Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsFrequent SymptomsUncommon SymptomsComplicationsWhen to See a Healthcare ProviderNext in Overactive Bladder GuideHow Overactive Bladder Is Treated
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Frequent Symptoms
Uncommon Symptoms
Complications
When to See a Healthcare Provider
Next in Overactive Bladder Guide
Overactive bladder (OAB) is a condition in which the frequent need to urinate undermines a person’s quality of life. It is believed to affect as many as 1 in 4 adult women and 1 in 6 adult men in the United States.
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While urinary urgency, the sudden urge to empty thebladder, is the defining symptom of OAB, the failure to appropriately treat the condition can lead to an array of unexpected—and potentially debilitating—complications.
Although OAB is not life-threatening, it is a condition that can persist for years if not treated appropriately. Even so, as many as 61% of people with OAB will experience symptoms even with treatment, albeit to varying degrees.
How Overactive Bladder Differs in Men and Women
Urinary Urgency
Urinary urgency is the central feature of OAB, the symptom of which can occur during the day, at nighttime, or both.
Defined as the “sudden, compelling desire to pass urine which is difficult to defer,” urinary urgency is about more than “not being able to hold it” or “having a small bladder.”Rather, it is a physiological impulse that causes the sudden, involuntary contraction of the muscular wall of the bladder.
When urinary urgency occurs at night, it is referred to as nocturia. Nocturia will often manifest with an abrupt awakening from sleep and a rush to the bathroom to urinate. In people with OAB, this canoccur one or more times per night.Around 50% of people with daytime (diurnal) urgency will also experience nocturia.
Due to the chronic interruption of sleep, people with nocturia will often experience daytime drowsiness, a loss of concentration, andfatigue.
What Is Neurogenic Bladder?
Urinary Frequency
Urinary frequency, the need to urinate more frequently than normal, is typically described as having to urinate more than seven times within the course of 24 hours.Although this can occur in people who drink lots of fluids, takediuretics, or consume too muchcaffeine, it is considered a classic sign of OAB in the absence of any provoking factor.
Urinary frequency can occur in the absence of urinary urgency. In such cases, OAB is a less likely cause.
Polyuria
Polyuria—literally “multiple” (poly-) “urination” (-uria)—is a term often used interchangeably with urinary frequency but one that specifically describes the volume of urine output within a 24-hour period, during the day or at night.
Polyuria at night is aptly described asnocturnal polyuria, while polyuria in the daytime is called diurnal polyuria. Global polyuria, the key diagnostic measure for polyuria, is excessive urine output in 24 hours.
Polyuria is an important diagnostic sign, as excessive urine loss can lead todehydration, excessive thirst (polydipsia), and other adverse symptoms. It is also the one feature of OAB that can be measured quantitatively.
According to the International Continence Society, polyuria can be diagnosed when the urine output is more than 40 milliliters per kilogram of body weight per day (mL/kg/day). In an adult weighing 140 pounds (64 kg), that translates to an output of 2.5 liters per day.
The normal adult urine output should be anywhere from 12 to 36 mL/kg/day.
While polyuria is a central feature of OAB, it can occur with many other conditions, including diabetes,kidney disease,Cushing’s syndrome, and others.
Can Drinking Too Much Water Make You Dizzy?
Urge Incontinence
Urge incontinence differs from otherforms of incontinencein that urinary urgency is involved. By contrast, other types of incontinence occur without urgency and are mainly due to the failure of theurethraand pelvic floor to withstand abdominal pressure.
Urge incontinence can co-exist with another condition called stress incontinence, in which physical movement—such as coughing, laughing, sneezing, or heavy lifting—can cause you to leak urine. When they occur together, the condition is referred to as mixed incontinence.
Not everyone with OAB will experience urinary incontinence. Most research suggests that around 67% of adults will experience “dry OAB” while 33% will experience “wet OAB.”
How Bladder Control Problems Are Treated
Other symptoms can affect people with OAB depending on the underlying cause, the person’s age or sex, and other factors. Chief among these are bowel symptoms which may be directly or indirectly linked to OAB.
Fecal Incontinence
Fecal incontinence, the sudden loss of bowel control, is more common in some groups with OAB than others.
According to a 2018 study inNeurourology and Urodynamics,older adults with OAB are far more likely to experience fecal incontinence than any other group, including older adults in the general population. A person’s sex also factors in, with women more likely to experience severe fecal incontinence than their male counterparts.
A number of co-occurring conditions appear to increase the risk of fecal incontinence in people with OAB, some of which are aging-related and others of which are not. These includeirritable bowel syndrome,degenerative disc disease, fibromyalgia, andchronic fatigue syndrome.
According to the researchers, urinary and fecal incontinence may share common causes within the context of OAB, such as the deterioration of pelvic organs paired with the overactivity ofsmooth musclesthat regulate urinary and bowel function.Further research is needed.
Constipation
On the flip side, OAB may be linked tofunctional constipationin women, suggests a 2017 study inBioMed Research International.
Functional constipation, also known as chronic idiopathic constipation, is diagnosed when no specific cause can be found. Women over 40 are far more likely to experience this than men.
According to the study, rectal distention significantly influences the sensation of bladder filling, leading to urinary urgency and urinary incontinence in some women. Beyond the mechanical stress placed on the organs, there may also be “crosstalk” between the neural pathways that regulate the smooth muscles of the rectum and bladder.
Compared to women without functional constipation, women with functional constipation are 62% more likely to have OAB and three times more likely to experience OAB with urinary incontinence.
Is It Dangerous to Hold Your Pee?
In the past, OAB was not thought to be a progressive disease but rather one that was variable and could fluctuate over time. There is increasing evidence that this isnotthe case in all people and that, if left untreated, OAB can cause a number of short-term and long-term complications.
Dehydration
Polyuria is almost invariably linked to an increased risk ofdehydration. In people with OAB, in whom polyuria may be chronic, the loss of body fluids increases the concentration of urine, which acts as an irritant in the bladder. Studies have long suggested that this promotes urinary incontinence in people with OAB.
Chronic dehydration can also promote the formation of urinary crystals that develop intorenal calculi(kidney stones) over time.Constipationis also a common concern.
Upper Urinary Tract Infections
The persistent stress placed on the bladder from years of muscular contractions can induce structural changes to the bladder itself, including:
These conditions often co-occur and are both associated with an increased risk of upperurinary tract infections (UTIs).
With a trabeculated bladder, the loss of muscle tone can causeurine to reflux(backflow) into the kidneys and establish an infection (calledpyelonephritis). With a bladder diverticulum, the same can occur due tobladder outlet obstruction.
In rare cases, a bladder diverticulum can cause the organ to rupture, requiring emergency surgery.
6 Urological Conditions That Require Emergency Care
Depression
Beyond the physical toll that OAB can inflict on the body, it can also cause serious emotional harm to people unable to cope with their urinary symptoms.
A 2016 study published inBMC Urologyreported that around 30% of people with OAB meet the clinical definition of depression. Not surprisingly, the severity of depression typically corresponds to the severity of OAB symptoms.
Compared to counterparts without depression, people with OAB and depression are 68% more likely to experience severe incontinence and report that OAB interfered with their quality of life and ability to function.
While external factors such as social isolation, nocturia-induced fatigue, and loss of productivity at work may contribute to the onset of depression, some researchers believe there is a mechanistic link between OAB and clinical depression.
In a similar vein, diminished executive function is characteristic ofmajor depressionand may account for why OAB is often more severe in those with depression.
If so, physiological and psychological factors may perpetuate a cycle wherein OAB triggers feelings of anxiety/depression, and anxiety/depression promotes or intensifies symptoms of OAB.
What Does Pain With Urination Mean?
One of the primary features of OAB is a diminished quality of life. As such, if any urological symptom is causing you persistent anxiety or impeding your ability to function, ask your healthcare provider for a referral to aurologistfor further evaluation.
It is also important to recognize the symptoms of OAB and not to dismiss them as a “part of getting old.” Although OAB is more common in older adults, most older adults do not get it.
For this reason, you should see a urologist if you experience:
If treated appropriately, symptoms of OAB may be greatly reduced and in some cases disappear altogether.
How Overactive Bladder (OAB) Self-Care Relieves and Controls Symptoms
24 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Reynolds WS, Fowkes J, Dmochowsi R.The burden of overactive bladder on US public health.Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep. 2016 Mar;11(1):8–13. doi:10.1007/s11884-016-0344-9Lightner DJ, Gomelsky A, Souter L, et al.Diagnosis and treatment of overactive bladder (non-neurogenic) in adults: AUA/SUFU guideline amendment 2019.J Urol.2019;202:558. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000000309Salvatore S, Espuña-Pons M, Tubaro A.Urinary urgency: a symptom in need of a cure.Res Rep Urol. 2019;11:327–31. doi:10.2147/RRU.S216757Wallace KM, Drake MJ.Overactive bladder.F1000Res.2015;4:F1000 Faculty Rev-1406. doi:10.12688/f1000research.7131.1Leron E. Weintraub AY, Mstrolia SA, Schwarzman P.Overactive bladder syndrome: evaluation and management.Curr Urol. 2018 Mar;11(3):117–25. doi:10.1159/000447205Leslie SW, Sajjad H, Singh S.Nocturia. In: StatPearls [Internet].Hajiha M, Elterman D.Urinary urgency and frequency in a 53-year-old woman.CMAJ.2016 Jan 5;188(1):59–60. doi:10.1503/cmaj.150255Monaghan TF, Rahman AN, Miller CD, et al.Overlap between nocturnal polyuria, diurnal polyuria, and 24-h polyuria among men with nocturia.Int Urol Nephrol.2020;52,1845–19. doi:10.1007/s11255-020-02502-1Hashim H, Blanker MH, Drake MJ, et al.International Continence Society (ICS) report on the terminology for nocturia and nocturnal lower urinary tract function.Neurourol Urodyn. 2019 Feb;38(2):499-508. doi:10.1002/nau.23917Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Urine output.Bhasin B, Velez JCQ.Evaluation of polyuria: the roles of solute loading and water diuresis.Am J Kidney Dis.2016 Mar;67(3):P507-11. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.10.021Harris S, Riggs J.Mixed urinary incontinence. In: StatPearls.Bahloul M, Abbas AM, Abo-Elhagag A, Elsnosy E, Youssef AEA.Prevalence of overactive bladder symptoms and urinary incontinence in a tertiary care hospital in Egypt.Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol.2017 Jun;6(6):2132-6. doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20172302Lim C, Cohn J, Kowalik C, Kaufman M, Dmochowski R, Reynolds WS.Risk factors associated with fecal incontinence in patients with overactive bladder.J Urology.2018 May;199(4S Suppl):e348.Maeda T, Tomita M, Nakazawa A, et al.Female functional constipation is associated with overactive bladder symptoms and urinary incontinence.BioMed Res Int.2017;2017:Article ID 2138073. doi:10.1155/2017/2138073Xin HW, Fang XC, Zhu LM, et al.Diagnosis of functional constipation: agreement between Rome III and Rome II criteria and evaluation for the practicality.J Dig Dis. 2014;15(6):314–20. doi:10.1111/1751-2980.12145Wyndaele JJ.Overactive bladder, differential diagnosis, and clinical utility of fesoterodine. Int J Gen Med. 2012;5:943-51. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S24236Truzzi JC, Gomes CM, Bezerra CA, et al.Overactive bladder – 18 years – part I.Int Braz J Urol. 2016 Mar-Apr;42(2):188–98. doi:10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2015.0365Storme O, Saucedo JT, Garcia-Mora A, Dehesa-Davila M, Naber NG.Risk factors and predisposing conditions for urinary tract infection.Ther Adv Urol. 2019 Jan-Dec;11:1756287218814382. doi:10.1177/1756287218814382Gani J, Hennessey D.The underactive bladder: diagnosis and surgical treatment options.Transl Androl Urol. 2017 Jul; 6(Suppl 2):S186–95. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.04.07Lai HH, Shen B, Rawal A, Vetter J.The relationship between depression and overactive bladder/urinary incontinence symptoms in the clinical OAB population.BMC Urol. 2016;16:60. doi:10.1186/s12894-016-0179-xGibson W, Makhani A, Hunter KF, Wagg A.Do older adults with overactive bladder demonstrate impaired executive function compared to their peers without OAB?Can Geriatr J. 2020;23:329-34. doi:10.5770/cgj.23.423Sakakibara R, Ito T, Yamamoto T, et al.Depression, anxiety and the bladder.Low Urin Tract Symptoms.2013 Sep;5(3):109-20. doi:10.1111/luts.12018Wolfe GF, Kuchel GA, Smith PP.Overactive bladder in the vulnerable elderly.Res Rep Urol.2014;6:131–8. doi:10.2147/RRU.S41843
24 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Reynolds WS, Fowkes J, Dmochowsi R.The burden of overactive bladder on US public health.Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep. 2016 Mar;11(1):8–13. doi:10.1007/s11884-016-0344-9Lightner DJ, Gomelsky A, Souter L, et al.Diagnosis and treatment of overactive bladder (non-neurogenic) in adults: AUA/SUFU guideline amendment 2019.J Urol.2019;202:558. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000000309Salvatore S, Espuña-Pons M, Tubaro A.Urinary urgency: a symptom in need of a cure.Res Rep Urol. 2019;11:327–31. doi:10.2147/RRU.S216757Wallace KM, Drake MJ.Overactive bladder.F1000Res.2015;4:F1000 Faculty Rev-1406. doi:10.12688/f1000research.7131.1Leron E. Weintraub AY, Mstrolia SA, Schwarzman P.Overactive bladder syndrome: evaluation and management.Curr Urol. 2018 Mar;11(3):117–25. doi:10.1159/000447205Leslie SW, Sajjad H, Singh S.Nocturia. In: StatPearls [Internet].Hajiha M, Elterman D.Urinary urgency and frequency in a 53-year-old woman.CMAJ.2016 Jan 5;188(1):59–60. doi:10.1503/cmaj.150255Monaghan TF, Rahman AN, Miller CD, et al.Overlap between nocturnal polyuria, diurnal polyuria, and 24-h polyuria among men with nocturia.Int Urol Nephrol.2020;52,1845–19. doi:10.1007/s11255-020-02502-1Hashim H, Blanker MH, Drake MJ, et al.International Continence Society (ICS) report on the terminology for nocturia and nocturnal lower urinary tract function.Neurourol Urodyn. 2019 Feb;38(2):499-508. doi:10.1002/nau.23917Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Urine output.Bhasin B, Velez JCQ.Evaluation of polyuria: the roles of solute loading and water diuresis.Am J Kidney Dis.2016 Mar;67(3):P507-11. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.10.021Harris S, Riggs J.Mixed urinary incontinence. In: StatPearls.Bahloul M, Abbas AM, Abo-Elhagag A, Elsnosy E, Youssef AEA.Prevalence of overactive bladder symptoms and urinary incontinence in a tertiary care hospital in Egypt.Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol.2017 Jun;6(6):2132-6. doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20172302Lim C, Cohn J, Kowalik C, Kaufman M, Dmochowski R, Reynolds WS.Risk factors associated with fecal incontinence in patients with overactive bladder.J Urology.2018 May;199(4S Suppl):e348.Maeda T, Tomita M, Nakazawa A, et al.Female functional constipation is associated with overactive bladder symptoms and urinary incontinence.BioMed Res Int.2017;2017:Article ID 2138073. doi:10.1155/2017/2138073Xin HW, Fang XC, Zhu LM, et al.Diagnosis of functional constipation: agreement between Rome III and Rome II criteria and evaluation for the practicality.J Dig Dis. 2014;15(6):314–20. doi:10.1111/1751-2980.12145Wyndaele JJ.Overactive bladder, differential diagnosis, and clinical utility of fesoterodine. Int J Gen Med. 2012;5:943-51. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S24236Truzzi JC, Gomes CM, Bezerra CA, et al.Overactive bladder – 18 years – part I.Int Braz J Urol. 2016 Mar-Apr;42(2):188–98. doi:10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2015.0365Storme O, Saucedo JT, Garcia-Mora A, Dehesa-Davila M, Naber NG.Risk factors and predisposing conditions for urinary tract infection.Ther Adv Urol. 2019 Jan-Dec;11:1756287218814382. doi:10.1177/1756287218814382Gani J, Hennessey D.The underactive bladder: diagnosis and surgical treatment options.Transl Androl Urol. 2017 Jul; 6(Suppl 2):S186–95. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.04.07Lai HH, Shen B, Rawal A, Vetter J.The relationship between depression and overactive bladder/urinary incontinence symptoms in the clinical OAB population.BMC Urol. 2016;16:60. doi:10.1186/s12894-016-0179-xGibson W, Makhani A, Hunter KF, Wagg A.Do older adults with overactive bladder demonstrate impaired executive function compared to their peers without OAB?Can Geriatr J. 2020;23:329-34. doi:10.5770/cgj.23.423Sakakibara R, Ito T, Yamamoto T, et al.Depression, anxiety and the bladder.Low Urin Tract Symptoms.2013 Sep;5(3):109-20. doi:10.1111/luts.12018Wolfe GF, Kuchel GA, Smith PP.Overactive bladder in the vulnerable elderly.Res Rep Urol.2014;6:131–8. doi:10.2147/RRU.S41843
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Reynolds WS, Fowkes J, Dmochowsi R.The burden of overactive bladder on US public health.Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep. 2016 Mar;11(1):8–13. doi:10.1007/s11884-016-0344-9Lightner DJ, Gomelsky A, Souter L, et al.Diagnosis and treatment of overactive bladder (non-neurogenic) in adults: AUA/SUFU guideline amendment 2019.J Urol.2019;202:558. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000000309Salvatore S, Espuña-Pons M, Tubaro A.Urinary urgency: a symptom in need of a cure.Res Rep Urol. 2019;11:327–31. doi:10.2147/RRU.S216757Wallace KM, Drake MJ.Overactive bladder.F1000Res.2015;4:F1000 Faculty Rev-1406. doi:10.12688/f1000research.7131.1Leron E. Weintraub AY, Mstrolia SA, Schwarzman P.Overactive bladder syndrome: evaluation and management.Curr Urol. 2018 Mar;11(3):117–25. doi:10.1159/000447205Leslie SW, Sajjad H, Singh S.Nocturia. In: StatPearls [Internet].Hajiha M, Elterman D.Urinary urgency and frequency in a 53-year-old woman.CMAJ.2016 Jan 5;188(1):59–60. doi:10.1503/cmaj.150255Monaghan TF, Rahman AN, Miller CD, et al.Overlap between nocturnal polyuria, diurnal polyuria, and 24-h polyuria among men with nocturia.Int Urol Nephrol.2020;52,1845–19. doi:10.1007/s11255-020-02502-1Hashim H, Blanker MH, Drake MJ, et al.International Continence Society (ICS) report on the terminology for nocturia and nocturnal lower urinary tract function.Neurourol Urodyn. 2019 Feb;38(2):499-508. doi:10.1002/nau.23917Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Urine output.Bhasin B, Velez JCQ.Evaluation of polyuria: the roles of solute loading and water diuresis.Am J Kidney Dis.2016 Mar;67(3):P507-11. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.10.021Harris S, Riggs J.Mixed urinary incontinence. In: StatPearls.Bahloul M, Abbas AM, Abo-Elhagag A, Elsnosy E, Youssef AEA.Prevalence of overactive bladder symptoms and urinary incontinence in a tertiary care hospital in Egypt.Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol.2017 Jun;6(6):2132-6. doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20172302Lim C, Cohn J, Kowalik C, Kaufman M, Dmochowski R, Reynolds WS.Risk factors associated with fecal incontinence in patients with overactive bladder.J Urology.2018 May;199(4S Suppl):e348.Maeda T, Tomita M, Nakazawa A, et al.Female functional constipation is associated with overactive bladder symptoms and urinary incontinence.BioMed Res Int.2017;2017:Article ID 2138073. doi:10.1155/2017/2138073Xin HW, Fang XC, Zhu LM, et al.Diagnosis of functional constipation: agreement between Rome III and Rome II criteria and evaluation for the practicality.J Dig Dis. 2014;15(6):314–20. doi:10.1111/1751-2980.12145Wyndaele JJ.Overactive bladder, differential diagnosis, and clinical utility of fesoterodine. Int J Gen Med. 2012;5:943-51. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S24236Truzzi JC, Gomes CM, Bezerra CA, et al.Overactive bladder – 18 years – part I.Int Braz J Urol. 2016 Mar-Apr;42(2):188–98. doi:10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2015.0365Storme O, Saucedo JT, Garcia-Mora A, Dehesa-Davila M, Naber NG.Risk factors and predisposing conditions for urinary tract infection.Ther Adv Urol. 2019 Jan-Dec;11:1756287218814382. doi:10.1177/1756287218814382Gani J, Hennessey D.The underactive bladder: diagnosis and surgical treatment options.Transl Androl Urol. 2017 Jul; 6(Suppl 2):S186–95. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.04.07Lai HH, Shen B, Rawal A, Vetter J.The relationship between depression and overactive bladder/urinary incontinence symptoms in the clinical OAB population.BMC Urol. 2016;16:60. doi:10.1186/s12894-016-0179-xGibson W, Makhani A, Hunter KF, Wagg A.Do older adults with overactive bladder demonstrate impaired executive function compared to their peers without OAB?Can Geriatr J. 2020;23:329-34. doi:10.5770/cgj.23.423Sakakibara R, Ito T, Yamamoto T, et al.Depression, anxiety and the bladder.Low Urin Tract Symptoms.2013 Sep;5(3):109-20. doi:10.1111/luts.12018Wolfe GF, Kuchel GA, Smith PP.Overactive bladder in the vulnerable elderly.Res Rep Urol.2014;6:131–8. doi:10.2147/RRU.S41843
Reynolds WS, Fowkes J, Dmochowsi R.The burden of overactive bladder on US public health.Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep. 2016 Mar;11(1):8–13. doi:10.1007/s11884-016-0344-9
Lightner DJ, Gomelsky A, Souter L, et al.Diagnosis and treatment of overactive bladder (non-neurogenic) in adults: AUA/SUFU guideline amendment 2019.J Urol.2019;202:558. doi:10.1097/JU.0000000000000309
Salvatore S, Espuña-Pons M, Tubaro A.Urinary urgency: a symptom in need of a cure.Res Rep Urol. 2019;11:327–31. doi:10.2147/RRU.S216757
Wallace KM, Drake MJ.Overactive bladder.F1000Res.2015;4:F1000 Faculty Rev-1406. doi:10.12688/f1000research.7131.1
Leron E. Weintraub AY, Mstrolia SA, Schwarzman P.Overactive bladder syndrome: evaluation and management.Curr Urol. 2018 Mar;11(3):117–25. doi:10.1159/000447205
Leslie SW, Sajjad H, Singh S.Nocturia. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Hajiha M, Elterman D.Urinary urgency and frequency in a 53-year-old woman.CMAJ.2016 Jan 5;188(1):59–60. doi:10.1503/cmaj.150255
Monaghan TF, Rahman AN, Miller CD, et al.Overlap between nocturnal polyuria, diurnal polyuria, and 24-h polyuria among men with nocturia.Int Urol Nephrol.2020;52,1845–19. doi:10.1007/s11255-020-02502-1
Hashim H, Blanker MH, Drake MJ, et al.International Continence Society (ICS) report on the terminology for nocturia and nocturnal lower urinary tract function.Neurourol Urodyn. 2019 Feb;38(2):499-508. doi:10.1002/nau.23917
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Urine output.
Bhasin B, Velez JCQ.Evaluation of polyuria: the roles of solute loading and water diuresis.Am J Kidney Dis.2016 Mar;67(3):P507-11. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.10.021
Harris S, Riggs J.Mixed urinary incontinence. In: StatPearls.
Bahloul M, Abbas AM, Abo-Elhagag A, Elsnosy E, Youssef AEA.Prevalence of overactive bladder symptoms and urinary incontinence in a tertiary care hospital in Egypt.Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol.2017 Jun;6(6):2132-6. doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20172302
Lim C, Cohn J, Kowalik C, Kaufman M, Dmochowski R, Reynolds WS.Risk factors associated with fecal incontinence in patients with overactive bladder.J Urology.2018 May;199(4S Suppl):e348.
Maeda T, Tomita M, Nakazawa A, et al.Female functional constipation is associated with overactive bladder symptoms and urinary incontinence.BioMed Res Int.2017;2017:Article ID 2138073. doi:10.1155/2017/2138073
Xin HW, Fang XC, Zhu LM, et al.Diagnosis of functional constipation: agreement between Rome III and Rome II criteria and evaluation for the practicality.J Dig Dis. 2014;15(6):314–20. doi:10.1111/1751-2980.12145
Wyndaele JJ.Overactive bladder, differential diagnosis, and clinical utility of fesoterodine. Int J Gen Med. 2012;5:943-51. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S24236
Truzzi JC, Gomes CM, Bezerra CA, et al.Overactive bladder – 18 years – part I.Int Braz J Urol. 2016 Mar-Apr;42(2):188–98. doi:10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2015.0365
Storme O, Saucedo JT, Garcia-Mora A, Dehesa-Davila M, Naber NG.Risk factors and predisposing conditions for urinary tract infection.Ther Adv Urol. 2019 Jan-Dec;11:1756287218814382. doi:10.1177/1756287218814382
Gani J, Hennessey D.The underactive bladder: diagnosis and surgical treatment options.Transl Androl Urol. 2017 Jul; 6(Suppl 2):S186–95. doi:10.21037/tau.2017.04.07
Lai HH, Shen B, Rawal A, Vetter J.The relationship between depression and overactive bladder/urinary incontinence symptoms in the clinical OAB population.BMC Urol. 2016;16:60. doi:10.1186/s12894-016-0179-x
Gibson W, Makhani A, Hunter KF, Wagg A.Do older adults with overactive bladder demonstrate impaired executive function compared to their peers without OAB?Can Geriatr J. 2020;23:329-34. doi:10.5770/cgj.23.423
Sakakibara R, Ito T, Yamamoto T, et al.Depression, anxiety and the bladder.Low Urin Tract Symptoms.2013 Sep;5(3):109-20. doi:10.1111/luts.12018
Wolfe GF, Kuchel GA, Smith PP.Overactive bladder in the vulnerable elderly.Res Rep Urol.2014;6:131–8. doi:10.2147/RRU.S41843
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