Table of ContentsView AllTable of ContentsAnatomyFunctionCauses of PainTreatment
Table of ContentsView All
View All
Table of Contents
Anatomy
Function
Causes of Pain
Treatment
Theperoneus longusmuscle (orfibularis longus) is a major mover and stabilizer of your foot and ankle. The muscle runs down the lateral side of your lower leg and attaches to your foot.
You might experience peroneus longus pain if you get an injury such as a sprain or strain. It can also happen if you develop tendonitis with overuse. Peroneus longus pain can cause difficulties with daily activities, including those that involve walking or running.
This article will cover the anatomy and function of the peroneus longus, as well as what can cause pain in the leg muscle.
MedicalRF.com / Getty images
The peroneus longus originates at the head of your fibula and the upper half of the shaft of yourfibulaon the outer part of your lower leg.
The peroneus longus goes down the lateral part of your leg, turns into a tendon, and attaches to the bottom of your foot at the medial cuneiform bone and firstmetatarsalbone.
Peroneus longus is a superficial muscle, meaning it’s close to the skin, so it can easily be seen and felt (palpated). If you rotate your ankle outward (eversion), you can see the muscle contract beside your calf.
The nerve supply to the peroneus longus is through thesuperficial peroneal nerve. The nerve comes from lumbar level five and sacral levels one and two. The blood supply to the peroneus longus comes from the anterior tibial and peroneal arteries.
The official name of the muscle was changed from “peroneus” to “fibularis” to avoid confusion with another anatomical structure, theperianal area(around the anus and rectum).
When the peroneus longus contracts, it moves your ankle to the side toward your smallest toe. The muscle also helps thegastrocnemius(calf) musclein pointing your toes down (plantar flexing).
The peroneus longus also supports the transverse arch in your foot. When you are standing on one foot, the muscle helps stabilize your lower leg on your ankle, maintaining your balance.
The peroneus longus is a strong muscle and its tendon is able to withstand the high forces that may happen during walking and running. It also has high tensile strength, so it’s sometimes used during knee surgery for a harvestedanterior cruciateligamentgraft.
Research has shown the peroneus longus can be removed from your lower leg and used as a knee ligament without causing a significant loss in your foot and ankle function.
Causes of Peroneus Longus Pain
Injury to the peroneus longus muscle can cause pain in your lower leg, ankle, or foot. There are a few conditions that can affect the muscle and cause difficulty with walking or running.
Peroneal Tendonitis
Peroneal tendonitis is when the long tendon of the peroneus muscle gets inflamed and irritated.
You might be more at risk for peroneal tendonitis if you have a job, hobbies, or take part in sports that could lead to overuse.
Calf and ankle injuries can be more common in people who work on their feet all day (especially if they do not have supportive footwear). For example, cashiers, nurses, and wait staff typically spend most of their work day walking or standing.
People who play sports where they run and jump (e.g., volleyball, distance running) or change direction quickly (e.g., dancing, tennis) can also get these injuries easily.
In some cases, the peroneal tendon may be pinched beneath the bone that it courses under. Pain on the outer portion of your foot and ankle may make it difficult to walk or run normally.
Tendonitis can take 2 to 3 weeks to heal.If the inflammation happens repeatedly, however, tendonitis can become a cause of chronic pain.
Tendonitis, Tendinopathy, and Tendinosis
Tendonitis of the Ankle and Foot
Peroneus Longus Muscle Strain
If a forceful movement of your foot or ankle occurs, your peroneal muscles can be overstretched (strained). Strains range in severity from a mild overstretch to a full-thickness tear of the peroneus muscle.
A peroneus longus strain may cause:
A muscle strain can take 3-6 weeks, or even several months, to get better. The recovery time will depend on how bad the strain is.
Peroneal Tendon Subluxation
If your foot is forcefully moved into dorsiflexion or inversion, the peroneal tendons can get overstretched and theretinaculumthat holds them in place may get damaged.
This may lead to tendon subluxation—where the peroneus longus tendon moves out of place behind the lateral malleolus of your ankle, then snaps back into place. This condition may cause pain or discomfort but does not always.
The healing time from a tendon subluxation can be 3 months or longer, depending on how bad the injury was and how it was fixed.
Ankle Sprain
The most typical motion of an ankle sprain is when your foot moves suddenly into inversion and your ankle “rolls" over laterally. This movement can damage the lateral ligaments of your ankle and overstretch your peroneal tendons. The peroneus longus may get irritated if you roll your ankle.
Most ankle sprains heal in 4 to 6 weeks.
Ankle Pain Causes and Treatments
Weakness Due to a Pinched Spinal Nerve
The nerve that goes into (innervates) your peroneus longus comes out from your low back. If you have a problem there like arthritis or aherniated disc, it may cause the nerve to get pinched.
A pinched nerve can cause pain in your lower leg and weakness in the muscles that move your ankle. Sometimes, the tibialis anterior gets weakened as a result, leading tofoot dropand trouble moving your ankle normally.
A pinched nerve can get better after just a few days or may take weeks to resolve. In some cases, pinched nerve pain lasts for months or becomes a recurring or chronic problem.If you’ve had surgery on a pinched nerve, you may not be healed for up to a year after the procedure.
Diagnosing Peroneus Longus PainIf you are having pain in your lower leg and are not sure what’s causing it, see your provider. You may need to see a foot and ankle surgeon if you’ve had an injury.A provider will check your ankle for pain, swelling, or weakness.You may need an X-ray or other type of image scan to see if something is broken or torn. Once they figure out what the problem is, your provider can recommend treatment.
Diagnosing Peroneus Longus Pain
If you are having pain in your lower leg and are not sure what’s causing it, see your provider. You may need to see a foot and ankle surgeon if you’ve had an injury.A provider will check your ankle for pain, swelling, or weakness.You may need an X-ray or other type of image scan to see if something is broken or torn. Once they figure out what the problem is, your provider can recommend treatment.
If you are having pain in your lower leg and are not sure what’s causing it, see your provider. You may need to see a foot and ankle surgeon if you’ve had an injury.
A provider will check your ankle for pain, swelling, or weakness.You may need an X-ray or other type of image scan to see if something is broken or torn. Once they figure out what the problem is, your provider can recommend treatment.
How Is Peroneus Longus Pain Treated?
If you have a peroneus longus injury, treatment can range from rest to working with aphysical therapist (PT), to having surgery.
Rest
Getting off your feet for a while gives your peroneus longus tendon time to heal properly. Depending on the severity of your injury, you may need it for three days to several weeks.
If the muscle or tendon is torn, you might have to immobilize your ankle in a cast or removable walking boot.
Heat or Ice
If you have an acute peroneal tendon injury, applying ice to the affected area can help control inflammation. Ice should be applied for 10 to 15 minutes several times each day.
A few days after the injury,heat may be usedto promote circulation. You can apply heat for 10 minutes at a time. Care should be taken when using ice or heat to avoid skin irritation and burns. Your provider can show you the best way to apply heat or ice to your injury and tell you what kind of “schedule” to get on during your recovery.
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES)
If you have peroneus longus weakness after an injury or from a pinched nerve, a PT may use neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) to promote proper muscular function and contraction.The NMES artificially contracts your muscle, helping it to function better.
Using NMES to Treat Foot Drop
Low Back Exercises
If a pinched nerve is causing peroneus longus weakness or pain,lumbar stretching exercisescan help take pressure off the nerve.
Prone press-ups,side glides, orlumbar flexionmay benefit a pinched nerve. Your PT can help you decide which exercises are best for you and show you the right way to do them.
Strengthening Exercises
After a peroneus longus injury, your provider may prescribestretching exercisesfor your ankle and lower leg. For example, the runner’s stretch can work your calf and soleus muscles, and ankle alphabet exercises (where you draw letters with your ankle) can improve your ankle range of motion.
If your peroneus longus is weak,strengthening exercisescan help:
You can also use aresistance bandto strengthen your peroneus longus:
Since the peroneus longus also functions to point your toes, performing calf raises can also help strengthen the muscle:
Balance and Proprioception Exercises
The peroneus longus helps stabilize your ankle and foot when walking. Improvingbalanceandproprioceptioncan be an important part of your rehab program.
A simple progression of single-leg standing can be helpful:
Massage
After a peroneus longus injury or if you have tendonitis, massages can promote circulation and decrease muscle pain. Massage can also help to improve tissue mobility of the muscle and can be something you do before stretching.
Massaging the peroneal muscles should not hurt. Using gentle strokes that get a little harder as you go will be enough to promote movement and circulation in your peroneus longus.
Sometimes, poor foot position can place excessive stress on your peroneus longus muscle, leading to pain and difficulty walking.
Your provider may recommend using inserts in your shoes to help support the arch of your foot. This can give your peroneus longus some help with keeping your foot in the right position and can also decrease pain.
Injections
If you have persistent peroneus longus pain from inflammation, your provider might offer asteroid injection. These powerful anti-inflammatory medications can reduce tendon pain and swelling.
A newer procedure calledplatelet-rich plasma (PRP) injectionmight also help relieve peroneus longus pain. During PRP, blood is taken from your body and spun in a centrifuge to get platelets and plasma. The platelets are mixed with a small amount of plasma and are injected into your tendon.
The injection signals your body’s immune system to release white blood cells and growth factors to start healing the injured tendon.
Research is still being done on PRP therapy and its safety and effectiveness for the treatment of tendon injuries.
Surgery
If you have a peroneus longus tendon or muscle tear, surgery might be needed to repair the damaged tissue and restore normal function of the muscle.
A surgeon will make an incision on the lateral side of your leg and use sutures to sew the injured muscle and tendon tissue together. After surgery, you should expect to be immobilized for a few weeks while your body is healing.
After immobilization, you’ll start with some gentle range of motion exercises, stretching, and strengthening exercises to regain full mobility of your peroneus longus.
Summary
The peroneus longus is an important muscle in your lower leg that helps your ankle move. Injury to the muscle can cause pain and limit your ability to walk or run. If you have peroneus longus pain, finding out what’s causing it and talking to your provider about treatment is key to relieving your symptoms and making sure you are able to use your leg normally.
23 SourcesVerywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Hallinan JTPD, Wang W, Pathria MN, Smitaman E, Huang BK.The peroneus longus muscle and tendon: a review of its anatomy and pathology.Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(9):1329-1344. doi:10.1007/s00256-019-3168-9Davda K, Malhotra K, O’Donnell P, Singh D, Cullen N.Peroneal tendon disorders.EFORT Open Rev. 2017;2(6):281-292. doi:10.1302/2058-5241.2.160047Hallinan JTPD, Wang W, Pathria MN, Smitaman E, Huang BK.The peroneus longus muscle and tendon: a review of its anatomy and pathology.Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(9):1329-1344. doi:10.1007/s00256-019-3168-9Shi F-D, Hess DE, Zuo J-Z, et al.Peroneus Longus Tendon Autograft is a Safe and Effective Alternative for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.J Knee Surg. 2019;32(8):804-811. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1669951Bahad SR, Kane JM.Peroneal tendon pathology.Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 2020;51(1):121-130. doi:10.1016/j.ocl.2019.09.001NHS.Tendonitis.Kane SF, Olewinski LH, Tamminga KS.Management of chronic tendon injuries.American Family Physician. 2019;100(3):147-157.Bass, LMT E.Tendinopathy: why the difference between tendinitis and tendinosis matters.IJTMB. 2012;5(1):14-17. doi:10.3822/ijtmb.v5i1.153UPMC.Sprain and strain (muscle tear).Saragas NP, Ferrao PNF, Mayet Z, Eshraghi H.Peroneal tendon dislocation/subluxation – Case series and review of the literature.Foot and Ankle Surgery. 2016;22(2):125-130. doi:10.1016/j.fas.2015.06.002Ihsan Oesman, Kurniawan D, Rio Wikanjaya.Peroneal groove deepening as the treatment of peroneal tendon subluxation: A case report.International Journal of Surgery Case Reports. Published online January 1, 2019. doi:10.1016/j.ijscr.2019.11.015Miller JR.How to diagnose and treat subluxing peroneal tendons in the athlete.Podiatry Today. 2017;30(10).Espinosa N, Maurer MA.Peroneal tendon dislocation.Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2015;41(6):631-637. doi:10.1007/s00068-015-0590-0University of Connecticut Orthopedics & Sports Medicine.Sprained ankle.NIH.Pinched nerve.Carender CN, Bedard NA, An Q, Brown TS.Common peroneal nerve injury and recovery after total knee arthroplasty: A systematic review.Arthroplast Today. 2020;6(4):662-667. Published 2020 Aug 22. doi:10.1016/j.artd.2020.07.017American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons.Peroneal tendon injuries.Jones NJ, Ivins N, Ebdon V, Hagelstein S, Harding KG.Neuromuscular electrostimulation on lower limb wounds.Br J Nurs. 2018;27(20):S16-S21. doi:10.12968/bjon.2018.27.Sup20.S16National Health Service.Strengthening exercises for peroneal muscles.Pfefer MT, Cooper SR, Uhl NL.Chiropractic management of tendinopathy: a literature synthesis.J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2009;32(1):41-52. doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2008.09.014Dallaudière B, Pesquer L, Meyer P, et al.Intratendinous injection of platelet-rich plasma under us guidance to treat tendinopathy: a long-term pilot study.Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology. 2014;25(5):717-723. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2014.01.026Bashir J, Panero AJ, Sherman AL.The emerging use of platelet-rich plasma in musculoskeletal medicine.J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2015;115(1):24-31. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2015.004Danna NR, Brodsky JW.Diagnosis and operative treatment of peroneal tendon tears.Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics. 2020;5(2):247301142091040. doi:10.1177/2473011420910407Additional ReadingElse B, Emel TJ, Kern T, Cavanagh LE, Allen TW.Peroneus Longus Rupture at Its Origin Managed With Platelet Rich Plasma.J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2015;115(10):622-624. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2015.123Greathouse DG, Halle JS, Dalley AF.Terminologia Anatomica: revised anatomical terminology.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2004;34(7):363-367. doi:10.2519/jospt.2004.0107
23 Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.Hallinan JTPD, Wang W, Pathria MN, Smitaman E, Huang BK.The peroneus longus muscle and tendon: a review of its anatomy and pathology.Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(9):1329-1344. doi:10.1007/s00256-019-3168-9Davda K, Malhotra K, O’Donnell P, Singh D, Cullen N.Peroneal tendon disorders.EFORT Open Rev. 2017;2(6):281-292. doi:10.1302/2058-5241.2.160047Hallinan JTPD, Wang W, Pathria MN, Smitaman E, Huang BK.The peroneus longus muscle and tendon: a review of its anatomy and pathology.Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(9):1329-1344. doi:10.1007/s00256-019-3168-9Shi F-D, Hess DE, Zuo J-Z, et al.Peroneus Longus Tendon Autograft is a Safe and Effective Alternative for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.J Knee Surg. 2019;32(8):804-811. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1669951Bahad SR, Kane JM.Peroneal tendon pathology.Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 2020;51(1):121-130. doi:10.1016/j.ocl.2019.09.001NHS.Tendonitis.Kane SF, Olewinski LH, Tamminga KS.Management of chronic tendon injuries.American Family Physician. 2019;100(3):147-157.Bass, LMT E.Tendinopathy: why the difference between tendinitis and tendinosis matters.IJTMB. 2012;5(1):14-17. doi:10.3822/ijtmb.v5i1.153UPMC.Sprain and strain (muscle tear).Saragas NP, Ferrao PNF, Mayet Z, Eshraghi H.Peroneal tendon dislocation/subluxation – Case series and review of the literature.Foot and Ankle Surgery. 2016;22(2):125-130. doi:10.1016/j.fas.2015.06.002Ihsan Oesman, Kurniawan D, Rio Wikanjaya.Peroneal groove deepening as the treatment of peroneal tendon subluxation: A case report.International Journal of Surgery Case Reports. Published online January 1, 2019. doi:10.1016/j.ijscr.2019.11.015Miller JR.How to diagnose and treat subluxing peroneal tendons in the athlete.Podiatry Today. 2017;30(10).Espinosa N, Maurer MA.Peroneal tendon dislocation.Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2015;41(6):631-637. doi:10.1007/s00068-015-0590-0University of Connecticut Orthopedics & Sports Medicine.Sprained ankle.NIH.Pinched nerve.Carender CN, Bedard NA, An Q, Brown TS.Common peroneal nerve injury and recovery after total knee arthroplasty: A systematic review.Arthroplast Today. 2020;6(4):662-667. Published 2020 Aug 22. doi:10.1016/j.artd.2020.07.017American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons.Peroneal tendon injuries.Jones NJ, Ivins N, Ebdon V, Hagelstein S, Harding KG.Neuromuscular electrostimulation on lower limb wounds.Br J Nurs. 2018;27(20):S16-S21. doi:10.12968/bjon.2018.27.Sup20.S16National Health Service.Strengthening exercises for peroneal muscles.Pfefer MT, Cooper SR, Uhl NL.Chiropractic management of tendinopathy: a literature synthesis.J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2009;32(1):41-52. doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2008.09.014Dallaudière B, Pesquer L, Meyer P, et al.Intratendinous injection of platelet-rich plasma under us guidance to treat tendinopathy: a long-term pilot study.Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology. 2014;25(5):717-723. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2014.01.026Bashir J, Panero AJ, Sherman AL.The emerging use of platelet-rich plasma in musculoskeletal medicine.J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2015;115(1):24-31. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2015.004Danna NR, Brodsky JW.Diagnosis and operative treatment of peroneal tendon tears.Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics. 2020;5(2):247301142091040. doi:10.1177/2473011420910407Additional ReadingElse B, Emel TJ, Kern T, Cavanagh LE, Allen TW.Peroneus Longus Rupture at Its Origin Managed With Platelet Rich Plasma.J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2015;115(10):622-624. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2015.123Greathouse DG, Halle JS, Dalley AF.Terminologia Anatomica: revised anatomical terminology.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2004;34(7):363-367. doi:10.2519/jospt.2004.0107
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read oureditorial processto learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Hallinan JTPD, Wang W, Pathria MN, Smitaman E, Huang BK.The peroneus longus muscle and tendon: a review of its anatomy and pathology.Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(9):1329-1344. doi:10.1007/s00256-019-3168-9Davda K, Malhotra K, O’Donnell P, Singh D, Cullen N.Peroneal tendon disorders.EFORT Open Rev. 2017;2(6):281-292. doi:10.1302/2058-5241.2.160047Hallinan JTPD, Wang W, Pathria MN, Smitaman E, Huang BK.The peroneus longus muscle and tendon: a review of its anatomy and pathology.Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(9):1329-1344. doi:10.1007/s00256-019-3168-9Shi F-D, Hess DE, Zuo J-Z, et al.Peroneus Longus Tendon Autograft is a Safe and Effective Alternative for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.J Knee Surg. 2019;32(8):804-811. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1669951Bahad SR, Kane JM.Peroneal tendon pathology.Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 2020;51(1):121-130. doi:10.1016/j.ocl.2019.09.001NHS.Tendonitis.Kane SF, Olewinski LH, Tamminga KS.Management of chronic tendon injuries.American Family Physician. 2019;100(3):147-157.Bass, LMT E.Tendinopathy: why the difference between tendinitis and tendinosis matters.IJTMB. 2012;5(1):14-17. doi:10.3822/ijtmb.v5i1.153UPMC.Sprain and strain (muscle tear).Saragas NP, Ferrao PNF, Mayet Z, Eshraghi H.Peroneal tendon dislocation/subluxation – Case series and review of the literature.Foot and Ankle Surgery. 2016;22(2):125-130. doi:10.1016/j.fas.2015.06.002Ihsan Oesman, Kurniawan D, Rio Wikanjaya.Peroneal groove deepening as the treatment of peroneal tendon subluxation: A case report.International Journal of Surgery Case Reports. Published online January 1, 2019. doi:10.1016/j.ijscr.2019.11.015Miller JR.How to diagnose and treat subluxing peroneal tendons in the athlete.Podiatry Today. 2017;30(10).Espinosa N, Maurer MA.Peroneal tendon dislocation.Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2015;41(6):631-637. doi:10.1007/s00068-015-0590-0University of Connecticut Orthopedics & Sports Medicine.Sprained ankle.NIH.Pinched nerve.Carender CN, Bedard NA, An Q, Brown TS.Common peroneal nerve injury and recovery after total knee arthroplasty: A systematic review.Arthroplast Today. 2020;6(4):662-667. Published 2020 Aug 22. doi:10.1016/j.artd.2020.07.017American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons.Peroneal tendon injuries.Jones NJ, Ivins N, Ebdon V, Hagelstein S, Harding KG.Neuromuscular electrostimulation on lower limb wounds.Br J Nurs. 2018;27(20):S16-S21. doi:10.12968/bjon.2018.27.Sup20.S16National Health Service.Strengthening exercises for peroneal muscles.Pfefer MT, Cooper SR, Uhl NL.Chiropractic management of tendinopathy: a literature synthesis.J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2009;32(1):41-52. doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2008.09.014Dallaudière B, Pesquer L, Meyer P, et al.Intratendinous injection of platelet-rich plasma under us guidance to treat tendinopathy: a long-term pilot study.Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology. 2014;25(5):717-723. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2014.01.026Bashir J, Panero AJ, Sherman AL.The emerging use of platelet-rich plasma in musculoskeletal medicine.J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2015;115(1):24-31. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2015.004Danna NR, Brodsky JW.Diagnosis and operative treatment of peroneal tendon tears.Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics. 2020;5(2):247301142091040. doi:10.1177/2473011420910407
Hallinan JTPD, Wang W, Pathria MN, Smitaman E, Huang BK.The peroneus longus muscle and tendon: a review of its anatomy and pathology.Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(9):1329-1344. doi:10.1007/s00256-019-3168-9
Davda K, Malhotra K, O’Donnell P, Singh D, Cullen N.Peroneal tendon disorders.EFORT Open Rev. 2017;2(6):281-292. doi:10.1302/2058-5241.2.160047
Shi F-D, Hess DE, Zuo J-Z, et al.Peroneus Longus Tendon Autograft is a Safe and Effective Alternative for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.J Knee Surg. 2019;32(8):804-811. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1669951
Bahad SR, Kane JM.Peroneal tendon pathology.Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 2020;51(1):121-130. doi:10.1016/j.ocl.2019.09.001
NHS.Tendonitis.
Kane SF, Olewinski LH, Tamminga KS.Management of chronic tendon injuries.American Family Physician. 2019;100(3):147-157.
Bass, LMT E.Tendinopathy: why the difference between tendinitis and tendinosis matters.IJTMB. 2012;5(1):14-17. doi:10.3822/ijtmb.v5i1.153
UPMC.Sprain and strain (muscle tear).
Saragas NP, Ferrao PNF, Mayet Z, Eshraghi H.Peroneal tendon dislocation/subluxation – Case series and review of the literature.Foot and Ankle Surgery. 2016;22(2):125-130. doi:10.1016/j.fas.2015.06.002
Ihsan Oesman, Kurniawan D, Rio Wikanjaya.Peroneal groove deepening as the treatment of peroneal tendon subluxation: A case report.International Journal of Surgery Case Reports. Published online January 1, 2019. doi:10.1016/j.ijscr.2019.11.015
Miller JR.How to diagnose and treat subluxing peroneal tendons in the athlete.Podiatry Today. 2017;30(10).
Espinosa N, Maurer MA.Peroneal tendon dislocation.Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2015;41(6):631-637. doi:10.1007/s00068-015-0590-0
University of Connecticut Orthopedics & Sports Medicine.Sprained ankle.
NIH.Pinched nerve.
Carender CN, Bedard NA, An Q, Brown TS.Common peroneal nerve injury and recovery after total knee arthroplasty: A systematic review.Arthroplast Today. 2020;6(4):662-667. Published 2020 Aug 22. doi:10.1016/j.artd.2020.07.017
American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons.Peroneal tendon injuries.
Jones NJ, Ivins N, Ebdon V, Hagelstein S, Harding KG.Neuromuscular electrostimulation on lower limb wounds.Br J Nurs. 2018;27(20):S16-S21. doi:10.12968/bjon.2018.27.Sup20.S16
National Health Service.Strengthening exercises for peroneal muscles.
Pfefer MT, Cooper SR, Uhl NL.Chiropractic management of tendinopathy: a literature synthesis.J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2009;32(1):41-52. doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2008.09.014
Dallaudière B, Pesquer L, Meyer P, et al.Intratendinous injection of platelet-rich plasma under us guidance to treat tendinopathy: a long-term pilot study.Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology. 2014;25(5):717-723. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2014.01.026
Bashir J, Panero AJ, Sherman AL.The emerging use of platelet-rich plasma in musculoskeletal medicine.J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2015;115(1):24-31. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2015.004
Danna NR, Brodsky JW.Diagnosis and operative treatment of peroneal tendon tears.Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics. 2020;5(2):247301142091040. doi:10.1177/2473011420910407
Else B, Emel TJ, Kern T, Cavanagh LE, Allen TW.Peroneus Longus Rupture at Its Origin Managed With Platelet Rich Plasma.J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2015;115(10):622-624. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2015.123Greathouse DG, Halle JS, Dalley AF.Terminologia Anatomica: revised anatomical terminology.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2004;34(7):363-367. doi:10.2519/jospt.2004.0107
Else B, Emel TJ, Kern T, Cavanagh LE, Allen TW.Peroneus Longus Rupture at Its Origin Managed With Platelet Rich Plasma.J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2015;115(10):622-624. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2015.123
Greathouse DG, Halle JS, Dalley AF.Terminologia Anatomica: revised anatomical terminology.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2004;34(7):363-367. doi:10.2519/jospt.2004.0107
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