med. 2009;2:40. Published 2009 Dec 12. doi:10.1186/1755-7682-2-40
Schneider GT, Vaezi MF, Francis DO.Reflux and Voice Disorders: Have We Established Causality?.Curr Otorhinolaryngol Rep. 2016;4(3):157–167. doi:10.1007/s40136-016-0121-5
Bollschweiler E, Knoppe K, Wolfgarten E, Hölscher AH.Prevalence of dysphagia in patients with gastroesophageal reflux in Germany. Dysphagia.
Francis DO.Chronic Cough and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y).
Struch F, Schwahn C, Wallaschofski H, et al.Self-reported halitosis and gastro-esophageal reflux disease in the general population.J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(3):260–266. doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0486-8
Gaude GS.Pulmonary manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease.Ann Thorac Med. 2009;4(3):115–123. doi:10.4103/1817-1737.53347
Jung HK, Choung RS, Talley NJ.Gastroesophageal reflux disease and sleep disorders: evidence for a causal link and therapeutic implications.J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2010;16(1):22–29. doi:10.5056/jnm.2010.16.1.22
Devault KR.Management of reflux disease in elderly patients.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y).
Campagnolo AM, Priston J, Thoen RH, Medeiros T, Assunção AR.Laryngopharyngeal reflux: diagnosis, treatment, and latest research.Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;18(2):184–191. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1352504
Mastronarde JG.Is There a Relationship Between GERD and Asthma?.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y).
Modiano N, Gerson LB.Barrett’s esophagus: Incidence, etiology, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment.Ther Clin Risk Manag.
Runge TM, Abrams JA, Shaheen NJ.Epidemiology of Barrett’s Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterol Clin North Am.
Sanghi V, Thota PN.Barrett’s esophagus: novel strategies for screening and surveillance.Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2019;10:2040622319837851. Published 2019 Mar 26. doi:10.1177/2040622319837851
Napier KJ, Scheerer M, Misra S.Esophageal cancer: A Review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, staging workup and treatment modalities.World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2014;6(5):112–120. doi:10.4251/wjgo.v6.i5.112
Ida T, Inamori M, Inoh Y, et al.Clinical Characteristics of Severe Erosive Esophagitis among Patients with Erosive Esophagitis: A Case-control Study.Intern Med. 2017;56(11):1293–1300. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.56.8058
Desai JP, Moustarah F.Esophageal Stricture. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542209/
Lee KJ.Nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux: assessment and clinical implications.J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011;17(2):105–107. doi:10.5056/jnm.2011.17.2.105
Person E, Rife C, Freeman J, Clark A, Castell DO.A Novel Sleep Positioning Device Reduces Gastroesophageal Reflux: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Gastroenterol.
Orr WC.Management of nighttime gastroesophageal reflux disease.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y).
Klenzak S, Danelisen I, Brannan GD, Holland MA, van Tilburg MA.Management of gastroesophageal reflux disease: Patient and physician communication challenges and shared decision making.World J Clin Cases. 2018;6(15):892–900. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v6.i15.892
Mayo Clinic.Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Mayo Clinic Staff.National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Symptoms & Causes of GER & GERD. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Mayo Clinic.Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Mayo Clinic Staff.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Symptoms & Causes of GER & GERD. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
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