Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsCluster B Personality Disorders TypesCluster B Personality Disorder TraitsCluster B Personality Disorders CausesCluster B Personality Disorders DiagnosisCluster B Personality Disorders TreatmentWhen to Talk to a Healthcare ProviderOutlook for Cluster B Personality DisorderRelating to Someone With Cluster B Personality Disorder
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Cluster B Personality Disorders Types
Cluster B Personality Disorder Traits
Cluster B Personality Disorders Causes
Cluster B Personality Disorders Diagnosis
Cluster B Personality Disorders Treatment
When to Talk to a Healthcare Provider
Outlook for Cluster B Personality Disorder
Relating to Someone With Cluster B Personality Disorder
There are four types of cluster B (dramatic/emotional) personality disorders: borderline personality disorder (BPD),histrionic personality disorder(HPD), narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD).
This article will discuss cluster B personality disorders, including their traits, causes, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Here is an overview of the four types of cluster B personality disorders.
Borderline Personality Disorder
Borderline personality disorder involves a pattern of unstable relationships and self-image, overwhelming emotions, and impulsivity.BPDaffects approximately 1.4% of the adult population in the United States, although some estimates are much higher.About 75% of people diagnosed with BPD are women.
Some of the signs and symptoms of BPD include:
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Histrionicpersonality disorder involves excessive attention-seeking and emotional behavior.Estimates of the prevalence of HPD are around 1.8%.It is more commonly diagnosed in women than in men.
Some of the signs and symptoms of HPD include:
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder(NPD) involves an inflated sense of self-importance, extreme self-centeredness, and a lack of empathy for other people.Although estimates vary considerably, one study found that about 4% of the population included had NPD.Between 50% and 75% of the people diagnosed with NPD are men.
Some of the signs and symptoms of NPD include:
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Antisocial personality disorderinvolves long-lasting disregard for the rights, feelings, needs, and safety of others.About 3% to 5% of the general population meets the criteria for ASPD at some point during their lifetime, and it is more common among men than women.It is the most common psychiatric diagnosis among incarcerated people.
Some of the signs and symptoms of ASPD include:
Comorbid Personality DisordersIt’s possible to have more than one personality disorder. A person may have two or more comorbid cluster B personality disorders or personality disorders across multiple clusters.
Comorbid Personality Disorders
It’s possible to have more than one personality disorder. A person may have two or more comorbid cluster B personality disorders or personality disorders across multiple clusters.
Histrionic vs. Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Each of the four cluster B personality disorders is different. However, they tend to share certain maladaptive personality traits in common. Maladaptive traits affect someone’s ability to function, typically in work, school, relationships, and other parts of daily life.
Cluster B personality disorders are associated with the following traits:
Maladaptive cluster B personality traits are associated with higher rates of physical health conditions, divorce, and unemployment.They have also been linked to a higher risk of emotional distress,substance abuse, social isolation, hospitalization, and suicide.
Cluster A and Cluster C Personality DisordersThe 10 personality disorders in theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition(DSM-5) are divided into three “clusters” (A, B, and C) based on the maladaptive or harmful personality traits that people with each disorder tend to have.People with cluster A personality disorders—paranoid personality disorder (PPD),schizoid personality disorder(SPD), and schizotypal personality disorder (STPD)—have odd and eccentric traits.People withcluster C personality disorders—dependent personality disorder (DPD),obsessive-compulsive personality disorder(OCPD), and avoidant personality disorder (APD)—have excessive fear and anxiety.
Cluster A and Cluster C Personality Disorders
The 10 personality disorders in theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition(DSM-5) are divided into three “clusters” (A, B, and C) based on the maladaptive or harmful personality traits that people with each disorder tend to have.People with cluster A personality disorders—paranoid personality disorder (PPD),schizoid personality disorder(SPD), and schizotypal personality disorder (STPD)—have odd and eccentric traits.People withcluster C personality disorders—dependent personality disorder (DPD),obsessive-compulsive personality disorder(OCPD), and avoidant personality disorder (APD)—have excessive fear and anxiety.
The 10 personality disorders in theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition(DSM-5) are divided into three “clusters” (A, B, and C) based on the maladaptive or harmful personality traits that people with each disorder tend to have.
People with cluster A personality disorders—paranoid personality disorder (PPD),schizoid personality disorder(SPD), and schizotypal personality disorder (STPD)—have odd and eccentric traits.
People withcluster C personality disorders—dependent personality disorder (DPD),obsessive-compulsive personality disorder(OCPD), and avoidant personality disorder (APD)—have excessive fear and anxiety.
There is no single known cause of cluster B personality disorders.However, several factors appear to increase the risk of developing a cluster B personality disorder, including:
A mental health professional can diagnose a cluster B personality disorder using the criteria in theDSM-5. Most people are not diagnosed with personality disorders until they are 18 years old or older.
To be diagnosed with a personality disorder, your symptoms must have lasted a specific amount of time. Your symptoms must also negatively affect your ability to function and your quality of life in at least one major area (such as work, school, family life, or romantic relationships).
With your permission, your healthcare provider may talk to your spouse, family members, or other loved ones to gain insight into your behavior.
Evidence-based therapies are more widely available for some cluster B personality disorders than for others. Treatment for HPD, ASPD, BPD, and NPD typically starts with psychotherapy.
If you have a cluster B personality disorder, these are some types of therapy that may be beneficial:
The outlook might be better for people with other personality disorders who are more likely to seek or accept treatment. For example, many people with BPD who receive treatment achieve remission of their symptoms for a year or more.
What Is Dialectical Behavior Therapy?
Talk to your healthcare provider if you have any of these possible signs of a cluster B personality disorder:
Seek HelpIf you or a loved one is thinking aboutself-harmor harming someone else, seek help right away. If you or a loved one is having suicidal thoughts, dial988to contact the988 Suicide & Crisis Lifelineand connect with a trained counselor. If you or someone else is at immediate risk, dial911.
Seek Help
If you or a loved one is thinking aboutself-harmor harming someone else, seek help right away. If you or a loved one is having suicidal thoughts, dial988to contact the988 Suicide & Crisis Lifelineand connect with a trained counselor. If you or someone else is at immediate risk, dial911.
Cluster B personality disorders are lifelong (chronic). They are not curable, but people may go into remission if their symptoms are well controlled. Some personality disorder symptoms can peak during adolescence and may become less pronounced as a person gets older.
Sometimes, people with personality disorders don’t seek help because they’re ashamed or they do not have access to medical care that could offer diagnosis and treatment.
When people with personality disorders can seek, access, and accept treatment, their outlook is often much better. For example, many people with BPD who receive early treatment achieve remission of their symptoms for a year or longer.
Living with a cluster B personality disorder can be challenging, especially if a person is not able to access support. Research has shown that people living with cluster B personality disorders are more likely to use healthcare, especially in emergency settings (including mental health services), and may have a lower life expectancy due to factors like other medical conditions and suicide.
If you’re having symptoms you think could be from a personality disorder, don’t be afraid to talk to your healthcare provider. Getting a diagnosis, learning about your condition, and finding a treatment that works for you can improve your emotional health, relationships, quality of life, and overall well-being.
How to Relate to Someone With a Cluster B Personality Disorder
If someone you care about or live with has a cluster B personality disorder, it’s important to balance showing them compassion with taking care of your own needs.
While you should encourage your friend or loved one to seek help and support, you also need to make your boundaries and expectations clear. You can be willing to hear the other person out about their concerns, but you still need to prioritize your mental health and safety.
Keep triggers in mind when you’re interacting with someone with a personality disorder. Every personality disorder is associated with different possible emotional triggers. The triggers you should watch for will depend on what personality disorder a person has.
For example, people with narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) often react strongly to perceived criticism or humiliation.Meanwhile, people with borderline personality disorder (BPD) have an overwhelming fear of abandonment or the perceived threat of abandonment.People with histrionic personality disorder (HPD) may get frustrated when they don’t feel they’re getting the right kind of attention or enough attention.
Remember that people with personality disorders often face stigma and shame.Having an open mind, empathy, and a non-judgmental attitude can help you communicate effectively with a person who has a personality disorder.
Lend the person a friendly listening ear, but set boundaries with them. If you need to detach from someone with a personality disorder, clearly state that you are going to end your relationship with them and follow through.
You may want to talk to a therapist and reach out to your support system. If your safety is at risk, ask for help and leave the situation as soon as possible.
Summary
Cluster B personality disorders are chronic mental health conditions that involve long-term patterns of dramatic, emotional, and/or erratic thinking and behavior. The four types of cluster B personality disorders are borderline personality disorder (BPD), histrionic personality disorder (HPD), narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD).
Many possible factors contribute to the development of cluster B personality disorders, includinggenetics, environmental factors, childhood trauma, and brain structure.
The first-line treatment for cluster B personality disorders is psychotherapy. In some cases, medication may be prescribed to help with certain symptoms.
37 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Institute of Mental Health.Personality disorders.MedlinePlus.Personality disorders.American Psychiatric Association.What are personality disorders?NAMI.Borderline personality disorder.MedlinePlus.Borderline personality disorder.American Psychological Association.Borderline personality disorder.American Psychological Association.Histrionic personality disorder.Cailhol L, Pelletier É, Rochette L, et al.Prevalence, mortality, and health care use among patients with cluster B personality disorders clinically diagnosed in Quebec: a provincial cohort study, 2001-2012.Can J Psychiatry. 2017;62(5):336-342. doi:10.1177/0706743717700818Glover K.Gender Differences in the Clinical Presentation of Borderline Gender Differences in the Clinical Presentation of Borderline Personality Disorder: A Review. 2021.MedlinePlus.Histrionic personality disorder.MedlinePlus.Narcissistic personality disorder.Jiang X, Wang J, Sun W, et al.Frequency of narcissistic personality disorder in a counseling center population in China.BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19(1):212. doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2185-5Kacel EL, Ennis N, Pereira DB.Narcissistic Personality Disorder in Clinical Health Psychology Practice: Case Studies of Comorbid Psychological Distress and Life-Limiting Illness.Behav Med. 2017;43(3):156-164. doi:10.1080/08964289.2017.1301875American Psychological Association.Narcissistic personality disorder.MedlinePlus.Antisocial personality disorder.Young C, Habarth J, Bongar B, Packman W.Disorder in the court: cluster B personality disorders in United States case law.Psychiatr Psychol Law. 2018;25(5):706-723. doi:10.1080/13218719.2018.1474816Schnittker J, Larimore SH, Lee H.Neither mad nor bad? The classification of antisocial personality disorder among formerly incarcerated adults.Soc Sci Med. 2020;264:113288. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113288American Psychological Association.Antisocial personality disorder.Hengartner MP.The detrimental impact of maladaptive personality on public mental health: a challenge for psychiatric practice.Front Psychiatry. 2015;6:87. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00087Payer DE, Park MT, Kish SJ, et al.Personality disorder symptomatology is associated with anomalies in striatal and prefrontal morphology.Front Hum Neurosci. 2015;9:472. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00472American Psychological Association.Personality disorder.Skoglund C, Tiger A, Rück C, et al.Familial risk and heritability of diagnosed borderline personality disorder: a register study of the Swedish population.Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26(3):999-1008. doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0442-0Ma G, Fan H, Shen C, Wang W.Genetic and neuroimaging features of personality disorders: state of the art.Neurosci Bull. 2016;32(3):286-306. doi:10.1007/s12264-016-0027-8Jiang W, Li G, Liu H, et al.Reduced cortical thickness and increased surface area in antisocial personality disorder.Neuroscience. 2016;337:143-152. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.052Cattane N, Rossi R, Lanfredi M, Cattaneo A.Borderline personality disorder and childhood trauma: exploring the affected biological systems and mechanisms.BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17(1):221. doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1383-2Brummelman E, Thomaes S, Nelemans SA, Orobio de Castro B, Overbeek G, Bushman BJ.Origins of narcissism in children.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(12):3659-3662. doi:10.1073/pnas.1420870112SAMHSA.Antisocial personality disorder.American Psychiatric Association.What Are Personality Disorders?NHS.Diagnosis - borderline personality disorder.Biskin RS.The lifetime course of borderline personality disorder.Can J Psychiatry. 2015;60(7):303-308. doi:10.1177/070674371506000702Lis E, Myhr G.The effect of borderline personality pathology on outcome of cognitive behavior therapy.J Psychiatr Pract. 2016;22(4):270-282. doi:10.1097/PRA.0000000000000167Thylstrup B, Schrøder S, Hesse M.Psycho-education for substance use and antisocial personality disorder: a randomized trial.BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15:283. doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0661-0van den Bosch LMC, Rijckmans MJN, Decoene S, Chapman AL.Treatment of antisocial personality disorder: development of a practice focused framework.Int J Law Psychiatry. 2018;58:72-78. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2018.03.002Laceulle OM.Adolescence as a peak period of borderline personality features? A meta-analytic approach.European Journal of Personality. 2023. doi:10.1177/08902070221134652Cailhol L, Pelletier É, Rochette L, et al.Prevalence, mortality, and health care use among patients with cluster B personality disorders clinically diagnosed in Quebec: A provincial cohort study, 2001-2012.Can J Psychiatry. 2017;62(5):336-342. doi:10.1177/0706743717700818Gregory G.Impact of personality disorder cluster on depression outcomes within collaborative care management model of care. 2018.Journal of Primary Care & Community Health.doi:10.1177/2150132718776877Royal College of Psychiatrists.Personality disorder.
37 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.National Institute of Mental Health.Personality disorders.MedlinePlus.Personality disorders.American Psychiatric Association.What are personality disorders?NAMI.Borderline personality disorder.MedlinePlus.Borderline personality disorder.American Psychological Association.Borderline personality disorder.American Psychological Association.Histrionic personality disorder.Cailhol L, Pelletier É, Rochette L, et al.Prevalence, mortality, and health care use among patients with cluster B personality disorders clinically diagnosed in Quebec: a provincial cohort study, 2001-2012.Can J Psychiatry. 2017;62(5):336-342. doi:10.1177/0706743717700818Glover K.Gender Differences in the Clinical Presentation of Borderline Gender Differences in the Clinical Presentation of Borderline Personality Disorder: A Review. 2021.MedlinePlus.Histrionic personality disorder.MedlinePlus.Narcissistic personality disorder.Jiang X, Wang J, Sun W, et al.Frequency of narcissistic personality disorder in a counseling center population in China.BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19(1):212. doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2185-5Kacel EL, Ennis N, Pereira DB.Narcissistic Personality Disorder in Clinical Health Psychology Practice: Case Studies of Comorbid Psychological Distress and Life-Limiting Illness.Behav Med. 2017;43(3):156-164. doi:10.1080/08964289.2017.1301875American Psychological Association.Narcissistic personality disorder.MedlinePlus.Antisocial personality disorder.Young C, Habarth J, Bongar B, Packman W.Disorder in the court: cluster B personality disorders in United States case law.Psychiatr Psychol Law. 2018;25(5):706-723. doi:10.1080/13218719.2018.1474816Schnittker J, Larimore SH, Lee H.Neither mad nor bad? The classification of antisocial personality disorder among formerly incarcerated adults.Soc Sci Med. 2020;264:113288. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113288American Psychological Association.Antisocial personality disorder.Hengartner MP.The detrimental impact of maladaptive personality on public mental health: a challenge for psychiatric practice.Front Psychiatry. 2015;6:87. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00087Payer DE, Park MT, Kish SJ, et al.Personality disorder symptomatology is associated with anomalies in striatal and prefrontal morphology.Front Hum Neurosci. 2015;9:472. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00472American Psychological Association.Personality disorder.Skoglund C, Tiger A, Rück C, et al.Familial risk and heritability of diagnosed borderline personality disorder: a register study of the Swedish population.Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26(3):999-1008. doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0442-0Ma G, Fan H, Shen C, Wang W.Genetic and neuroimaging features of personality disorders: state of the art.Neurosci Bull. 2016;32(3):286-306. doi:10.1007/s12264-016-0027-8Jiang W, Li G, Liu H, et al.Reduced cortical thickness and increased surface area in antisocial personality disorder.Neuroscience. 2016;337:143-152. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.052Cattane N, Rossi R, Lanfredi M, Cattaneo A.Borderline personality disorder and childhood trauma: exploring the affected biological systems and mechanisms.BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17(1):221. doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1383-2Brummelman E, Thomaes S, Nelemans SA, Orobio de Castro B, Overbeek G, Bushman BJ.Origins of narcissism in children.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(12):3659-3662. doi:10.1073/pnas.1420870112SAMHSA.Antisocial personality disorder.American Psychiatric Association.What Are Personality Disorders?NHS.Diagnosis - borderline personality disorder.Biskin RS.The lifetime course of borderline personality disorder.Can J Psychiatry. 2015;60(7):303-308. doi:10.1177/070674371506000702Lis E, Myhr G.The effect of borderline personality pathology on outcome of cognitive behavior therapy.J Psychiatr Pract. 2016;22(4):270-282. doi:10.1097/PRA.0000000000000167Thylstrup B, Schrøder S, Hesse M.Psycho-education for substance use and antisocial personality disorder: a randomized trial.BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15:283. doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0661-0van den Bosch LMC, Rijckmans MJN, Decoene S, Chapman AL.Treatment of antisocial personality disorder: development of a practice focused framework.Int J Law Psychiatry. 2018;58:72-78. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2018.03.002Laceulle OM.Adolescence as a peak period of borderline personality features? A meta-analytic approach.European Journal of Personality. 2023. doi:10.1177/08902070221134652Cailhol L, Pelletier É, Rochette L, et al.Prevalence, mortality, and health care use among patients with cluster B personality disorders clinically diagnosed in Quebec: A provincial cohort study, 2001-2012.Can J Psychiatry. 2017;62(5):336-342. doi:10.1177/0706743717700818Gregory G.Impact of personality disorder cluster on depression outcomes within collaborative care management model of care. 2018.Journal of Primary Care & Community Health.doi:10.1177/2150132718776877Royal College of Psychiatrists.Personality disorder.
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
National Institute of Mental Health.Personality disorders.MedlinePlus.Personality disorders.American Psychiatric Association.What are personality disorders?NAMI.Borderline personality disorder.MedlinePlus.Borderline personality disorder.American Psychological Association.Borderline personality disorder.American Psychological Association.Histrionic personality disorder.Cailhol L, Pelletier É, Rochette L, et al.Prevalence, mortality, and health care use among patients with cluster B personality disorders clinically diagnosed in Quebec: a provincial cohort study, 2001-2012.Can J Psychiatry. 2017;62(5):336-342. doi:10.1177/0706743717700818Glover K.Gender Differences in the Clinical Presentation of Borderline Gender Differences in the Clinical Presentation of Borderline Personality Disorder: A Review. 2021.MedlinePlus.Histrionic personality disorder.MedlinePlus.Narcissistic personality disorder.Jiang X, Wang J, Sun W, et al.Frequency of narcissistic personality disorder in a counseling center population in China.BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19(1):212. doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2185-5Kacel EL, Ennis N, Pereira DB.Narcissistic Personality Disorder in Clinical Health Psychology Practice: Case Studies of Comorbid Psychological Distress and Life-Limiting Illness.Behav Med. 2017;43(3):156-164. doi:10.1080/08964289.2017.1301875American Psychological Association.Narcissistic personality disorder.MedlinePlus.Antisocial personality disorder.Young C, Habarth J, Bongar B, Packman W.Disorder in the court: cluster B personality disorders in United States case law.Psychiatr Psychol Law. 2018;25(5):706-723. doi:10.1080/13218719.2018.1474816Schnittker J, Larimore SH, Lee H.Neither mad nor bad? The classification of antisocial personality disorder among formerly incarcerated adults.Soc Sci Med. 2020;264:113288. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113288American Psychological Association.Antisocial personality disorder.Hengartner MP.The detrimental impact of maladaptive personality on public mental health: a challenge for psychiatric practice.Front Psychiatry. 2015;6:87. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00087Payer DE, Park MT, Kish SJ, et al.Personality disorder symptomatology is associated with anomalies in striatal and prefrontal morphology.Front Hum Neurosci. 2015;9:472. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00472American Psychological Association.Personality disorder.Skoglund C, Tiger A, Rück C, et al.Familial risk and heritability of diagnosed borderline personality disorder: a register study of the Swedish population.Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26(3):999-1008. doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0442-0Ma G, Fan H, Shen C, Wang W.Genetic and neuroimaging features of personality disorders: state of the art.Neurosci Bull. 2016;32(3):286-306. doi:10.1007/s12264-016-0027-8Jiang W, Li G, Liu H, et al.Reduced cortical thickness and increased surface area in antisocial personality disorder.Neuroscience. 2016;337:143-152. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.052Cattane N, Rossi R, Lanfredi M, Cattaneo A.Borderline personality disorder and childhood trauma: exploring the affected biological systems and mechanisms.BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17(1):221. doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1383-2Brummelman E, Thomaes S, Nelemans SA, Orobio de Castro B, Overbeek G, Bushman BJ.Origins of narcissism in children.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(12):3659-3662. doi:10.1073/pnas.1420870112SAMHSA.Antisocial personality disorder.American Psychiatric Association.What Are Personality Disorders?NHS.Diagnosis - borderline personality disorder.Biskin RS.The lifetime course of borderline personality disorder.Can J Psychiatry. 2015;60(7):303-308. doi:10.1177/070674371506000702Lis E, Myhr G.The effect of borderline personality pathology on outcome of cognitive behavior therapy.J Psychiatr Pract. 2016;22(4):270-282. doi:10.1097/PRA.0000000000000167Thylstrup B, Schrøder S, Hesse M.Psycho-education for substance use and antisocial personality disorder: a randomized trial.BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15:283. doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0661-0van den Bosch LMC, Rijckmans MJN, Decoene S, Chapman AL.Treatment of antisocial personality disorder: development of a practice focused framework.Int J Law Psychiatry. 2018;58:72-78. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2018.03.002Laceulle OM.Adolescence as a peak period of borderline personality features? A meta-analytic approach.European Journal of Personality. 2023. doi:10.1177/08902070221134652Cailhol L, Pelletier É, Rochette L, et al.Prevalence, mortality, and health care use among patients with cluster B personality disorders clinically diagnosed in Quebec: A provincial cohort study, 2001-2012.Can J Psychiatry. 2017;62(5):336-342. doi:10.1177/0706743717700818Gregory G.Impact of personality disorder cluster on depression outcomes within collaborative care management model of care. 2018.Journal of Primary Care & Community Health.doi:10.1177/2150132718776877Royal College of Psychiatrists.Personality disorder.
National Institute of Mental Health.Personality disorders.
MedlinePlus.Personality disorders.
American Psychiatric Association.What are personality disorders?
NAMI.Borderline personality disorder.
MedlinePlus.Borderline personality disorder.
American Psychological Association.Borderline personality disorder.
American Psychological Association.Histrionic personality disorder.
Cailhol L, Pelletier É, Rochette L, et al.Prevalence, mortality, and health care use among patients with cluster B personality disorders clinically diagnosed in Quebec: a provincial cohort study, 2001-2012.Can J Psychiatry. 2017;62(5):336-342. doi:10.1177/0706743717700818
Glover K.Gender Differences in the Clinical Presentation of Borderline Gender Differences in the Clinical Presentation of Borderline Personality Disorder: A Review. 2021.
MedlinePlus.Histrionic personality disorder.
MedlinePlus.Narcissistic personality disorder.
Jiang X, Wang J, Sun W, et al.Frequency of narcissistic personality disorder in a counseling center population in China.BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19(1):212. doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2185-5
Kacel EL, Ennis N, Pereira DB.Narcissistic Personality Disorder in Clinical Health Psychology Practice: Case Studies of Comorbid Psychological Distress and Life-Limiting Illness.Behav Med. 2017;43(3):156-164. doi:10.1080/08964289.2017.1301875
American Psychological Association.Narcissistic personality disorder.
MedlinePlus.Antisocial personality disorder.
Young C, Habarth J, Bongar B, Packman W.Disorder in the court: cluster B personality disorders in United States case law.Psychiatr Psychol Law. 2018;25(5):706-723. doi:10.1080/13218719.2018.1474816
Schnittker J, Larimore SH, Lee H.Neither mad nor bad? The classification of antisocial personality disorder among formerly incarcerated adults.Soc Sci Med. 2020;264:113288. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113288
American Psychological Association.Antisocial personality disorder.
Hengartner MP.The detrimental impact of maladaptive personality on public mental health: a challenge for psychiatric practice.Front Psychiatry. 2015;6:87. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00087
Payer DE, Park MT, Kish SJ, et al.Personality disorder symptomatology is associated with anomalies in striatal and prefrontal morphology.Front Hum Neurosci. 2015;9:472. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00472
American Psychological Association.Personality disorder.
Skoglund C, Tiger A, Rück C, et al.Familial risk and heritability of diagnosed borderline personality disorder: a register study of the Swedish population.Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26(3):999-1008. doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0442-0
Ma G, Fan H, Shen C, Wang W.Genetic and neuroimaging features of personality disorders: state of the art.Neurosci Bull. 2016;32(3):286-306. doi:10.1007/s12264-016-0027-8
Jiang W, Li G, Liu H, et al.Reduced cortical thickness and increased surface area in antisocial personality disorder.Neuroscience. 2016;337:143-152. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.052
Cattane N, Rossi R, Lanfredi M, Cattaneo A.Borderline personality disorder and childhood trauma: exploring the affected biological systems and mechanisms.BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17(1):221. doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1383-2
Brummelman E, Thomaes S, Nelemans SA, Orobio de Castro B, Overbeek G, Bushman BJ.Origins of narcissism in children.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(12):3659-3662. doi:10.1073/pnas.1420870112
SAMHSA.Antisocial personality disorder.
American Psychiatric Association.What Are Personality Disorders?
NHS.Diagnosis - borderline personality disorder.
Biskin RS.The lifetime course of borderline personality disorder.Can J Psychiatry. 2015;60(7):303-308. doi:10.1177/070674371506000702
Lis E, Myhr G.The effect of borderline personality pathology on outcome of cognitive behavior therapy.J Psychiatr Pract. 2016;22(4):270-282. doi:10.1097/PRA.0000000000000167
Thylstrup B, Schrøder S, Hesse M.Psycho-education for substance use and antisocial personality disorder: a randomized trial.BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15:283. doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0661-0
van den Bosch LMC, Rijckmans MJN, Decoene S, Chapman AL.Treatment of antisocial personality disorder: development of a practice focused framework.Int J Law Psychiatry. 2018;58:72-78. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2018.03.002
Laceulle OM.Adolescence as a peak period of borderline personality features? A meta-analytic approach.European Journal of Personality. 2023. doi:10.1177/08902070221134652
Cailhol L, Pelletier É, Rochette L, et al.Prevalence, mortality, and health care use among patients with cluster B personality disorders clinically diagnosed in Quebec: A provincial cohort study, 2001-2012.Can J Psychiatry. 2017;62(5):336-342. doi:10.1177/0706743717700818
Gregory G.Impact of personality disorder cluster on depression outcomes within collaborative care management model of care. 2018.Journal of Primary Care & Community Health.doi:10.1177/2150132718776877
Royal College of Psychiatrists.Personality disorder.
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