Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsHepatitis C SymptomsRare SymptomsStages of Hepatitis CComplicationsWhen to See the Healthcare ProviderFrequently Asked QuestionsNext in Hepatitis C GuideHepatitis C Rash: Skin Symptoms and Signs of Progression
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Table of Contents
Hepatitis C Symptoms
Rare Symptoms
Stages of Hepatitis C
Complications
When to See the Healthcare Provider
Frequently Asked Questions
Next in Hepatitis C Guide
Hepatitis Csymptoms vary based on the stage of infection. The most common hepatitis C symptoms include fatigue, jaundice, (yellow coloring of the skin and eyes), fever, andnausea.In advanced stages of the infection, liver failure may cause bleeding problems orencephalopathy(severe confusion). Sometimes liver cancer may develop, often manifesting as a malnourished appearance.
Symptoms of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection typically become more severe as the infection progresses. The most common symptoms of hepatitis C include:
The most common hepatitis C symptoms include symptoms that are not specific to hepatitis and occur with most infections. These symptoms are largely due to the activity of the body’s own immune system as it fights the virus.
Some of the symptoms of hepatitis C are similar to the symptoms of any liver disease.
Acute hepatitis C refers to the beginning stages of the condition. In acute hepatitis, these symptoms typically resolve on their own, although more severe cases involving jaundice and choluria may take up to a year.If acute hepatitis C progresses to long-term chronic hepatitis, these symptoms are generally more persistent.
If hepatitis C progresses to liver failure, symptoms may include generalized flu-like symptoms, as well as more specific signs of liver involvement because the virus targets the liver.
A number of less common hepatitis C symptoms can occur during the acute or chronic stages. Many of these symptoms result from liver dysfunction or from the body’s inflammatory response to the virus.
Theimpact of HCV in the bodychanges over time after the initial infection.This is largely due to the proliferation of the virus, which can reproduce inside the body, making numerous copies of itself. The progression also has to do with the cumulative effect of the virus on the liver.
The stages of HCV infection include:
The chronic stage of hepatitis C can persist for decades. During this time,steatosis(chronic build-up of fats) and fibrosis (progressive scarring of tissue) can cause damage to the liver. Both of the conditions often develop silently, with most people experiencing little or no signs of illness.
End-stage liver disease refers to the point where the liver has been severely damaged and is unable to function. Symptoms are usually highly evident at this stage, often affecting multiple organ systems, including the brain, kidney, and upper digestive tract.
Compensated cirrhosis means that the liver is functioning relatively well and, as such, may cause minimal symptoms. When present, symptoms can include complications involving the skin, muscles, and joints as the constricted blood supply triggers both an increase in localized blood pressure, known asportal hypertensionand a build-up of bile and other toxins.
Among the possible symptoms of compensated cirrhosis:
The end stage complications of hepatitis C infection include:
Decompensated cirrhosis is a serious condition in which the progressive scarring of the liver has left it severely damaged and unable to function.Symptoms are often profuse and progressive and can present in a number of ways, including:
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a type of liver cancer that develops almost exclusively in association with cirrhosis in people with hepatitis C.The symptoms of HCC are similar to those of decompensated cirrhosis and can include:
Outcomes of end-stage liver disease are generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of 50 percent in persons with decompensated cirrhosis and 30 percent in those with HCC.
Because hepatitis C symptoms may not occur in early stages, and because they are not always terribly alarming, even in the acute and chronic stages, you may need to see a healthcare provider even if you do not have obvious symptoms of the infection.
How Do You Get Hepatitis C?You should see your healthcare provider if you have been exposed to the virus, either recently or at any time in the past. Some of the main causes of hepatitis C infection are:Having unprotected sex with someone who has or who could have HCVSharing needles with anyoneHaving had a cut or a break in your skin from a needle, glass, or any other object that was or could have been contaminated with HCV infected blood
How Do You Get Hepatitis C?
You should see your healthcare provider if you have been exposed to the virus, either recently or at any time in the past. Some of the main causes of hepatitis C infection are:Having unprotected sex with someone who has or who could have HCVSharing needles with anyoneHaving had a cut or a break in your skin from a needle, glass, or any other object that was or could have been contaminated with HCV infected blood
You should see your healthcare provider if you have been exposed to the virus, either recently or at any time in the past. Some of the main causes of hepatitis C infection are:
Hepatitis C Healthcare Provider Discussion GuideGet our printable guide for your next healthcare provider’s appointment to help you ask the right questions.Download PDFEmail AddressSign UpThank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up.There was an error. Please try again.
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If you develop symptoms of liver failure or severe infection, you should also see your healthcare provider, as the cause could be HCV or another serious condition that also requires medical attention. Signs and symptoms to look out for include:
Frequently Asked QuestionsSome people who contract hepatitis C never show symptoms and it is possible totransmit this diseaseto someone else without showing symptoms. For people who do show symptoms, they typically appear two to 12 weeks after exposure. Symptoms of liver disease or failure can then show up years later.Yes, the use of antiviral medication, specifically direct-acting antivirals, has been shown to cure more than 95% of hepatitis C cases.If hepatitis C infection goes untreated, it can lead to lifelong chronic hepatitis. Chronic hepatitis that’s not treated can result in liver damage, cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), liver cancer, and death.
Some people who contract hepatitis C never show symptoms and it is possible totransmit this diseaseto someone else without showing symptoms. For people who do show symptoms, they typically appear two to 12 weeks after exposure. Symptoms of liver disease or failure can then show up years later.
Yes, the use of antiviral medication, specifically direct-acting antivirals, has been shown to cure more than 95% of hepatitis C cases.
If hepatitis C infection goes untreated, it can lead to lifelong chronic hepatitis. Chronic hepatitis that’s not treated can result in liver damage, cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), liver cancer, and death.
Causes and Risk Factors of Hepatitis
27 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Basit H, Tyagi I, Koirala J.Hepatitis C. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430897/Blackard JT, Shata MT, Shire NJ, Sherman KE.Acute hepatitis C virus infection: a chronic problem [published correction appears in Hepatology. 2008 Feb;47(2):769].Hepatology. 2008;47(1):321‐331. doi:10.1002/hep.21902Schaefer TJ, John S.Acute Hepatitis. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551570/Posthouwer D, Mauser-Bunschoten EP, Fischer K, VAN Erpecum KJ, DE Knegt RJ.Significant liver damage in patients with bleeding disorders and chronic hepatitis C: non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis using transient elastography.J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5(1):25‐30. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02272.xCoucke EM, Akbar H, Kahloon A, et al.Biliary Obstruction. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539698/Rosu AF, Freitas C, Marinho RT, Velosa J.Spontaneous Cure of Acute Hepatitis C.Curr Health Sci J. 2015;41(4):375-378.Ringelhan M, McKeating JA, Protzer U.Viral hepatitis and liver cancer [published correction appears in Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2018 Jan 5;373(1737):].Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2017;372(1732):20160274. doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0274Heathcote J.Weighty issues in hepatitis C.Gut. 2002;51(1):7‐8. doi:10.1136/gut.51.1.7Monaco S, Ferrari S, Gajofatto A, Zanusso G, Mariotto S.HCV-related nervous system disorders.Clin Dev Immunol. 2012;2012:236148. doi:10.1155/2012/236148Dalai SP, Meher LK, Behera SK, Nayak S, Tripathy SK.An Unusual Case of HCV Negative Cryoglobulinemia Presenting as Symmetrical Peripheral Gangrene.J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(4):OD18‐OD19. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/18673.7625Sayiner ZA, Haque U, Malik MU, Gurakar A.Hepatitis C virus infection and its rheumatologic implications.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2014;10(5):287‐293.Ragab G, Hussein MA.Vasculitic syndromes in hepatitis C virus: A review.J Adv Res. 2017;8(2):99‐111. doi:10.1016/j.jare.2016.11.002Charles ED, Dustin LB.Hepatitis C virus-induced cryoglobulinemia.Kidney Int. 2009;76(8):818‐824. doi:10.1038/ki.2009.247Kamal S.PROGRESSION OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION WITH AND WITHOUT SCHISTOSOMIASIS. In: Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial Threats; Knobler SL, O’Connor S, Lemon SM, et al., editors. The Infectious Etiology of Chronic Diseases: Defining the Relationship, Enhancing the Research, and Mitigating the Effects: Workshop Summary. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2004. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK83706/Hoofnagle JH.Hepatitis C: the clinical spectrum of disease.Hepatology. 1997;26(3 Suppl 1):15S‐20S. doi:10.1002/hep.510260703Grebely J, Prins M, Hellard M, et al.Hepatitis C virus clearance, reinfection, and persistence, with insights from studies of injecting drug users: towards a vaccine.Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(5):408-14.Hepatitis C.World Health Organization. who.intFabrizi F, Poordad FF, Martin P.Hepatitis C infection and the patient with end-stage renal disease.Hepatology. 2002;36(1):3‐10. doi:10.1053/jhep.2002.34613Abd el-kader SM, El-den ashmawy EM. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: The diagnosis and management.World J Hepatol. 2015;7(6):846-58. doi:10.4254/wjh.v7.i6.846Khullar V, Firpi RJ.Hepatitis C cirrhosis: New perspectives for diagnosis and treatment.World J Hepatol. 2015;7(14):1843‐1855. doi:10.4254/wjh.v7.i14.1843Ekpanyapong S, Reddy KR.Hepatitis C virus therapy in advanced liver disease: Outcomes and challenges.United European Gastroenterol J. 2019;7(5):642‐650. doi:10.1177/2050640619840149Ratti L, Pozzi M, Bosch J.Pathophysiology of portal hypertension in HCV-related cirrhosis. Putative role of assessment of portal pressure gradient in Peginterferon-treated patients.Dig Liver Dis. 2005;37(11):886‐893. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2005.04.029Mansour D, McPherson S.Management of decompensated cirrhosis.Clin Med (Lond). 2018;18(Suppl 2):s60‐s65. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.18-2-s60Axley P, Ahmed Z, Ravi S, Singal AK.Hepatitis C Virus and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Narrative Review.J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2018;6(1):79-84. doi:10.14218/JCTH.2017.00067Kim SM, Song IH.Hepatitis C virus infection in chronic kidney disease: paradigm shift in management.Korean J Intern Med. 2018;33(4):670-678. doi:10.3904/kjim.2018.202Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Hepatitis C.World Health Organization.Hepatitis C.Additional ReadingHepatitis C Questions and Answers for Health Professionals | CDC.Cdc.gov.Bazerbachi F, Leise MD, Watt KD, Murad MH, Prokop LJ, Haffar S.Systematic review of mixed cryoglobulinemia associated with hepatitis E virus infection: association or causation?Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf). 2017 Aug;5(3):178-184. doi: 10.1093/gastro/gox021.Bush H, Golabi P, Otgonsuren M, Rafiq N, Venkatesan C, Younossi ZM.Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver is Contributing to the Increase in Cases of Liver Disease in US Emergency Departments. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2018 Mar 30. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000001026.
27 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Basit H, Tyagi I, Koirala J.Hepatitis C. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430897/Blackard JT, Shata MT, Shire NJ, Sherman KE.Acute hepatitis C virus infection: a chronic problem [published correction appears in Hepatology. 2008 Feb;47(2):769].Hepatology. 2008;47(1):321‐331. doi:10.1002/hep.21902Schaefer TJ, John S.Acute Hepatitis. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551570/Posthouwer D, Mauser-Bunschoten EP, Fischer K, VAN Erpecum KJ, DE Knegt RJ.Significant liver damage in patients with bleeding disorders and chronic hepatitis C: non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis using transient elastography.J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5(1):25‐30. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02272.xCoucke EM, Akbar H, Kahloon A, et al.Biliary Obstruction. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539698/Rosu AF, Freitas C, Marinho RT, Velosa J.Spontaneous Cure of Acute Hepatitis C.Curr Health Sci J. 2015;41(4):375-378.Ringelhan M, McKeating JA, Protzer U.Viral hepatitis and liver cancer [published correction appears in Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2018 Jan 5;373(1737):].Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2017;372(1732):20160274. doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0274Heathcote J.Weighty issues in hepatitis C.Gut. 2002;51(1):7‐8. doi:10.1136/gut.51.1.7Monaco S, Ferrari S, Gajofatto A, Zanusso G, Mariotto S.HCV-related nervous system disorders.Clin Dev Immunol. 2012;2012:236148. doi:10.1155/2012/236148Dalai SP, Meher LK, Behera SK, Nayak S, Tripathy SK.An Unusual Case of HCV Negative Cryoglobulinemia Presenting as Symmetrical Peripheral Gangrene.J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(4):OD18‐OD19. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/18673.7625Sayiner ZA, Haque U, Malik MU, Gurakar A.Hepatitis C virus infection and its rheumatologic implications.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2014;10(5):287‐293.Ragab G, Hussein MA.Vasculitic syndromes in hepatitis C virus: A review.J Adv Res. 2017;8(2):99‐111. doi:10.1016/j.jare.2016.11.002Charles ED, Dustin LB.Hepatitis C virus-induced cryoglobulinemia.Kidney Int. 2009;76(8):818‐824. doi:10.1038/ki.2009.247Kamal S.PROGRESSION OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION WITH AND WITHOUT SCHISTOSOMIASIS. In: Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial Threats; Knobler SL, O’Connor S, Lemon SM, et al., editors. The Infectious Etiology of Chronic Diseases: Defining the Relationship, Enhancing the Research, and Mitigating the Effects: Workshop Summary. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2004. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK83706/Hoofnagle JH.Hepatitis C: the clinical spectrum of disease.Hepatology. 1997;26(3 Suppl 1):15S‐20S. doi:10.1002/hep.510260703Grebely J, Prins M, Hellard M, et al.Hepatitis C virus clearance, reinfection, and persistence, with insights from studies of injecting drug users: towards a vaccine.Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(5):408-14.Hepatitis C.World Health Organization. who.intFabrizi F, Poordad FF, Martin P.Hepatitis C infection and the patient with end-stage renal disease.Hepatology. 2002;36(1):3‐10. doi:10.1053/jhep.2002.34613Abd el-kader SM, El-den ashmawy EM. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: The diagnosis and management.World J Hepatol. 2015;7(6):846-58. doi:10.4254/wjh.v7.i6.846Khullar V, Firpi RJ.Hepatitis C cirrhosis: New perspectives for diagnosis and treatment.World J Hepatol. 2015;7(14):1843‐1855. doi:10.4254/wjh.v7.i14.1843Ekpanyapong S, Reddy KR.Hepatitis C virus therapy in advanced liver disease: Outcomes and challenges.United European Gastroenterol J. 2019;7(5):642‐650. doi:10.1177/2050640619840149Ratti L, Pozzi M, Bosch J.Pathophysiology of portal hypertension in HCV-related cirrhosis. Putative role of assessment of portal pressure gradient in Peginterferon-treated patients.Dig Liver Dis. 2005;37(11):886‐893. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2005.04.029Mansour D, McPherson S.Management of decompensated cirrhosis.Clin Med (Lond). 2018;18(Suppl 2):s60‐s65. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.18-2-s60Axley P, Ahmed Z, Ravi S, Singal AK.Hepatitis C Virus and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Narrative Review.J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2018;6(1):79-84. doi:10.14218/JCTH.2017.00067Kim SM, Song IH.Hepatitis C virus infection in chronic kidney disease: paradigm shift in management.Korean J Intern Med. 2018;33(4):670-678. doi:10.3904/kjim.2018.202Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Hepatitis C.World Health Organization.Hepatitis C.Additional ReadingHepatitis C Questions and Answers for Health Professionals | CDC.Cdc.gov.Bazerbachi F, Leise MD, Watt KD, Murad MH, Prokop LJ, Haffar S.Systematic review of mixed cryoglobulinemia associated with hepatitis E virus infection: association or causation?Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf). 2017 Aug;5(3):178-184. doi: 10.1093/gastro/gox021.Bush H, Golabi P, Otgonsuren M, Rafiq N, Venkatesan C, Younossi ZM.Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver is Contributing to the Increase in Cases of Liver Disease in US Emergency Departments. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2018 Mar 30. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000001026.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Basit H, Tyagi I, Koirala J.Hepatitis C. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430897/Blackard JT, Shata MT, Shire NJ, Sherman KE.Acute hepatitis C virus infection: a chronic problem [published correction appears in Hepatology. 2008 Feb;47(2):769].Hepatology. 2008;47(1):321‐331. doi:10.1002/hep.21902Schaefer TJ, John S.Acute Hepatitis. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551570/Posthouwer D, Mauser-Bunschoten EP, Fischer K, VAN Erpecum KJ, DE Knegt RJ.Significant liver damage in patients with bleeding disorders and chronic hepatitis C: non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis using transient elastography.J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5(1):25‐30. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02272.xCoucke EM, Akbar H, Kahloon A, et al.Biliary Obstruction. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539698/Rosu AF, Freitas C, Marinho RT, Velosa J.Spontaneous Cure of Acute Hepatitis C.Curr Health Sci J. 2015;41(4):375-378.Ringelhan M, McKeating JA, Protzer U.Viral hepatitis and liver cancer [published correction appears in Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2018 Jan 5;373(1737):].Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2017;372(1732):20160274. doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0274Heathcote J.Weighty issues in hepatitis C.Gut. 2002;51(1):7‐8. doi:10.1136/gut.51.1.7Monaco S, Ferrari S, Gajofatto A, Zanusso G, Mariotto S.HCV-related nervous system disorders.Clin Dev Immunol. 2012;2012:236148. doi:10.1155/2012/236148Dalai SP, Meher LK, Behera SK, Nayak S, Tripathy SK.An Unusual Case of HCV Negative Cryoglobulinemia Presenting as Symmetrical Peripheral Gangrene.J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(4):OD18‐OD19. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/18673.7625Sayiner ZA, Haque U, Malik MU, Gurakar A.Hepatitis C virus infection and its rheumatologic implications.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2014;10(5):287‐293.Ragab G, Hussein MA.Vasculitic syndromes in hepatitis C virus: A review.J Adv Res. 2017;8(2):99‐111. doi:10.1016/j.jare.2016.11.002Charles ED, Dustin LB.Hepatitis C virus-induced cryoglobulinemia.Kidney Int. 2009;76(8):818‐824. doi:10.1038/ki.2009.247Kamal S.PROGRESSION OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION WITH AND WITHOUT SCHISTOSOMIASIS. In: Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial Threats; Knobler SL, O’Connor S, Lemon SM, et al., editors. The Infectious Etiology of Chronic Diseases: Defining the Relationship, Enhancing the Research, and Mitigating the Effects: Workshop Summary. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2004. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK83706/Hoofnagle JH.Hepatitis C: the clinical spectrum of disease.Hepatology. 1997;26(3 Suppl 1):15S‐20S. doi:10.1002/hep.510260703Grebely J, Prins M, Hellard M, et al.Hepatitis C virus clearance, reinfection, and persistence, with insights from studies of injecting drug users: towards a vaccine.Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(5):408-14.Hepatitis C.World Health Organization. who.intFabrizi F, Poordad FF, Martin P.Hepatitis C infection and the patient with end-stage renal disease.Hepatology. 2002;36(1):3‐10. doi:10.1053/jhep.2002.34613Abd el-kader SM, El-den ashmawy EM. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: The diagnosis and management.World J Hepatol. 2015;7(6):846-58. doi:10.4254/wjh.v7.i6.846Khullar V, Firpi RJ.Hepatitis C cirrhosis: New perspectives for diagnosis and treatment.World J Hepatol. 2015;7(14):1843‐1855. doi:10.4254/wjh.v7.i14.1843Ekpanyapong S, Reddy KR.Hepatitis C virus therapy in advanced liver disease: Outcomes and challenges.United European Gastroenterol J. 2019;7(5):642‐650. doi:10.1177/2050640619840149Ratti L, Pozzi M, Bosch J.Pathophysiology of portal hypertension in HCV-related cirrhosis. Putative role of assessment of portal pressure gradient in Peginterferon-treated patients.Dig Liver Dis. 2005;37(11):886‐893. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2005.04.029Mansour D, McPherson S.Management of decompensated cirrhosis.Clin Med (Lond). 2018;18(Suppl 2):s60‐s65. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.18-2-s60Axley P, Ahmed Z, Ravi S, Singal AK.Hepatitis C Virus and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Narrative Review.J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2018;6(1):79-84. doi:10.14218/JCTH.2017.00067Kim SM, Song IH.Hepatitis C virus infection in chronic kidney disease: paradigm shift in management.Korean J Intern Med. 2018;33(4):670-678. doi:10.3904/kjim.2018.202Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Hepatitis C.World Health Organization.Hepatitis C.
Basit H, Tyagi I, Koirala J.Hepatitis C. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430897/
Blackard JT, Shata MT, Shire NJ, Sherman KE.Acute hepatitis C virus infection: a chronic problem [published correction appears in Hepatology. 2008 Feb;47(2):769].Hepatology. 2008;47(1):321‐331. doi:10.1002/hep.21902
Schaefer TJ, John S.Acute Hepatitis. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551570/
Posthouwer D, Mauser-Bunschoten EP, Fischer K, VAN Erpecum KJ, DE Knegt RJ.Significant liver damage in patients with bleeding disorders and chronic hepatitis C: non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis using transient elastography.J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5(1):25‐30. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02272.x
Coucke EM, Akbar H, Kahloon A, et al.Biliary Obstruction. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539698/
Rosu AF, Freitas C, Marinho RT, Velosa J.Spontaneous Cure of Acute Hepatitis C.Curr Health Sci J. 2015;41(4):375-378.
Ringelhan M, McKeating JA, Protzer U.Viral hepatitis and liver cancer [published correction appears in Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2018 Jan 5;373(1737):].Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2017;372(1732):20160274. doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0274
Heathcote J.Weighty issues in hepatitis C.Gut. 2002;51(1):7‐8. doi:10.1136/gut.51.1.7
Monaco S, Ferrari S, Gajofatto A, Zanusso G, Mariotto S.HCV-related nervous system disorders.Clin Dev Immunol. 2012;2012:236148. doi:10.1155/2012/236148
Dalai SP, Meher LK, Behera SK, Nayak S, Tripathy SK.An Unusual Case of HCV Negative Cryoglobulinemia Presenting as Symmetrical Peripheral Gangrene.J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(4):OD18‐OD19. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/18673.7625
Sayiner ZA, Haque U, Malik MU, Gurakar A.Hepatitis C virus infection and its rheumatologic implications.Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2014;10(5):287‐293.
Ragab G, Hussein MA.Vasculitic syndromes in hepatitis C virus: A review.J Adv Res. 2017;8(2):99‐111. doi:10.1016/j.jare.2016.11.002
Charles ED, Dustin LB.Hepatitis C virus-induced cryoglobulinemia.Kidney Int. 2009;76(8):818‐824. doi:10.1038/ki.2009.247
Kamal S.PROGRESSION OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION WITH AND WITHOUT SCHISTOSOMIASIS. In: Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial Threats; Knobler SL, O’Connor S, Lemon SM, et al., editors. The Infectious Etiology of Chronic Diseases: Defining the Relationship, Enhancing the Research, and Mitigating the Effects: Workshop Summary. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2004. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK83706/
Hoofnagle JH.Hepatitis C: the clinical spectrum of disease.Hepatology. 1997;26(3 Suppl 1):15S‐20S. doi:10.1002/hep.510260703
Grebely J, Prins M, Hellard M, et al.Hepatitis C virus clearance, reinfection, and persistence, with insights from studies of injecting drug users: towards a vaccine.Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(5):408-14.
Hepatitis C.World Health Organization. who.int
Fabrizi F, Poordad FF, Martin P.Hepatitis C infection and the patient with end-stage renal disease.Hepatology. 2002;36(1):3‐10. doi:10.1053/jhep.2002.34613
Abd el-kader SM, El-den ashmawy EM. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: The diagnosis and management.World J Hepatol. 2015;7(6):846-58. doi:10.4254/wjh.v7.i6.846
Khullar V, Firpi RJ.Hepatitis C cirrhosis: New perspectives for diagnosis and treatment.World J Hepatol. 2015;7(14):1843‐1855. doi:10.4254/wjh.v7.i14.1843
Ekpanyapong S, Reddy KR.Hepatitis C virus therapy in advanced liver disease: Outcomes and challenges.United European Gastroenterol J. 2019;7(5):642‐650. doi:10.1177/2050640619840149
Ratti L, Pozzi M, Bosch J.Pathophysiology of portal hypertension in HCV-related cirrhosis. Putative role of assessment of portal pressure gradient in Peginterferon-treated patients.Dig Liver Dis. 2005;37(11):886‐893. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2005.04.029
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Hepatitis C Questions and Answers for Health Professionals | CDC.Cdc.gov.
Bazerbachi F, Leise MD, Watt KD, Murad MH, Prokop LJ, Haffar S.Systematic review of mixed cryoglobulinemia associated with hepatitis E virus infection: association or causation?Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf). 2017 Aug;5(3):178-184. doi: 10.1093/gastro/gox021.
Bush H, Golabi P, Otgonsuren M, Rafiq N, Venkatesan C, Younossi ZM.Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver is Contributing to the Increase in Cases of Liver Disease in US Emergency Departments. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2018 Mar 30. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000001026.
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